Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies 3/2022

22-02-2022 | Original Paper

She’s Biracial, but She’s Still Black: Reflections from Monoracial African American Parents Raising Biracial Children

Auteur: Yolanda T. Mitchell

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 3/2022

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

In this commentary, a scholar of Black families blends observations that emanate from her research with those arising within personal experiences. Applying a multicrit lens, she seeks to reflect on the experiences of monoracial parents in joint biological stepfamilies, raising biracial children. Her work draws upon heuristic analysis of African American parents raising biracial children in concert with monoracial Black children. Multicrit tenets of experiential knowledge, challenge to dominant ideology, racism, monoracism, and colorism, a monoracial paradigm of race, and intersections of multiple racial identities are applied to contextual environmental factors of socialization including racial profiling, parents’ perception of their mixed-race child’s personality and skin tone, and parental orientations toward mixed-race versus monoracial children. This study highlights relevant aspects in the development of mixed-race children including how they are perceived and how they encounter the world around them in an effort to help monoracial parents limit racial polarization and increase an understanding of multiple intersectional identities.
Literatuur
go back to reference Atkin, A. L., & Yoo, H. C. (2019). Familial racial-ethnic socialization of multiracial American youth: a systematic review of the literature with MultiCrit. Developmental Review, 53, 100869.CrossRef Atkin, A. L., & Yoo, H. C. (2019). Familial racial-ethnic socialization of multiracial American youth: a systematic review of the literature with MultiCrit. Developmental Review, 53, 100869.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, T. N., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Lesane-Brown, C. L., & Ezell, M. E. (2007). Child, parent, and situational correlates of familial ethnic/racial socialization. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 14–25.CrossRef Brown, T. N., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Lesane-Brown, C. L., & Ezell, M. E. (2007). Child, parent, and situational correlates of familial ethnic/racial socialization. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 14–25.CrossRef
go back to reference Bynum, M. S., Burton, E. T., & Best, C. (2007). Racism experiences and psychological functioning in African American college freshmen: Is racial socialization a buffer? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 64–71.CrossRef Bynum, M. S., Burton, E. T., & Best, C. (2007). Racism experiences and psychological functioning in African American college freshmen: Is racial socialization a buffer? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 64–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Carter, E. R., & Murphy, M. C. (2015). Group‐based differences in perceptions of racism: what counts, to whom, and why? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(6), 269–280.CrossRef Carter, E. R., & Murphy, M. C. (2015). Group‐based differences in perceptions of racism: what counts, to whom, and why? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(6), 269–280.CrossRef
go back to reference Collins, J. F. (2000). Biracial Japanese American identity: an evolving process. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 115–133.CrossRef Collins, J. F. (2000). Biracial Japanese American identity: an evolving process. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 115–133.CrossRef
go back to reference Coontz, S. (1999). The American family. Life, 22, 79. Coontz, S. (1999). The American family. Life, 22, 79.
go back to reference Cross, W. E. (1971). Negro-to-Black conversion experience: Toward a psychology of Black liberation. Black World, 20, 13–27. Cross, W. E. (1971). Negro-to-Black conversion experience: Toward a psychology of Black liberation. Black World, 20, 13–27.
go back to reference DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Martin, P. P., & Cooper, S. M. (2012). African American students in private, independent schools: Parents and school influences on racial identity development. The Urban Review, 44(1), 113–132.CrossRef DeCuir-Gunby, J. T., Martin, P. P., & Cooper, S. M. (2012). African American students in private, independent schools: Parents and school influences on racial identity development. The Urban Review, 44(1), 113–132.CrossRef
go back to reference Doucet, F. (2019). Centering the Margins:(Re) Defining Useful Research Evidence through Critical Perspectives. William T. Grant Foundation. Doucet, F. (2019). Centering the Margins:(Re) Defining Useful Research Evidence through Critical Perspectives. William T. Grant Foundation.
go back to reference Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
go back to reference Gaylord-Harden, N., & Cunningham, J. A. (2009). The impact of racial discrimination and coping strategies on internalizing symptoms in African American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(4), 532–543.CrossRef Gaylord-Harden, N., & Cunningham, J. A. (2009). The impact of racial discrimination and coping strategies on internalizing symptoms in African American youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(4), 532–543.CrossRef
