Introduction
Social Information Processing
Methods
Participants
CON | ALC | |
---|---|---|
N | 26 | 26 |
# FAS | n/a | 6a
|
Sex [N (% Female)] | 13 (50.0) | 12 (46.2) |
Race [N (% White)] | 19 (73.1) | 16 (61.5) |
Ethnicity [N (% Hispanic)] | 7 (26.9) | 6 (23.1) |
Home [N (% Biological)] | 25 (96.2) | 2 (7.7) |
[N (% Adoptive)] | 1 (3.8) | 18 (69.2) |
[N (% Relative)] | 0 (0.0) | 4 (15.4) |
[N (% Foster)] | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.7) |
Age in Years [Mean (SD)] | 10.03 (1.20) | 9.42 (1.58) |
SES [Mean (SD)] | 47.58 (11.39) | 43.73 (15.47) |
FSIQ [Mean (SD)]b
| 107.83 (13.05) | 91.29 (18.02) |
Procedure
Measures
Social Information Processing Interview
Step | Group Entry | Provocation | Mean | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Encoding | 88.9 | 83.3 | 86.1 | 70–100 |
Goal Clarification | 100.0 | 98.9 | 99.4 | 90–100 |
Response Generation (individual codes) | 85.1 | 87.5 | 86.3 | 73–98 |
Response Generation (overall category) | 93.8 | 98.7 | 96.2 | 82–100 |
Enactment | 91.1 | 85.6 | 88.3 | 70–100 |
Test of Problem Solving, Third Edition Elementary Version (TOPS-3)
Statistical Analyses
Results
Group Differences on Demographic Variables
Group Differences on Social Information Processing
Variable | CON | ALC | ES | F | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1: Encoding | |||||
Average Encoding | 4.25 (0.79) | 3.68 (1.07) | 0.61 | 2.67 | 0.109 |
age | 11.31 | 0.002 | |||
Step 2: Attribution | |||||
Hostile Attribution | 0.43 (0.28) | 0.55 (0.30) | 0.41 | 2.06 | 0.157 |
Non-hostile Attribution | 0.25 (0.24) | 0.27 (0.28) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.793 |
Step 3: Goals | |||||
Proportion Pro-social | 0.92 (0.12) | 0.79 (0.31) | 0.55 | 3.85 | 0.055 |
Proportion Negative/Aggressive | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.26 | 1.16 | 0.287 |
Proportion Nonsocial | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.07 (0.12) | 0.27 | 0.94 | 0.337 |
Proportion Inept | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.64 | 5.66 | 0.021 |
Proportion Irrelevant | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.24 | 1.10 | 0.300 |
Step 4: Response Generation | |||||
Number of Total Responses | 31.12 (16.04) | 26.65 (14.16) | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.504 |
age | 3.30 | 0.075 | |||
Proportion Competent | 0.71 (0.17) | 0.64 (0.25) | 0.33 | 1.13 | 0.293 |
Proportion Aggressive | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.09) | 0.13 | 0.58 | 0.451 |
Proportion Inept | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.26 (0.20) | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.718 |
Number Non-repeated Responses | 23.69 (11.48) | 21.19 (10.64) | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.807 |
age | 7.98 | 0.007 | |||
Proportion Non-repeated Competent | 0.68 (0.15) | 0.62 (0.24) | 0.30 | 1.13 | 0.292 |
Proportion Non-repeated Aggressive | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.28 | 0.64 | 0.428 |
Proportion Non-repeated Inept | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.28 (0.20) | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.739 |
Proportion First Competent | 0.82 (0.18) | 0.67 (0.25) | 0.69 | 3.96 | 0.052 |
age | 7.62 | 0.008 | |||
Proportion First Aggressive | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.66 | 4.10 | 0.048 |
Proportion First Inept | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.21 (0.22) | 0.49 | 1.30 | 0.260 |
age | 4.43 | 0.041 | |||
Step 5: Response Evaluation | |||||
Affiliation Competent | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.49 | 3.66 | 0.062 |
sex | 4.69 | 0.035 | |||
Affiliation Aggressive | 0.44 (0.03) | 0.43 (0.05) | 0.24 | 1.01 | 0.319 |
Affiliation Inept | 0.38 (0.03) | 0.36 (0.04) | 0.57 | 3.81 | 0.057 |
Instrumental Competent | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.91 | 6.70 | 0.013 |
age | 2.52 | 0.119 | |||
Instrumental Aggressive | 0.44 (0.03) | 0.42 (0.05) | 0.49 | 3.14 | 0.083 |
Instrumental Inept | 0.38 (0.03) | 0.36 (0.04) | 0.57 | 6.93 | 0.011 |
Step 6: Enactment | |||||
