Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

08-06-2021 | Original Paper

Shyness, Parent–Child Relationships, and Peer Difficulties During the Middle School Transition

Auteurs: Amanda Bullock, Bowen Xiao, Junsheng Liu, Robert Coplan, Xinyin Chen

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 1/2022

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The goal of the present study was to explore the potential moderating role of quality of Parent–child relationships in the relations between child shyness and peer difficulties across the transition to middle school. Participants were 215 children attending public primary schools in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, who were followed from Grade 5 to Grade 6. Children reported on the quality of their relationships with mothers and fathers (conflict, support), while peer-nominations were used to assess shyness, peer rejection, and peer victimization. Among the results, shyness in Grade 5 was positively associated with peer rejection and peer victimization in Grade 6. The associations between shyness and peer relationship difficulties were stronger among Parent–child relationships characterized by higher levels of conflict and lower levels of support and attenuated among Parent–child relationships characterized by lower levels of conflict and higher levels of support. Gender differences were also found; parent support moderated the relations between shyness and peer difficulties, for girls, but not for boys. At lower levels of parent support, the association between shyness and peer difficulties among girls were stronger. Taken together, the findings offer evidence that the quality of Parent–child relationships function as a moderator, providing support for the Goodness-of-Fit model.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716. Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716.
go back to reference Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall. Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-hall.
go back to reference Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., Laursen, B., Booth‐LaForce, C., King, S., & Rubin, K. H. (2018). Shyness, preference for solitude, and adolescent internalizing: the roles of maternal, paternal, and best-friend support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 488–504.PubMed Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., Laursen, B., Booth‐LaForce, C., King, S., & Rubin, K. H. (2018). Shyness, preference for solitude, and adolescent internalizing: the roles of maternal, paternal, and best-friend support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 488–504.PubMed
go back to reference Browne, B. A. (1998). Gender Stereotypes in Advertising on Children’s Television in the 1990s: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 83–96. Browne, B. A. (1998). Gender Stereotypes in Advertising on Children’s Television in the 1990s: A Cross-National Analysis. Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 83–96.
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, Pt. 2. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4, Pt. 2.
go back to reference Berlin, L. J., Cassidy, J., & Appleyard, K. (2008). The influence of early attachments on other relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The handbook of attachment: theory, research and clinical applications. 2nd ed. (pp. 333–347). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Berlin, L. J., Cassidy, J., & Appleyard, K. (2008). The influence of early attachments on other relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The handbook of attachment: theory, research and clinical applications. 2nd ed. (pp. 333–347). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Booth, C. L., Rose-Krasnor, L., McKinnon, J.-A., & Rubin, K. H. (1994). Predicting social adjustment in middle childhood: the role of preschool attachment security and maternal style. Social Development, 3, 189–204. Booth, C. L., Rose-Krasnor, L., McKinnon, J.-A., & Rubin, K. H. (1994). Predicting social adjustment in middle childhood: the role of preschool attachment security and maternal style. Social Development, 3, 189–204.
go back to reference Bornstein, M. H., & Putnick, D. L. (2018). Parent–adolescent relationships in global perspective. In J. E. Lansford & P. Banati (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent development research and its impact on global policy (pp. 107–129). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Bornstein, M. H., & Putnick, D. L. (2018). Parent–adolescent relationships in global perspective. In J. E. Lansford & P. Banati (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent development research and its impact on global policy (pp. 107–129). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2016). Personal and familial predictors of peer victimization trajectories from primary to secondary school. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1103–1114.PubMed Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2016). Personal and familial predictors of peer victimization trajectories from primary to secondary school. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1103–1114.PubMed
go back to reference Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother–child attachment and social anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 393–402.PubMedPubMedCentral Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother–child attachment and social anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 393–402.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Bueler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children’s and adolescents’ maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 78–92. Bueler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children’s and adolescents’ maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 78–92.
