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Psychological Research
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 1/2022

23-01-2021 | Original Article

“Speak of the Devil… and he Shall Appear”: Religiosity, Unconsciousness, and the Effects of Explicit Priming in the Misperception of Immorality

Auteurs: Myron Tsikandilakis, Man Qing Leong, Zhaoliang Yu, Georgios Paterakis, Persefoni Bali, Jan Derrfuss, Pierre-Alexis Mevel, Alison Milbank, Eddie M. W. Tong, Christopher Madan, Peter Mitchell

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 1/2022

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Abstract

Psychological theory and research suggest that religious individuals could have differences in the appraisal of immoral behaviours and cognitions compared to non-religious individuals. This effect could occur due to adherence to prescriptive and inviolate deontic religious-moral rules and socio-evolutionary factors, such as increased autonomic nervous system responsivity to indirect threat. The latter thesis has been used to suggest that immoral elicitors could be processed subliminally by religious individuals. In this manuscript, we employed masking to test this hypothesis. We rated and pre-selected IAPS images for moral impropriety. We presented these images masked with and without negatively manipulating a pre-image moral label. We measured detection, moral appraisal and discrimination, and physiological responses. We found that religious individuals experienced higher responsivity to masked immoral images. Bayesian and hit-versus-miss response analyses revealed that the differences in appraisal and physiological responses were reported only for consciously perceived immoral images. Our analysis showed that when a negative moral label was presented, religious individuals experienced the interval following the label as more physiologically arousing and responded with lower specificity for moral discrimination. We propose that religiosity involves higher conscious perceptual and physiological responsivity for discerning moral impropriety but also higher susceptibility for the misperception of immorality.
vorige artikel Is it all about the feeling? Affective and (meta-)cognitive mechanisms underlying the truth effect
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1
See Federal Pay (2019).
 
2
See HR,Admin (2019).
 
3
Note that there are additional ways to define distributions and priors (see Tendeiro & Kiers, 2019) and boundary conditions (see Dienes, 2019) for providing evidence for the null hypothesis and that the Bayesian process could be justified and performed based on different assumptions compared to the ones used in the current analyses (see Dienes, 2014).
 
4
LB stands for Lower Bound. HB stands for Higher Bound. SE stands for Standard Error (see Dienes, 2014, 2016).
 
5
The post image-trial blank screen interval was a total of seven seconds to control for engagement task pre-stimulus anticipation physiological effects (Botvinick & Rosen, 2009; Tsikandilakis et al., 2019a, b, c). Physiology was measured up to three seconds post-stimulus offset for SCR and up to five seconds post-stimulus offset for heart rate and facial-emotional expressions in stage two.
 
6
Compared to hit rates, A is not susceptible to noise variance due to response strategies, such as conservative or liberal biases for signal detection (Tsikandilakis, Bali, Derrfuss & Chapman, 2019a). Compared to d’, A is a nonparametric sensitivity index and does not involve any assumptions concerning the shape of the underlying distributions and their interactions (Swets, 2014; but see also Hajian-Tilaki et al., 1997). A can also provide a sensitivity index for zero values, such as zero hits or miss responses, and provides diagonal Euclidean corrections to the A’ and A’’ algorithms for scores that lie in the upper left quadrant of the ROC curve (see Robin et al., 2011).
 
7
Hits refer to correct detection of a presented morally improper image (true positives) and misses refer to incorrect non-detection of a presented morally improper image (false negatives).
 
8
The post image interval physiological responses were calculated as the maximum deferral (highest peak in physiological responses) up to 3 (SCR) or 5 s (heart rate responses and facial emotional recognition) post-stimulus offset in respect to a tonic baseline averaged across a period (δT) of one second for each pre-stimulus onset as measured from the presentation of the first fixation cross in each experimental trial sequence (see Fig. 2b).
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
“Speak of the Devil… and he Shall Appear”: Religiosity, Unconsciousness, and the Effects of Explicit Priming in the Misperception of Immorality
Auteurs
Myron Tsikandilakis
Man Qing Leong
Zhaoliang Yu
Georgios Paterakis
Persefoni Bali
Jan Derrfuss
Pierre-Alexis Mevel
Alison Milbank
Eddie M. W. Tong
Christopher Madan
Peter Mitchell
Publicatiedatum
23-01-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 1/2022
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01461-7

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