Average Enactment | 2.72 (0.57) | 2.59 (0.37) | 0.27 | 0.85 | 0.360 |
Variable | CON | ALC | ES | F | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1: Encoding | |||||
Average Encoding | 4.82 (0.38) | 4.33 (0.66) | 0.91 | 7.73 | 0.008 |
age | 5.49 | 0.023 | |||
Step 2: Attribution | |||||
Hostile Attribution | 0.41 (0.27) | 0.43 (0.25) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.791 |
Non-hostile Attribution | 0.12 (0.15) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.50 | 3.75 | 0.058 |
Step 3: Goals | |||||
Proportion Pro-social | 0.89 (0.22) | 0.80 (0.29) | 0.35 | 0.67 | 0.416 |
age | 3.31 | 0.075 | |||
Proportion Negative/Aggressive | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.842 |
Proportion Nonsocial | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.12) | 0.18 | 0.71 | 0.405 |
Proportion Inept | 0.04 (0.16) | 0.08 (0.18) | 0.23 | 0.54 | 0.465 |
Proportion Irrelevant | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.51 | 1.77 | 0.189 |
Step 4: Response Generation | |||||
Number of Total Responses | 32.27 (15.82) | 26.15 (13.92) | 0.41 | 1.01 | 0.319 |
age | 5.53 | 0.023 | |||
Proportion Competent | 0.81 (0.18) | 0.77 (0.22) | 0.20 | 0.67 | 0.418 |
Proportion Aggressive | 0.08 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.817 |
Proportion Inept | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.16 (0.20) | 0.30 | 1.44 | 0.236 |
Number Non-repeated Responses | 26.65 (12.15) | 22.50 (11.24) | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.483 |
age | 8.89 | 0.004 | |||
Proportion Non-repeated Competent | 0.81 (0.18) | 0.75 (0.23) | 0.29 | 0.87 | 0.355 |
Proportion Non-repeated Aggressive | 0.08 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.16) | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.810 |
Proportion Non-repeated Inept | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.17 (0.20) | 0.36 | 1.81 | 0.185 |
Proportion First Competent | 0.85 (0.21) | 0.77 (0.24) | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.449 |
age | 7.01 | 0.011 | |||
Proportion First Aggressive | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.16) | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.727 |
Proportion First Inept | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.20) | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.467 |
age | 4.19 | 0.046 | |||
Step 5: Response Evaluation | |||||
Affiliation Competent | 0.25 (0.04) | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.75 | 6.17 | 0.016 |
Affiliation Aggressive | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.38 (0.03) | 0.33 | 2.40 | 0.128 |
Affiliation Inept | 0.35 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.03) | 0.33 | 2.80 | 0.100 |
Instrumental Competent | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.25 | 1.84 | 0.181 |
Instrumental Aggressive | 0.40 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.04) | 0.25 | 0.87 | 0.356 |
Instrumental Inept | 0.35 (0.04) | 0.34 (0.04) | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.696 |
Step 6: Enactment | |||||
Average Enactment | 2.72 (0.53) | 2.29 (0.38) | 0.93 | 11.27 | 0.002 |
Concurrent Validity: Test of Problem Solving-Third Edition
Variable | CON | ALC | ES | F | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Making Inferences | 100.42 (10.09) | 92.08 (16.20) | 0.62 | 4.97 | 0.030 |
Sequencing | 101.00 (9.49) | 87.46 (17.28) | 0.97 | 12.26 | 0.001 |
Negative Questions | 99.62 (12.29) | 84.19 (17.83) | 1.01 | 13.19 | 0.001 |
Problem Solving | 100.54 (11.37) | 90.15 (15.88) | 0.75 | 7.35 | 0.009 |
Predicting | 97.85 (11.74) | 87.62 (15.62) | 0.74 | 7.13 | 0.010 |
Determining Causes | 100.88 (13.06) | 88.69 (14.38) | 0.89 | 10.24 | 0.002 |
Total Test | 100.12 (9.34) | 86.58 (16.99) | 0.99 | 12.68 | 0.001 |
Domain | rc
| Wilks λ | χ2 | p value | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group Entry | 0.708 | 0.386 | 43.31 | 0.009 | 0.614 |
0.407 | 0.774 | 11.64 | 0.706 | 0.226 | |
0.252 | 0.928 | 3.38 | 0.908 | 0.072 | |
0.093 | 0.991 | 0.40 | 0.941 | 0.009 | |
Provocation | 0.628 | 0.430 | 38.80 | 0.003 | 0.570 |
0.445 | 0.710 | 15.76 | 0.107 | 0.290 | |