go back to reference Bullock, A., Liu, J., Cheah, C. S. L., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., & Li, D. (2018). The role of parental psychological control in the links between shyness and socio-emotional adjustment in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 68, 117–126.PubMed Bullock, A., Liu, J., Cheah, C. S. L., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., & Li, D. (2018). The role of parental psychological control in the links between shyness and socio-emotional adjustment in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 68, 117–126.PubMed
go back to reference Cassidy, J., Kirsh, S. J., Scolton, K. L., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Attachment and representations of peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 32, 892–904. Cassidy, J., Kirsh, S. J., Scolton, K. L., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Attachment and representations of peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 32, 892–904.
go back to reference Chen, B. B., & Santo, J. B. (2016). The relationships between shyness and unsociability and peer difficulties: the moderating role of insecure attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40, 346–358. Chen, B. B., & Santo, J. B. (2016). The relationships between shyness and unsociability and peer difficulties: the moderating role of insecure attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40, 346–358.
go back to reference Chen, X. (2012). Culture, peer interaction, and socioemotional development.Child Developmental Perspectives, 6, 27–34. Chen, X. (2012). Culture, peer interaction, and socioemotional development.Child Developmental Perspectives, 6, 27–34.
go back to reference Chen, X. (2018). Culture and shyness in childhood and adolescence. New Ideas in Psychology, 53, 58–66. Chen, X. (2018). Culture and shyness in childhood and adolescence. New Ideas in Psychology, 53, 58–66.
go back to reference Chen, X., & Chen, H. (2010). Children’s social functioning and adjustment in the changing Chinese society. In R. K. Silbereisen & X. Chen (Eds.), Social change and human development: concepts and results (pp. 209–226). London, UK: Sage. Chen, X., & Chen, H. (2010). Children’s social functioning and adjustment in the changing Chinese society. In R. K. Silbereisen & X. Chen (Eds.), Social change and human development: concepts and results (pp. 209–226). London, UK: Sage.
go back to reference Chen, X., & Schmidt, L. (2015). Temperament and personality. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, Vol. 3, Socioemotional processes. 7th ed. (pp. 152–200). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Chen, X., & Schmidt, L. (2015). Temperament and personality. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, Vol. 3, Socioemotional processes. 7th ed. (pp. 152–200). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
go back to reference Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, Z. (1995). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 31, 531–539. Chen, X., Rubin, K. H., & Li, Z. (1995). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 31, 531–539.
go back to reference Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419.PubMed Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419.PubMed
go back to reference Chen, X., Wang, L., & Cao, R. (2011). Shyness‐sensitivity and unsociability in rural Chinese children: relations with social, school, and psychological adjustment. Child Development, 82, 1531–1543.PubMed Chen, X., Wang, L., & Cao, R. (2011). Shyness‐sensitivity and unsociability in rural Chinese children: relations with social, school, and psychological adjustment. Child Development, 82, 1531–1543.PubMed
go back to reference Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., & He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76, 182–195.PubMed Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., & He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76, 182–195.PubMed
go back to reference Chen, X., Fu, R., Li, D., & Liu, J. (2019). Developmental trajectories of shyness-sensitivity from middle childhood to early adolescence in China: contributions of peer preference and mutual friendship. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1197–1209.PubMed Chen, X., Fu, R., Li, D., & Liu, J. (2019). Developmental trajectories of shyness-sensitivity from middle childhood to early adolescence in China: contributions of peer preference and mutual friendship. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1197–1209.PubMed
go back to reference Chen, X., Zhang, G., Liang, Z., Zhao, S., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., & Deng, H. (2014). Relations of behavioural inhibition with shyness and social competence in Chinese children: moderating effects of maternal parenting. Infant and Child Development, 23, 343–352. Chen, X., Zhang, G., Liang, Z., Zhao, S., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., & Deng, H. (2014). Relations of behavioural inhibition with shyness and social competence in Chinese children: moderating effects of maternal parenting. Infant and Child Development, 23, 343–352.
go back to reference Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1993). Goodness of fit: clinical implications for infancy through adult life. Philadelphia, PA: Bruner/Mazel. Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1993). Goodness of fit: clinical implications for infancy through adult life. Philadelphia, PA: Bruner/Mazel.
