Introduction
Structure and Continuity of Anxiety
Genetic and Environmental Influences
Current Study
Methods
Sample
Measures
Twin Design
Selecting Models of Best Fit
Multivariate and Longitudinal Models
Results
Longitudinal Phenotypic Associations
Negative Cognition 9 | Negative Affect 9 | Fear 9 | Social Anxiety 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Negative Cognition 7 |
0.50 (0.48–0.51)
| 0.30 (0.27–0.30) | 0.25 (0.24–0.27) | 0.27 (0.26–0.29) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.32 (0.30–0.32) |
0.45 (0.43–0.48)
| 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | 0.24 (0.22–0.24) |
Fear 7 | 0.21 (0.21–0.23) | 0.19 (0.19–0.23) |
0.52 (0.52–0.54)
| 0.26 (0.25–0.28) |
Social Anxiety 7 | 0.23 (0.22–0.27) | 0.17 (0.17.19) | 0.25 (0.23–0.28) |
0.54 (0.54–0.56)
|
Model Fitting
Age | 7 | 9 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Zygosity | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ |
Negative Cognition | 0.60 (0.58–0.62) | 0.35 (0.32–0.37) | 0.69 (0.66–0.71) | 0.40 (0.37–0.44) |
Negative Affect | 0.71 (0.69–0.72) | 0.45 (0.43–0.48) | 0.69 (0.66–0.72) | 0.47 (0.43–0.50) |
Fear | 0.76 (0.75–0.77) | 0.46 (0.44–0.49) | 0.78 (0.76–0.80) | 0.49 (0.46–0.52) |
Social Anxiety | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.31 (0.28–0.35) | 0.77 (0.75–0.59) | 0.48 (0.45–0.51) |
Model | −2LL | df |
χ
2
| ∆df |
p
| AIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saturated | 203767.10 | 82,929 | – | – | – | – |
Correlated factor solution | 204078.86 | 83,117 | 311.76 | 188 | 0.001 | −64.244 |
Independent pathway | 206,580.35 | 83,177 | 2813.25 | 248 | 0.001 | 2317.25 |
Common pathway | 207,777.34 | 83,191 | 4010.24 | 262 | 0.001 | 3486.24 |
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Homotypic Continuity
Negative Cognition 9 | Negative Affect 9 | Fear 9 | Social Anxiety 9 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Negative Cognition 7 |
0.63 (0.53–0.63)
| 0.41 (0.30–0.49) | 0.23 (0.14–0.26) | 0.24 (0.14–0.31) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.32 (0.22–0.36) |
0.55 (0.44–0.56)
| 0.16 (0.06–0.23) | 0.19 (0.08–0.20) | |
Fear 7 | 0.25 (0.16–0.28) | 0.11 (0.02–0.16) |
0.60 (0.53–0.67)
| 0.25 (0.16–0.25) | |
Social Anxiety 7 | 0.21 (0.13–0.21) | 0.11 (0.02–0.16) | 0.21 (0.14–0.21) |
0.66 (0.59–0.66)
| |
C | Negative Cognition 7 |
0.35 (0.01–0.51)
| 0.39 (0.07–0.67) | 0.72 (0.40–0.83) | 0.61 (0.33–0.61) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.59 (0.34–0.82) |
0.53 (0.35–0.68)
| 0.74 (0.51–0.94) | 0.52 (0.34–0.55) | |
Fear 7 | 0.41 (0.12–0.56) | 0.59 (0.34–0.78) |
0.63 (0.43–0.76)
| 0.52 (0.30–0.74) | |
Social Anxiety 7 | 0.51 (0.25–0.71) | 0.69 (0.48–0.82) | 0.81 (0.61–0.96) |
0.55 (0.35–0.75)
| |
E | Negative Cognition 7 |
0.38 (0.32–0.42)
| 0.12 (0.05–0.12) | 0.14 (0.08–0.15) | 0.23 (0.17–0.24) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.17 (0.11–0.20) |
0.24 (0.18–0.24)
| 0.04 (0.02–0.04) | 0.11 (0.05–0.13) | |
Fear 7 | 0.09 (0.03–0.12) | 0.11 (0.04–0.11) |
0.31 (0.25–0.32)
| 0.14 (0.08–0.20) | |
Social Anxiey 7 | 0.22 (0.17–0.22) | 0.10 (0.04–0.10) | 0.12 (0.06–0.13) |
0.42 (0.37–0.42)
|
Negative Cognition 9 | Negative Affect 9 | Fear 9 | Social Anxiety 9 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Negative Cognition 7 |
0.66 (0.54–0.76)
| 0.66 (0.47–0.78) | 0.47 (0.27–0.54) | 0.44 (0.25–0.63) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.52 (0.35–0.65) |
0.57 (0.44–0.69)
| 0.35 (0.14–0.55) | 0.40 (0.17–0.40) | |
Fear 7 | 0.63 (0.39–0.64) | 0.28 (0.04–0.55) |
0.66 (0.56–0.67)
| 0.51 (0.32–0.57) | |
Social Anxiety 7 | 0.49 (0.31–0.56) | 0.31 (0.06–0.54) | 0.48 (0.32–0.56) |
0.67 (0.58–0.70)
| |
C | Negative Cognition 7 |
0.08 (0.00–0.18)
| 0.21 (0.04–0.34) | 0.38 (0.21–0.43) | 0.32 (0.16–0.46) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.32 (0.17–0.47) |
0.28 (0.17–0.30)
| 0.62 (0.44–0.80) | 0.48 (0.31–0.57) | |
Fear 7 | 0.26 (0.08–0.47) | 0.58 (0.34–0.79) |
0.21 (0.13–0.23)
| 0.37 (0.22–0.37) | |
Social Anxiety 7 | 0.22 (0.11–0.31) | 0.53 (0.35–0.60) | 0.40 (0.28–0.42) |
0.14 (0.08–0.15)
| |
E | Negative Cognition 7 |
0.26 (0.22–0.27)
| 0.13 (0.06–0.15) | 0.16 (0.09–0.17) | 0.24 (0.17–0.25) |
Negative Affect 7 | 0.16 (0.10–0.17) |
0.15 (0.11–0.16)
| 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 0.12 (0.06–0.14) | |
Fear 7 | 0.10 (0.04–0.10) | 0.13 (0.06–0.18) |
0.13 (0.11–0.13)
| 0.12 (0.07–0.12) | |
Social Anxiety 7 | 0.28 (0.21–0.36) | 0.16 (0.06–0.17) | 0.12 (0.06–0.14) |
0.20 (0.17–0.20)
|