0.339 | 0.885 | 5.63 | 0.229 | 0.115 |
Variables | coeff | load | adeq | redun | Related Constructs | coeff | load | adeq | redun |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group Entry | 0.486 | 0.244 | 0.702 | 0.352 | |||||
Encoding | −0.12 | −0.51 | Making Inferences | 0.10 | −0.77 | ||||
Nonhostile Attribution | 0.61 | 0.88 | Sequencing | −0.25 | −0.87 | ||||
First Competent | −0.45 | −0.80 | Negative Questions | 0.18 | −0.81 | ||||
Total Responses | −0.08 | −0.52 | Problem Solving | −0.30 | −0.86 | ||||
Predicting | −0.59 | −0.94 | |||||||
Determining Causes | −0.25 | −0.77 | |||||||
Provocation | 0.610 | 0.240 | 0.676 | 0.266 | |||||
Encoding | −0.68 | −0.93 | Making Inferences | −0.55 | −0.92 | ||||
First Competent | −0.24 | −0.75 | Sequencing | 0.19 | −0.75 | ||||
Total Responses | −0.30 | −0.64 | Negative Questions | −0.01 | −0.78 | ||||
Problem Solving | −0.01 | −0.83 | |||||||
Predicting | −0.47 | −0.90 | |||||||
Determining Causes | −0.28 | −0.74 |
Supplemental Analyses for Social Information Processing Variables
Variable |
Group Entry
|
Provocation
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | ALC | ES | CON | ALC | ES | |
Step 1: Encoding | ||||||
Average Encoding | 4.06 (1.01) | 3.99 (1.22) | 0.06 | 4.67 (0.55) | 4.53 (0.75) | 0.21 |
Step 2: Attribution | ||||||
Hostile Attribution | 0.30 (0.25) | 0.47 (0.23) | 0.71 | 0.40 (0.32) | 0.38 (0.19) | 0.08 |
Non-hostile Attribution | 0.35 (0.27) | 0.20 (0.15) | 0.69 | 0.12 (0.19) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.63 |
Step 3: Goals | ||||||
Proportion Prosocial | 0.86 (0.16) | 0.92 (0.17) | 0.36 | 0.77 (0.30) | 0.97 (0.05) | 0.93 |
Prop. Negative/Aggressive | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.18) | 0.22 | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.59 |
Proportion Nonsocial | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.76 | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.66 |
Proportion Inept | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.10 (0.25) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.50 |
Proportion Irrelevant | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.35 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 |
Step 4: Response Generation | ||||||
Number of Total Responses | 24.30 (16.52) | 27.10 (11.07) | 0.20 | 26.10 (16.65) | 27.40 (10.63) | 0.09 |
Proportion Competent | 0.70 (0.19) | 0.74 (0.24) | 0.18 | 0.75 (0.25) | 0.81 (0.24) | 0.24 |
Proportion Aggressive | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.21 | 0.11 (0.18) | 0.11 (0.24) | 0.00 |
Proportion Inept | 0.23 (0.17) | 0.17 (0.17) | 0.35 | 0.14 (0.18) | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.37 |
# Non-repeated Responses | 17.70 (0.76) | 21.00 (7.85) | 0.59 | 20.60 (9.72) | 23.30 (7.51) | 0.31 |
Prop. Non-repeated Competent | 0.68 (0.16) | 0.72 (0.24) | 0.20 | 0.75 (0.25) | 0.79 (0.24) | 0.16 |
Prop. Non-repeated Aggressive | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.21 | 0.11 (0.18) | 0.11 (0.24) | 0.00 |
Proportion Non-repeated Inept | 0.23 (0.16) | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.23 | 0.14 (0.17) | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.25 |
Proportion First Competent | 0.72 (0.20) | 0.78 (0.22) | 0.29 | 0.72 (0.30) | 0.81 (0.25) | 0.33 |
Proportion First Aggressive | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.27 | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.10 (0.25) | 0.15 |
Proportion First Inept | 0.16 (0.16) | 0.13 (0.16) | 0.19 | 0.18 (0.25) | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.49 |
Step 5: Response Evaluation | ||||||
Affiliation Competent | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.20 | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.00 |
Affiliation Aggressive | 0.44 (0.03) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.02) | 0.00 |
Affiliation Inept | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.34 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.04) | 0.00 |
Instrumental Competent | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.26 (0.03) | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.00 |