go back to reference Gibbons, F. X., O’Hara, R. E., Stock, M. L., Gerrard, M., Weng, C., & Wills, T. A. (2012). The erosive effects of racism: Reduced self-control mediates the relation between perceived racial discrimination and substance use in African American adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 1089–1104. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027404.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gibbons, F. X., O’Hara, R. E., Stock, M. L., Gerrard, M., Weng, C., & Wills, T. A. (2012). The erosive effects of racism: Reduced self-control mediates the relation between perceived racial discrimination and substance use in African American adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(5), 1089–1104. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1037/​a0027404.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Harris, J. C. (2016). Toward a critical multiracial theory in education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(6), 795–813.CrossRef Harris, J. C. (2016). Toward a critical multiracial theory in education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(6), 795–813.CrossRef
go back to reference Herman, M. R., & Campbell, M. E. (2011). I wouldn’t, but you can: Attitudes towards interracial relationships. Social Science Research, 41, 343–358.CrossRef Herman, M. R., & Campbell, M. E. (2011). I wouldn’t, but you can: Attitudes towards interracial relationships. Social Science Research, 41, 343–358.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, D. L., Watford, J. A., & Del Toro, J. (2016). A transactional/ecological perspective on ethnic–racial identity, socialization, and discrimination. Advances in child development and behavior, 51, 1–41.CrossRef Hughes, D. L., Watford, J. A., & Del Toro, J. (2016). A transactional/ecological perspective on ethnic–racial identity, socialization, and discrimination. Advances in child development and behavior, 51, 1–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, D., Rivas, D., Foust, M., Hagelskamp, C., Gersick, S., & Way, N. (2004). How to catch a moonbeam: A mixed-methods approach to understanding ethnic socialization process in ethnically diverse families. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child, (pp. 226-277). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Hughes, D., Rivas, D., Foust, M., Hagelskamp, C., Gersick, S., & Way, N. (2004). How to catch a moonbeam: A mixed-methods approach to understanding ethnic socialization process in ethnically diverse families. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child, (pp. 226-277). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Jacobs, J. H. (1992). Identity development in biracial children. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 190–206). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Jacobs, J. H. (1992). Identity development in biracial children. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 190–206). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Johnston, M. P., & Nadal, K. L. (2010). Multiracial microaggressions: Exposing monoracism in everyday life and clinical practice. In D. W. Sue (ed.), Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact (pp. 123–144). New York: Wiley & Sons. Johnston, M. P., & Nadal, K. L. (2010). Multiracial microaggressions: Exposing monoracism in everyday life and clinical practice. In D. W. Sue (ed.), Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact (pp. 123–144). New York: Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Jones, N., Marks, R., Ramirez, R., & Ríos-Vargas, M. (2020). 2020 census illuminates racial and ethnic composition of the country. Retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau website: www.census.gov Jones, N., Marks, R., Ramirez, R., & Ríos-Vargas, M. (2020). 2020 census illuminates racial and ethnic composition of the country. Retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau website: www.​census.​gov
go back to reference Kennedy, S., & Bumpass, L. (2008). Cohabitation and children’s living arrangements: new estimates from the United States. Demographic Research, 19, 1663–1692.CrossRef Kennedy, S., & Bumpass, L. (2008). Cohabitation and children’s living arrangements: new estimates from the United States. Demographic Research, 19, 1663–1692.CrossRef
go back to reference Kerwin, C., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1995). Biracial identity development: Theory and research. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 199–217). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kerwin, C., & Ponterotto, J. G. (1995). Biracial identity development: Theory and research. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 199–217). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Kich, G. K. (1992). Development process of asserting biracial bicultural identity. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 304–317). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kich, G. K. (1992). Development process of asserting biracial bicultural identity. In M. P. P. Root (Ed.), Racially mixed people in America (pp. 304–317). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Kreider, R. M. (2003). Adopted children and stepchildren: 2000. (Report No. CENSR-6RV). Washington D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Kreider, R. M. (2003). Adopted children and stepchildren: 2000. (Report No. CENSR-6RV). Washington D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.
go back to reference Lamanna, M. A. & Reidmann, A. (2010). Marriages and families: Making choices in a diverse society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Lamanna, M. A. & Reidmann, A. (2010). Marriages and families: Making choices in a diverse society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
go back to reference Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11, 7–24.CrossRef Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11, 7–24.CrossRef
go back to reference Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Sutton, P.D., Ventura, S.J., Mathews, T.J., Kirmeyer, S., & Osterman, M.J. (2010). Births: Final data for 2007. National Vital Statistics reports, 58, 1-125. Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Sutton, P.D., Ventura, S.J., Mathews, T.J., Kirmeyer, S., & Osterman, M.J. (2010). Births: Final data for 2007. National Vital Statistics reports, 58, 1-125.
