01-09-2014 | Original Paper | Uitgave 9/2014 Open Access

Sexual Knowledge and Victimization in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > Uitgave 9/2014
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Demographic variable
|
ASD
N (%)
|
Control
N (%)
|
Test for group differences
|
---|---|---|---|
Sex
|
|||
Female
|
36 (38.20)
|
51 (43.6)
|
χ
2 (1,
N = 211) = .60
, p = .44
|
Male
|
58 (61.70)
|
66 (56.4)
|
|
Level of education
|
|||
High school
|
13 (13.68)
|
11 (9.4)
|
χ
2 (2,
N = 212) = 1.93,
p = .38
|
College
|
56 (58.94)
|
65 (55.6)
|
|
University
|
26 (27.36)
|
41 (35.0)
|
|
Visible minority
|
|||
Yes
|
13 (13.68)
|
25 (21.4)
|
χ
2 (2,
N = 212) = 2.58,
p = .28
|
No
|
80 (84.21)
|
88 (75.2)
|
|
Not sure
|
2 (2.10)
|
4 (3.2)
|
|
Sexual orientation
|
|||
Heterosexual
|
74 (78.71)
|
75 (67)
|
χ
2 (1,
N = 206) = 3.53,
p = .06
|
Not heterosexual
|
20 (21.28)
|
37 (33)
|
Materials
Demographics
Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001)
Sexual Knowledge Sources
Sexual Knowledge
Perceived Knowledge
Sexual Victimization
Procedure
Data Analysis
Results
Sexual Knowledge Sources
Type of knowledge
|
ASD
|
Control
|
F-test
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female
M (
SD)
|
Male
M (
SD)
|
Female
M (
SD)
|
Male
M (
SD)
|
||
Knowledge about STIs
|
|||||
Total
|
3.08 (1.60)
|
2.41 (1.27)
|
2.96 (2.03)
|
2.86 (2.19)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = .39,
p = .53
Sex:
F(1, 206) = 2.16,
p = .14
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = 1.21,
p = .27
|
Social
|
1.20 (.93)
|
0.81 (.83)
|
1.53 (1.15)
|
1.48 (1.14)
|
Group:
F(1,206) = 11.73,
p = .001
Sex:
F(1,206) = 2.19,
p = .14
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = 1.39,
p = .24
|
Non-social
|
1.88 (1.13)
|
1.60 (1.10)
|
1.34 (1.22)
|
1.37 (1.39)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = 3.76,
p = .05
Sex:
F(1, 206) = .91,
p = .34
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = 0.43,
p = .51
|
Knowledge about sexual behaviours
|
|||||
Total
|
3.74 (2.08)
|
3.35 (1.65)
|
3.51 (2.08)
|
3.36 (2.44)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = .13,
p = .72
Sex:
F(1, 206) = .84,
p = .36
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = .18,
p = .67
|
Social
|
1.37 (1.35)
|
1.10 (1.02)
|
1.74 (1.04)
|
1.57 (1.16)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = 6.95,
p = .009
Sex:
F(1, 206) = 1.86,
p = .17
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = .09,
p = .76
|
Non-social
|
2.37 (1.19)
|
2.24 (1.20)
|
1.76 (1.49)
|
1.78 (1.69)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = 6.70,
p = .01
Sex:
F(1, 206) = .07,
p = .79
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = .14,
p = .71
|
Knowledge about contraceptives
|
|||||
Total
|
2.97 (1.92)
|
2.48 (1.44)
|
3.22 (2.18)
|
2.86 (2.32)
|
Group:
F(1,206) = 1.20,
p = .27
Sex:
F(1, 206) = .2.18,
p = .14
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = .06,
p = .81
|
Social
|
1.03 (1.22)
|
0.81 (.98)
|
1.82 (1.19)
|
1.50 (1.28)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = 19.85,
p < .001
Sex:
F(1, 206) = 2.64,
p = .10
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = .10,
p = .75
|
Non-social
|
1.94 (1.16)
|
1.67 (1.11)
|
1.39 (1.22)
|
1.36 (1.51)
|
Group:
F(1, 206) = 5.55,
p = .02
Sex:
F(1, 206) = .67,
p = .41
Interaction:
F(1, 206) = .44,
p = .51
|
Type of knowledge
|
Knowledge source
|
ASD
N (%)
|
Control
N (%)
|
χ
2
|
Odds ratios
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
STI
|
Parents
|
11 (11.7 %)
|
36 (30.7 %)
|
10.95***
|
3.35 (CI 1.60–7.04)
a
|
Teachers
|
31 (33.0 %)
|
72 (61.5 %)
|
17.01***
|
3.25 (CI 1.84–5.74)
a
|
|
Peers
|
16 (17 %)
|
40 (34.1 %)
|
7.88**
|
2.53 (CI 1.31–4.50)
a
|
|
Romantic partner
|
13 (13.8 %)
|
16 (13.7 %)
|
0.01,
ns
|
–
|
|
Religious figure