go back to reference Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., O’Brien, K. A., Coplan, R. J., Thomas, S. R., Dougherty, L. R., & Menzer, M. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a multimodal early intervention program for behaviorally inhibited preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 534.PubMedPubMedCentral Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., O’Brien, K. A., Coplan, R. J., Thomas, S. R., Dougherty, L. R., & Menzer, M. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a multimodal early intervention program for behaviorally inhibited preschoolers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 534.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Coie, J. D., Terry, R., Lenox, K., Lochman, J., & Hyman, C. (1995). Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of stable patterns of adolescent disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 697–713. Coie, J. D., Terry, R., Lenox, K., Lochman, J., & Hyman, C. (1995). Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of stable patterns of adolescent disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 697–713.
go back to reference Cooley, E. L., Van Buren, A., & Cole, S. P. (2010). Attachment styles, social skills, and depression in college women. Journal of College Counseling, 13, 50–62. Cooley, E. L., Van Buren, A., & Cole, S. P. (2010). Attachment styles, social skills, and depression in college women. Journal of College Counseling, 13, 50–62.
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: history, theories, definitions, and assessments. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 3–20). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Coplan, R. J., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: history, theories, definitions, and assessments. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 3–20). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., Arbeau, K. A., & Armer, M. (2008). Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 359–371.PubMed Coplan, R. J., Arbeau, K. A., & Armer, M. (2008). Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 359–371.PubMed
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., Ooi, L. L., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2015). Naturalistic observations of schoolyard social participation: marker variables for socio-emotional functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 628–650. Coplan, R. J., Ooi, L. L., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2015). Naturalistic observations of schoolyard social participation: marker variables for socio-emotional functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 628–650.
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., Liu, J., Cao, J., Chen, X., & Li, D. (2017). Shyness and school adjustment in Chinese children: the roles of teachers and peers. School Psychology Quarterly, 32, 131–142.PubMed Coplan, R. J., Liu, J., Cao, J., Chen, X., & Li, D. (2017). Shyness and school adjustment in Chinese children: the roles of teachers and peers. School Psychology Quarterly, 32, 131–142.PubMed
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., Kingsbury, A., Kingsbury, M., & Bullock, A. (2013). Alone is a crowd: social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49, 861–875.PubMed Coplan, R. J., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., Kingsbury, A., Kingsbury, M., & Bullock, A. (2013). Alone is a crowd: social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49, 861–875.PubMed
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., Liu, J., Ooi, L. L., Chen, X., Li, D., & Ding, X. (2016). A person‐oriented analysis of social withdrawal in Chinese children. Social Development, 25, 794–811. Coplan, R. J., Liu, J., Ooi, L. L., Chen, X., Li, D., & Ding, X. (2016). A person‐oriented analysis of social withdrawal in Chinese children. Social Development, 25, 794–811.
go back to reference Coplan, R. J., Prakash, K., O'Neil, K., & Armer, M. (2004). Do you ‘want’ to play? Distinguishing between conflicted-shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 244–258.PubMed Coplan, R. J., Prakash, K., O'Neil, K., & Armer, M. (2004). Do you ‘want’ to play? Distinguishing between conflicted-shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 244–258.PubMed
go back to reference Cui, M., Conger, R. D., Bryant, C. M., & Elder, Jr, G. H. (2002). Parental behavior and the quality of adolescent friendships: a social-contextual perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 676–689. Cui, M., Conger, R. D., Bryant, C. M., & Elder, Jr, G. H. (2002). Parental behavior and the quality of adolescent friendships: a social-contextual perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 676–689.
go back to reference Ding, X., Chen, X., Fu, R., Li, D., & Liu, J. (2020). Relations of shyness and unsociability with adjustment in migrant and non-migrant children in urban China. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 289–300.PubMed Ding, X., Chen, X., Fu, R., Li, D., & Liu, J. (2020). Relations of shyness and unsociability with adjustment in migrant and non-migrant children in urban China. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 289–300.PubMed
go back to reference Doey, L., Coplan, R. J., & Kingsbury, M. (2014). Bashful boys and coy girls: a review of gender differences in childhood shyness. Sex Roles, 70, 255–266. Doey, L., Coplan, R. J., & Kingsbury, M. (2014). Bashful boys and coy girls: a review of gender differences in childhood shyness. Sex Roles, 70, 255–266.