go back to reference Mitchell, Y. T. (2014). “My daughter is a white girl in a mixed body that wishes she were Black”: Monoracial parents perceptions of mixed-race children and racial identity development. Kansas State University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Mitchell, Y. T. (2014). “My daughter is a white girl in a mixed body that wishes she were Black”: Monoracial parents perceptions of mixed-race children and racial identity development. Kansas State University. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
go back to reference Morrison, J. W., & Bordere, T. (2001). Supporting biracial children’s identity development. Childhood Education, 77, 134–138.CrossRef Morrison, J. W., & Bordere, T. (2001). Supporting biracial children’s identity development. Childhood Education, 77, 134–138.CrossRef
go back to reference Osborne, C., & McLanahan, S. (2007). Partnership instability and child well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 1065–1083.CrossRef Osborne, C., & McLanahan, S. (2007). Partnership instability and child well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 1065–1083.CrossRef
go back to reference Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Poston, W. S. C. (1990). The Biracial Identity Development Model: A needed addition. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 152–155.CrossRef Poston, W. S. C. (1990). The Biracial Identity Development Model: A needed addition. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 152–155.CrossRef
go back to reference Rockquemore, K. A. & Laszloffy, T. (2005). Raising biracial children. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. Rockquemore, K. A. & Laszloffy, T. (2005). Raising biracial children. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
go back to reference Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2007). Beyond black: Biracial identity in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Rockquemore, K. A., & Brunsma, D. L. (2007). Beyond black: Biracial identity in America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
go back to reference Rockqumore, K. A., Brunsma, D. L., & Delgado, D. J. (2009). Racing to theory or retheroizing race? Understanding the struggle to build a multicultural identity theory. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 13–34.CrossRef Rockqumore, K. A., Brunsma, D. L., & Delgado, D. J. (2009). Racing to theory or retheroizing race? Understanding the struggle to build a multicultural identity theory. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 13–34.CrossRef
go back to reference Root, M.P.P. (1990). Resolving ‘other’ status: Identity development in biracial individuals. Women & Therapy, 9, 185–205.CrossRef Root, M.P.P. (1990). Resolving ‘other’ status: Identity development in biracial individuals. Women & Therapy, 9, 185–205.CrossRef
go back to reference Root, M. P. (2003). Multiracial families and children: Implications for educational research and practice. Handbook of research on multicultural education, 2, 110–124. Root, M. P. (2003). Multiracial families and children: Implications for educational research and practice. Handbook of research on multicultural education, 2, 110–124.
go back to reference Smedley, A. (2007). Race in North America: Origin and evolution of a worldview (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Smedley, A. (2007). Race in North America: Origin and evolution of a worldview (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
go back to reference Taylor, E.(1998). A primer on critical race theory: Who are the critical race theorists and what are they saying?. The journal of blacks in higher education, 19, 122CrossRef Taylor, E.(1998). A primer on critical race theory: Who are the critical race theorists and what are they saying?. The journal of blacks in higher education, 19, 122CrossRef
go back to reference Wang, M.-T., Henry, D. A., Smith, L. V., Huguley, J. P., & Guo, J. (2020). Parental ethnic-racial socialization practices and children of color’s psychosocial and behavioral adjustment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 75(1), 1–22.CrossRef Wang, M.-T., Henry, D. A., Smith, L. V., Huguley, J. P., & Guo, J. (2020). Parental ethnic-racial socialization practices and children of color’s psychosocial and behavioral adjustment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 75(1), 1–22.CrossRef
go back to reference Yosso, T. J., Smith, W. A., Ceja, M., & Solórzano, D. G. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79, 659–691.CrossRef Yosso, T. J., Smith, W. A., Ceja, M., & Solórzano, D. G. (2009). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate for Latina/o undergraduates. Harvard Educational Review, 79, 659–691.CrossRef
go back to reference Yudell, M. (2014). Race unmasked: Biology and race in the twentieth century. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Yudell, M. (2014). Race unmasked: Biology and race in the twentieth century. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
go back to reference Zhang, Y., & Van Hook, J. (2009). Marital dissolution among interracial couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 95–107.CrossRef Zhang, Y., & Van Hook, J. (2009). Marital dissolution among interracial couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 95–107.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
She’s Biracial, but She’s Still Black: Reflections from Monoracial African American Parents Raising Biracial Children
Auteur
Yolanda T. Mitchell
Publicatiedatum
22-02-2022
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 3/2022
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02263-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2022

Journal of Child and Family Studies 3/2022 Naar de uitgave