|
5 (5.3 %)
|
5 (4.3 %)
|
0.13
ns
|
–
|
|
Support worker
|
14 (14.9 %)
|
7 (6.0 %)
|
4.62,
ns
|
–
|
|
Educational brochures
|
26 (27.7 %)
|
42 (35.9 %)
|
1.62, ns
|
–
|
|
Television/radio
|
38 (40.4 %)
|
24 (20.5 %)
|
9.96
**
|
1.66 (CI 0.86– 3.20)
b
|
|
Magazines
|
29 (30.0 %)
|
33 (28.2 %)
|
0.18,
ns
|
–
|
|
Internet
|
51 (54.3 %)
|
59 (50.4 %)
|
0.31,
ns
|
–
|
|
Pornography
|
15 (16.0 %)
|
6 (5.1 %)
|
6.82*
|
3.51 (CI 1.31–9.45)
b
|
|
Behaviours
|
Parents
|
12 (12.8 %)
|
33 (28.2 %)
|
7.40**
|
2.68 (CI 1.30–5.56)
a
|
Teachers
|
20 (21.3 %)
|
48 (41.0 %)
|
9.31**
|
2.23 (CI 1.19–4.14)
a
|
|
Peers
|
30 (31.9 %)
|
58 (49.6 %)
|
86.68**
|
2.10 (CI 1.193.69)
a
|
|
Romantic partner
|
27 (28.7 %)
|
45 (38.5 %)
|
2.20,
ns
|
–
|
|
Religious figure
|
12 (12.8 %)
|
5 (4.3 %)
|
5.07*
|
3.28 (CI 1.11–9.67)
b
|
|
Support worker
|
12 (12.8 %)
|
4 (3.4 %)
|
6.50*
|
4.13 (CI 1.23–13.28)
b
|
|
Educational brochures
|
38 (40.4 %)
|
30 (25.6 %)
|
5.22*
|
1.97 (CI 1.10–3.53)
b
|
|
Television/radio
|
48 (51.1 %)
|
28 (30.8 %)
|
8.60**
|
2.35 (CI 1.34–4.13)
b
|
|
Magazines
|
35 (37.2 %)
|
41(35.0 %)
|
0.11,
ns
|
–
|
|
Internet
|
66 (70.2 %)
|
67 (57.3 %)
|
3.75
*
|
1.76 (CI 0.99–3.13)
b
|
|
Pornography
|
26 (27.7 %)
|
34 (29.1 %)
|
0.05,
ns
|
–
|
|
Contraceptives
|
Parents
|
10 (10.6 %)
|
42 (35.9 %)
|
17.91***
|
4.70 (CI 2.21–10.03)
a
|
Teachers
|
24 (25.5 %)
|
65 (55.5 %)
|
19.25***
|
3.65 (CI 2.02–6.57)
a
|
|
Peers
|
20 (21.3 %)
|
52 (44.4 %)
|
12.45***
|
2.96 (CI 1.65–5.47)
a
|
|
Romantic partner
|
13 (13.8 %)
|
26 (22.2 %)
|
2.43,
ns
|
–
|
|
Religious figure
|
5 (5.3 %)
|
3 (2.5 %)
|
1.09,
ns
|
–
|
|
Support worker
|
12 (12.8 %)
|
4 (3.4 %)
|
6.50,
ns
|
–
|
|
Educational brochures
|
38 (40.4 %)
|
46 (39.31 %)
|
0.01,
ns
|
–
|
|
Television/radio
|
28 (30.1 %)
|
22 (18.8 %)
|
3.65,
ns
|
–
|
|
Magazines
|
34 (36.2 %)
|
30 (25.64 %)
|
2.73,
ns
|
–
|
|
Internet
|
54 (57.4 %)
|
54 (46.1 %)
|
2.66,
ns
|
–
|
|
Pornography
|
11 (11.7 %)
|
9 (7.7 %)
|
0.98,
ns
|
–
|
Actual and Perceived Knowledge
Sexual Victimization
ASD
N (%)
|
CONTROL
N (%)
|
χ
2
|
Odds ratios
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Sexual contact*
|
65 (70 %)
|
51 (44 %)
|
14.50***
|
3 (CI 1.7–5.3)
|
Sexual coercion*
|
36 (39 %)
|
22 (19 %)
|
10.14***
|
2.7 (CI 1.5–5.1)
|
Attempted rape
|
25 (27 %)
|
24 (20.5 %)
|
1.18,
ns
|
–
|
Rape*
|
29 (31.5 %)
|
19 (16.4 %)
|
6.63**
|
2.4 (CI 1.2–4.5)
|
Relationship Between Knowledge, Social Sources, and Victimization
DV
|
IV, mediators, and control
|
Path
|
B
|
SE
|
z/t
|
p
|
Bootstrapping for indirect results
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point estimate
|
95 % CI
|
||||||||
Lower
|
Upper
|
||||||||
Victimization
|
Sex
|
Control
|
−1.10
|
.42
|
−2.61
|
.009
|
|||
Group
|
C
|
−1.75
|
.38
|
−4.58
|
<.001
|
−.78
|
−1.43
|
−.23
|
|
C′
|
−1.24
|
.43
|
−2.85
|
.004
|
|||||
Perceived knowledge
|
A
|
.30
|
.14
|
2.21
|
.029
|
.09
|
−.02
|
.30
|
|
B
|
.31
|
.23
|
1.38
|
.170
|
|||||
Actual knowledge
|
A
|
6.66
|
.89
|
7.45
|
<.001
|
−.80
|
−1.50
|
−.23
|
|
B
|
−.12
|
.04
|
−3.22
|
.001
|
|||||
Total number of social sources
|
A
|
1.81
|
.46
|
3.95
|
<.001
|
−.07
|
−.38
|
.17
|
|
B
|
−.04
|
.06
|
−.63
|
.525
|
Discussion
Social Sources
Actual and Perceived Knowledge
Sexual Victimization
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
Appendix: Perceived Knowledge Questionnaire
Response
|
||
---|---|---|
1. I know how to put a condom on correctly
|
True
|
False
|
2. I know how to use other contraceptive methods (e.g. oral birth control, vaginal rings, etc.)
|
True
|
False
|
3. I know what sexually transmitted infections (STI/STDs) are
|
True
|
False
|
4. I know how to protect myself against (STI/STDs)
|
True
|
False
|
5. I know how to decrease the likelihood of pregnancy when sexually active
|
True
|
False
|