go back to reference Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Edwards, A., Kupfer, A. S., & Reiser, M. (2009). Predictors of withdrawal: Possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 815–838.PubMedPubMedCentral Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Edwards, A., Kupfer, A. S., & Reiser, M. (2009). Predictors of withdrawal: Possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 815–838.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Eskilson, A., & Wiley, M. G. (1987). Parents, peers, perceived pressure, and adolescent self‐concept: is a daughter a daughter all of her life? Sociological Quarterly, 28, 135–145. Eskilson, A., & Wiley, M. G. (1987). Parents, peers, perceived pressure, and adolescent self‐concept: is a daughter a daughter all of her life? Sociological Quarterly, 28, 135–145.
go back to reference Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016–1024. Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016–1024.
go back to reference Gaertner, A. E., Fite, P. J., & Colder (2010). Parenting and friendship quality as predictors of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 101–108. Gaertner, A. E., Fite, P. J., & Colder (2010). Parenting and friendship quality as predictors of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 101–108.
go back to reference Gazelle, H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2004). Moving toward and away from the world: Social approach and avoidance trajectories in anxious solitary youth. Child Development, 75, 829–849.PubMed Gazelle, H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2004). Moving toward and away from the world: Social approach and avoidance trajectories in anxious solitary youth. Child Development, 75, 829–849.PubMed
go back to reference Gazelle, H., & Faldowski, R. A. (2019). Multiple trajectories in anxious solitary youths: the middle school transition as a turning point in development. Journal of Abnormal Child psychology, 47, 1135–1152.PubMed Gazelle, H., & Faldowski, R. A. (2019). Multiple trajectories in anxious solitary youths: the middle school transition as a turning point in development. Journal of Abnormal Child psychology, 47, 1135–1152.PubMed
go back to reference Gazelle, H., & Cui, M. (2020). Relations among anxious solitude, peer exclusion, and maternal overcontrol from 3rd through 7th grade: peer effects on youth, youth evocative effects on mothering, and the indirect effect of peers on mothering via youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 1485–1498.PubMed Gazelle, H., & Cui, M. (2020). Relations among anxious solitude, peer exclusion, and maternal overcontrol from 3rd through 7th grade: peer effects on youth, youth evocative effects on mothering, and the indirect effect of peers on mothering via youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 1485–1498.PubMed
go back to reference Gazelle, H., Putallaz, M., Li, Y., Grimes, C. L., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Coie, J. D. (2005). Anxious solitude across contexts: girls’ interactions with familiar and unfamiliar peers. Child Development, 76, 227–246.PubMed Gazelle, H., Putallaz, M., Li, Y., Grimes, C. L., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Coie, J. D. (2005). Anxious solitude across contexts: girls’ interactions with familiar and unfamiliar peers. Child Development, 76, 227–246.PubMed
go back to reference Grady, J. S. (2019). Parental gentle encouragement promotes shy toddlers’ regulation in social contexts. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 186, 83–98.PubMed Grady, J. S. (2019). Parental gentle encouragement promotes shy toddlers’ regulation in social contexts. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 186, 83–98.PubMed
go back to reference Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576.PubMed Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576.PubMed
go back to reference Haigler, V. F., Day, H. D., & Marshall, D. D. (1995). Parental attachment and gender-role identity. Sex Roles, 33, 203–220. Haigler, V. F., Day, H. D., & Marshall, D. D. (1995). Parental attachment and gender-role identity. Sex Roles, 33, 203–220.
go back to reference Hane, A. A., Cheah, C., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2008). The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social reticence in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development, 17, 795–811. Hane, A. A., Cheah, C., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2008). The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social reticence in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development, 17, 795–811.