Instrumental Aggressive | 0.43 (0.03) | 0.43 (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.41 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.57 |
Instrumental Inept | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.00 | 0.33 (0.04) | 0.34 (0.05) | 0.22 |
Step 6: Enactment | ||||||
Average Enactment | 2.70 (0.61) | 2.49 (0.33) | 0.43 | 2.71 (0.47) | 2.14 (0.17) | 1.61 |
Demographics
|
FAS
|
PEA
|
Demographics
|
FAS
|
PEA
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 6 | 18 | Sex [N (% Female)] | 2 (33.3) | 9 (50.0) | ||
Age [Mean (SD)] | 9.01 (1.40) | 9.63 (1.71) | FSIQ [Mean (SD)] | 81.83 (20.48) | 94.44 (16.54) | ||
Group Entry
|
Provocation
| ||||||
Variable | FAS | PEA | ES | FAS | PEA | ES | |
Step 1: Encoding | |||||||
Average Encoding | 3.46 (0.76) | 3.94 (1.03) | 0.53 | 3.89 (0.62) | 4.54 (0.61) | 1.06 | |
Step 2: Attribution | |||||||
Hostile Attribution | 0.53 (0.30) | 0.60 (0.28) | 0.24 | 0.47 (0.34) | 0.44 (0.23) | 0.10 | |
Non-hostile Attribution | 0.44 (0.37) | 0.16 (0.14) | 1.00 | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.35 | |
Step 3: Goals | |||||||
Proportion Prosocial | 0.78 (0.37) | 0.87 (0.21) | 0.30 | 0.60 (0.36) | 0.93 (0.14) | 1.21 | |
Proportion Negative/Aggressive | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.05 (0.15) | 0.07 | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.65 | |
Proportion Nonsocial | 0.07 (0.13) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.28 | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.16 | |
Proportion Inept | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.37 | 0.26 (0.30) | 0.01 (0.04) | 1.17 | |
Proportion Irrelevant | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.63 | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.49 | |
Step 4: Response Generation | |||||||
Number of Total Responses | 19.83 (9.83) | 30.28 (14.74) | 0.83 | 20.67 (8.38) | 29.67 (14.62) | 0.76 | |
Proportion Competent | 0.58 (0.31) | 0.66 (0.24) | 0.29 | 0.77 (0.26) | 0.80 (0.21) | 0.13 | |
Proportion Aggressive | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.53 | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.18) | 0.45 | |
Proportion Inept | 0.32 (0.28) | 0.24 (0.19) | 0.33 | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.44 | |
# Non-repeated Responses | 16.33 (6.89) | 23.83 (11.22) | 0.81 | 17.83 (6.46) | 25.44 (11.74) | 0.80 | |
Prop. Non-repeated Competent | 0.55 (0.30) | 0.65 (0.24) | 0.37 | 0.77 (0.27) | 0.78 (0.21) | 0.04 | |
Prop. Non-repeated Aggressive | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.39 | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.18) | 0.52 | |
Proportion Non-repeated Inept | 0.35 (0.27) | 0.25 (0.18) | 0.44 | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.34 | |
Proportion First Competent | 0.61 (0.34) | 0.72 (0.22) | 0.38 | 0.74 (0.28) | 0.81 (0.22) | 0.28 | |
Proportion First Aggressive | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.42 | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.19) | 0.14 | |
Proportion First Inept | 0.30 (0.34) | 0.18 (0.18) | 0.44 | 0.22 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.56 | |
Step 5: Response Evaluation | |||||||
Affiliation Competent | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.67 | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.57 | |
Affiliation Aggressive | 0.41 (0.07) | 0.43 (0.05) | 0.33 | 0.37 (0.03) | 0.38 (0.03) | 0.33 | |
Affiliation Inept | 0.34 (0.05) | 0.37 (0.03) | 0.73 | 0.34 (0.02) | 0.34 (0.03) | 0.00 | |
Instrumental Competent | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) | 1.00 | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.25 | |
Instrumental Aggressive | 0.40 (0.07) | 0.42 (0.04) | 0.35 | 0.39 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.04) | 0.00 | |
Instrumental Inept | 0.33 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.03) | 1.13 | 0.34 (0.04) | 0.34 (0.05) | 0.00 | |
Step 6: Enactment | |||||||
Average Enactment | 2.67 (0.46) | 2.61 (0.36) | 0.15 | 2.26 (0.55) | 2.28 (0.35) | 0.04 |