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Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 4/2018

09-04-2017 | Original Article

Sequential modulation of (bottom–up) response activation and inhibition in a response conflict task: a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study

Auteurs: Barbara Treccani, Giorgia Cona, Nadia Milanese, Carlo Umiltà

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 4/2018

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Abstract

Many cognitive tasks involve a response conflict between the response selected on the basis of the task-relevant attribute and that primed by an irrelevant attribute. Although response priming has been extensively investigated, we still have little evidence on whether it entails both excitatory and inhibitory processes and the way in which these processes are modulated by the prior occurrence of a conflict between-response alternatives. To shed light on these issues, we tested motor cortex excitability during a two-choice compatibility task (a Simon task) by delivering single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation and recording the resulting motor evoked potentials (MEPs). We obtained consistent behavioural and MEP results suggesting that the presentation of a left- or right-side stimulus causes the activation of the ipsilateral response, which—in turn—inhibits the alternative response. Both processes are modulated by the spatial compatibility of the preceding trial. In trials following compatible trials (i.e. after conditions wherein the primed response was the correct one), we found response efficiency advantages and disadvantages of compatible and incompatible trials, respectively, which were mirrored by an increase of the excitability of the motor cortex primed by stimulus position and by a parallel decrease of the contralateral cortex excitability. Both the facilitation and interference components of the behavioural effect and the excitatory and inhibitory effects of the stimulus position on motor excitability were smaller after neutral trials (i.e. when the stimulus of the previous trial was aligned with fixation, thus not priming any response) and absent after incompatible trials (i.e. after having experienced a conflict between the primed and correct responses). These results are consistent with the idea that location-based response priming is under control of a conflict monitoring mechanism that strengthens ipsilateral response activation and contralateral response inhibition after compatible trials and weakens both processes after incompatible trials.
Voetnoten
1
Notably, an asymmetric modulation of activation and inhibition processes might not result in asymmetric behavioural results and might only be evident here in motor cortex excitability data. For example, according to the difference threshold criterion (c.f., e.g. Tagliabue et al., 2000), the modulation of either the activation or inhibitoryprocess only should lead to a modulation of both the facilitation and interference RT Simon effect components (cf., Wühr & Ansorge, 2005; Leuthold & Schröter, 2006), by affecting the time needed to reach the between-response difference threshold required to emit a response: The more the corresponding response is activated or the noncorresponding response is inhibited, the less time is needed to reach the difference threshold when the former is the correct response (thus, the larger the facilitation component is) and the more time is needed when it is not (thus, the larger the interference component is).
 
2
Stimulus-hand (S-H) spatial correspondence is a variable that refers to the hand from which MEPs are recorded, that is, to whether the stimulus position corresponds, does not correspond or is spatially neutral with respect to the position of this hand. Stimulus–response (S–R) spatial compatibility is a variable that refers to the experimental trial, that is to whether the stimulus position corresponds, does not correspond or is spatially neutral with respect to the position of the response required in that trial. In both S–R compatible and incompatible trials, MEPs might be recorded from either the corresponding or noncorresponding hand.
 
3
According to Wascher et al. 2001 (see also Wiegand & Wascher, 2005), visuomotor response priming (location-based response activation driven by the direct route) only occurs in standard visual Simon tasks (i.e. with visual stimuli and S–R horizontal arrangement). In non-standard conditions (i.e. with auditory stimuli and S–R horizontal arrangement), cognitive interference processes, caused by the lack of correspondence between the stimulus and response spatial codes, would play a major role in the occurrence of the Simon effect.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Sequential modulation of (bottom–up) response activation and inhibition in a response conflict task: a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Auteurs
Barbara Treccani
Giorgia Cona
Nadia Milanese
Carlo Umiltà
Publicatiedatum
09-04-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 4/2018
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0863-9

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