go back to reference Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2004). Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence for varying forms and functions of nonsocial behavior in preschoolers. Child Development, 75, 251–263.PubMed Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Rubin, K. H. (2004). Psychophysiological and behavioral evidence for varying forms and functions of nonsocial behavior in preschoolers. Child Development, 75, 251–263.PubMed
go back to reference Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese pattern of socialization: a critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Ho, D. Y. F. (1986). Chinese pattern of socialization: a critical review. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp. 1–37). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Kagan, J. (1997). Temperament and the reactions to the unfamiliarity. Child Development, 68, 139–143.PubMed Kagan, J. (1997). Temperament and the reactions to the unfamiliarity. Child Development, 68, 139–143.PubMed
go back to reference Keller, H. (2018). Universality claim of attachment theory: children’s socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 11414-11419. Keller, H. (2018). Universality claim of attachment theory: children’s socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 11414-11419.
go back to reference Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., & Kim, P. (2006). Normative trends in children’s perceptions of availability and utilization of attachment figures in middle childhood. Social Development, 15, 1–22. Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., & Kim, P. (2006). Normative trends in children’s perceptions of availability and utilization of attachment figures in middle childhood. Social Development, 15, 1–22.
go back to reference Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parent–child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36, 614–626.PubMed Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parent–child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36, 614–626.PubMed
go back to reference Kokkinos, C. M. (2013). Bullying and victimization in early adolescence: associations with attachment style and perceived parenting. Journal of School Violence, 12, 174–192. Kokkinos, C. M. (2013). Bullying and victimization in early adolescence: associations with attachment style and perceived parenting. Journal of School Violence, 12, 174–192.
go back to reference Ladd, G. W., & Ladd, B. K. (1998). Parenting behaviors and Parent–child relationships: correlates of peer victimization in kindergarten? Developmental Psychology, 3, 1450. Ladd, G. W., & Ladd, B. K. (1998). Parenting behaviors and Parent–child relationships: correlates of peer victimization in kindergarten? Developmental Psychology, 3, 1450.
go back to reference Lengua, L. J., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., & West, S. G. (2000). The additive and interactive effects of parenting and temperament of predicting adjustment problems of children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 232–244.PubMed Lengua, L. J., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., & West, S. G. (2000). The additive and interactive effects of parenting and temperament of predicting adjustment problems of children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 232–244.PubMed
go back to reference Lerner, J. V., Nitz, K., Talwar, R., & Lerner, R. M. (1989). On the functional significance of temperamental individuality: a developmental contextual view of the concept of goodness of fit. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 509–522). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Lerner, J. V., Nitz, K., Talwar, R., & Lerner, R. M. (1989). On the functional significance of temperamental individuality: a developmental contextual view of the concept of goodness of fit. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 509–522). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Li, Y., Coplan, R. J., Archbell, K. A., Bullock, A., & Chen, L. (2016). Chinese kindergarten teachers’ beliefs about young children’s classroom social behavior. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 122–132. Li, Y., Coplan, R. J., Archbell, K. A., Bullock, A., & Chen, L. (2016). Chinese kindergarten teachers’ beliefs about young children’s classroom social behavior. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 122–132.
go back to reference Li, X. (2020). How do Chinese fathers express love? viewing paternal warmth through the eyes of Chinese fathers, mothers, and their children. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 1-13. Li, X. (2020). How do Chinese fathers express love? viewing paternal warmth through the eyes of Chinese fathers, mothers, and their children. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 1-13.
go back to reference Liu, J., Chen, X., Li, D., & French, D. (2012). Shyness‐sensitivity, aggression, and adjustment in urban Chinese adolescents at different historical times. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 393–399. Liu, J., Chen, X., Li, D., & French, D. (2012). Shyness‐sensitivity, aggression, and adjustment in urban Chinese adolescents at different historical times. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 393–399.
go back to reference Liu, J., Xiao, B., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., & Li, D. (2018c). Cross-lagged panel analyses of child shyness, maternal and paternal authoritarian parenting, and teacher-child relationships in mainland China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 4116–4125. Liu, J., Xiao, B., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., & Li, D. (2018c). Cross-lagged panel analyses of child shyness, maternal and paternal authoritarian parenting, and teacher-child relationships in mainland China. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 4116–4125.
go back to reference Liu, J., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., Li, D., Ding, X., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Unsociability and shyness in Chinese children: concurrent and predictive relations with indices of adjustment. Social Development, 23, 119–136. Liu, J., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., Li, D., Ding, X., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Unsociability and shyness in Chinese children: concurrent and predictive relations with indices of adjustment. Social Development, 23, 119–136.
go back to reference Liu, J., Chen, X., Coplan, R. J., Ding, X., Zarbatany, L., & Ellis, W. (2015). Shyness and unsociability and their relations with adjustment in Chinese and Canadian children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 371–386. Liu, J., Chen, X., Coplan, R. J., Ding, X., Zarbatany, L., & Ellis, W. (2015). Shyness and unsociability and their relations with adjustment in Chinese and Canadian children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 371–386.
go back to reference Liu, J., Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R. J., Yang, P., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2018a). Evaluating links among shyness, peer relations, and internalizing problems in Chinese young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 696–709.PubMed Liu, J., Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R. J., Yang, P., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2018a). Evaluating links among shyness, peer relations, and internalizing problems in Chinese young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 696–709.PubMed
go back to reference Liu, J., Bullock, A., Coplan, R., Chen, X., Li, D., & Zhou, Y. (2018b). Developmental cascade models linking peer victimization, depression, and academic achievement in Chinese children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 36, 47–63. Liu, J., Bullock, A., Coplan, R., Chen, X., Li, D., & Zhou, Y. (2018b). Developmental cascade models linking peer victimization, depression, and academic achievement in Chinese children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 36, 47–63.
go back to reference Liu, J. L., Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2020a). Chinese mothers’ cultural models of children’s shyness: ethnotheories and socialization strategies in the context of social change. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 170, 69–92. Liu, J. L., Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2020a). Chinese mothers’ cultural models of children’s shyness: ethnotheories and socialization strategies in the context of social change. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 170, 69–92.
go back to reference Liu, M., & Guo, F. (2010). Parenting practices and their relevance to child behaviors in Canada and China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 109–114.PubMed Liu, M., & Guo, F. (2010). Parenting practices and their relevance to child behaviors in Canada and China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 109–114.PubMed
go back to reference Luke, F., Chan, C. C., Au, A., & Lai, S. M. (2017). Adaptive parenting for alleviating young children’s shyness: a randomized controlled trial of an early intervention program. Infant and Child Development, 26, e2030. Luke, F., Chan, C. C., Au, A., & Lai, S. M. (2017). Adaptive parenting for alleviating young children’s shyness: a randomized controlled trial of an early intervention program. Infant and Child Development, 26, e2030.
go back to reference Luo, R., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Song, L. (2013). Chinese parents’ goals and practices in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 843–857. Luo, R., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Song, L. (2013). Chinese parents’ goals and practices in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 843–857.
go back to reference Marini, Z. A., Dane, A. V., Bosacki, S. L., & CURA, Y. (2006). Direct and indirect bully‐victims: differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32, 551–569. Marini, Z. A., Dane, A. V., Bosacki, S. L., & CURA, Y. (2006). Direct and indirect bully‐victims: differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32, 551–569.
go back to reference Masten, A. S., Morison, P., & Pellegrini, D. S. (1985). A revised class play method of peer assessment. Developmental Psychology, 21, 523–533. Masten, A. S., Morison, P., & Pellegrini, D. S. (1985). A revised class play method of peer assessment. Developmental Psychology, 21, 523–533.
go back to reference Nelemans, S. A., Hale, III, W. W., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. M. J., & Rudolph, K. (2018). Individual differences in anxiety trajectories from Grades 2 to 8: impact of the middle school transition. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 1487–1501.PubMed Nelemans, S. A., Hale, III, W. W., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. M. J., & Rudolph, K. (2018). Individual differences in anxiety trajectories from Grades 2 to 8: impact of the middle school transition. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 1487–1501.PubMed
go back to reference O’Connor, E., & McCartney, K. (2007). Attachment and cognitive skills: an investigation of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 458–476. O’Connor, E., & McCartney, K. (2007). Attachment and cognitive skills: an investigation of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 458–476.
go back to reference Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (2006). Socialization in the family: ethnic and ecological perspectives. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon & R. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3. Social, emotional and personality development. 6th ed. (pp. 429–504). New York, NY: Wiley. Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (2006). Socialization in the family: ethnic and ecological perspectives. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon & R. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3. Social, emotional and personality development. 6th ed. (pp. 429–504). New York, NY: Wiley.
go back to reference Ponti, L., & Tani, F. (2015). Shyness and psychological adjustment: the moderating role of friendship relationships. Journal of Psychopathology, 21, 30–39. Ponti, L., & Tani, F. (2015). Shyness and psychological adjustment: the moderating role of friendship relationships. Journal of Psychopathology, 21, 30–39.
go back to reference Poole, K. L., Jetha, M. K., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017). Linking child temperament, physiology, and adult personality: relations among retrospective behavioral inhibition, salivary cortisol, and shyness. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 68–73. Poole, K. L., Jetha, M. K., & Schmidt, L. A. (2017). Linking child temperament, physiology, and adult personality: relations among retrospective behavioral inhibition, salivary cortisol, and shyness. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 68–73.
go back to reference Porter, C. L., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, S. F., Zeng, Q., & Jin, S. (2005). A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the western United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 541–551. Porter, C. L., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, S. F., Zeng, Q., & Jin, S. (2005). A comparative study of child temperament and parenting in Beijing, China and the western United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 541–551.
go back to reference Reitz, E., Deković, M., Meijer, A. M., & Engels, R. C. (2006). Longitudinal relations among parenting, best friends, and early adolescent problem behavior: esting bidirectional effects. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 272–295. Reitz, E., Deković, M., Meijer, A. M., & Engels, R. C. (2006). Longitudinal relations among parenting, best friends, and early adolescent problem behavior: esting bidirectional effects. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 272–295.
go back to reference Rubin, K. H. & Coplan, R. J. (2004). Paying attention to and not neglecting social withdrawal and social isolation.Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 50, 506–534. Rubin, K. H. & Coplan, R. J. (2004). Paying attention to and not neglecting social withdrawal and social isolation.Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 50, 506–534.
go back to reference Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171.PubMedPubMedCentral Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 141–171.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Rubin, K. H., Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., & Bowker, J. C. (2018). Peer relations and the behaviorally inhibited child. In K. Perez-Edgar & N.A. Fox (Eds), Behavioral inhibition: Integrating theory, research, and clinical perspectives (pp. 157–184). New York: Springer. Rubin, K. H., Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., & Bowker, J. C. (2018). Peer relations and the behaviorally inhibited child. In K. Perez-Edgar & N.A. Fox (Eds), Behavioral inhibition: Integrating theory, research, and clinical perspectives (pp. 157–184). New York: Springer.
go back to reference Schwartz, D., Chang, L., & Farver, J. M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children’s peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 37, 520–532.PubMed Schwartz, D., Chang, L., & Farver, J. M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children’s peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 37, 520–532.PubMed
go back to reference Sheeber, L., Hops, H., Alpert, A., Davis, B., & Andrews, J. (1997). Family support and conflict: prospective relations to adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 333–344.PubMed Sheeber, L., Hops, H., Alpert, A., Davis, B., & Andrews, J. (1997). Family support and conflict: prospective relations to adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 333–344.PubMed
go back to reference Shek, D. T., & Dou, D. (2020). Perceived parenting and Parent–child relational qualities in fathers and mothers: longitudinal findings based on Hong Kong adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1–20. Shek, D. T., & Dou, D. (2020). Perceived parenting and Parent–child relational qualities in fathers and mothers: longitudinal findings based on Hong Kong adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1–20.
go back to reference Shenghong, J., & Dan, J. W. (2004). The contemporary development of philosophy of education in mainland China and Taiwan. Comparative Education, 40, 571–581. Shenghong, J., & Dan, J. W. (2004). The contemporary development of philosophy of education in mainland China and Taiwan. Comparative Education, 40, 571–581.
go back to reference Su, C., & Hynie, M. (2011). Effects of life stress, social support, and cultural norms on parenting styles among mainland Chinese, European Canadian, and Chinese Canadian immigrant mothers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 944–962. Su, C., & Hynie, M. (2011). Effects of life stress, social support, and cultural norms on parenting styles among mainland Chinese, European Canadian, and Chinese Canadian immigrant mothers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 944–962.
go back to reference Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
go back to reference Wang, X. L., Bernas, R., & Eberhard, P. (2012). When a lie is not a lie: understanding Chinese working-class mothers’ moral teaching and moral conduct. Social Development, 21, 68–87. Wang, X. L., Bernas, R., & Eberhard, P. (2012). When a lie is not a lie: understanding Chinese working-class mothers’ moral teaching and moral conduct. Social Development, 21, 68–87.
go back to reference Wang, Z., Bowker, J. C., Liu, J., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2020). Relations between shyness and psychological adjustment in Chinese children: the role of friendship quality. Infant and Child Development, e2209, 1–16. Wang, Z., Bowker, J. C., Liu, J., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2020). Relations between shyness and psychological adjustment in Chinese children: the role of friendship quality. Infant and Child Development, e2209, 1–16.
go back to reference White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30, 377–399.PubMed White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30, 377–399.PubMed
go back to reference Xu, Y., Farver, J. A., Zhang, Z., Zeng, Q., Yu, L., & Cai, B. (2005). Mainland Chinese parenting styles and Parent–child interaction. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 524–531. Xu, Y., Farver, J. A., Zhang, Z., Zeng, Q., Yu, L., & Cai, B. (2005). Mainland Chinese parenting styles and Parent–child interaction. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 524–531.
go back to reference Yu, J. J., & Gamble, W. C. (2008). Pathways of influence: marital relationships and their association with parenting styles and sibling relationship quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 757–778. Yu, J. J., & Gamble, W. C. (2008). Pathways of influence: marital relationships and their association with parenting styles and sibling relationship quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 757–778.
go back to reference Yu, S., Chen, B., Levesque-Bristol, C., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2018). Chinese education examined via the lens of self-determination. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 177–214. Yu, S., Chen, B., Levesque-Bristol, C., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2018). Chinese education examined via the lens of self-determination. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 177–214.
go back to reference Zarra-Nezhad, M., Kiuru, N., Aunola, K., Zarra-Nezhad, M., Ahonen, T., Poikkeus, A. M., & Nurmi, J. E. (2014). Social withdrawal in children moderates the association between parenting styles and the children’s own socioemotional development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1260–1269.PubMed Zarra-Nezhad, M., Kiuru, N., Aunola, K., Zarra-Nezhad, M., Ahonen, T., Poikkeus, A. M., & Nurmi, J. E. (2014). Social withdrawal in children moderates the association between parenting styles and the children’s own socioemotional development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1260–1269.PubMed
go back to reference Zhang, L., & Eggum-Wilkens, N. D. (2018). Correlates of shyness and unsociability during early adolescence in urban and rural China. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38, 408–421. Zhang, L., & Eggum-Wilkens, N. D. (2018). Correlates of shyness and unsociability during early adolescence in urban and rural China. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38, 408–421.
go back to reference Zhang, X. (2013). Bidirectional longitudinal relations between father–child relationships and Chinese children’s social competence during early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 83–93. Zhang, X. (2013). Bidirectional longitudinal relations between father–child relationships and Chinese children’s social competence during early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 83–93.
Metagegevens
Titel
Shyness, Parent–Child Relationships, and Peer Difficulties During the Middle School Transition
Auteurs
Amanda Bullock
Bowen Xiao
Junsheng Liu
Robert Coplan
Xinyin Chen
Publicatiedatum
08-06-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 1/2022
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01979-3