Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

01-06-2011

Separation and Traumatic Distress in Prolonged Grief: The Role of Cause of Death and Relationship to the Deceased

Auteurs: Jason M. Holland, Robert A. Neimeyer

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 2/2011

Abstract

A distinction has been drawn between symptoms of separation distress (e.g., yearning/longing for the lost relationship) and traumatic distress (e.g., numbness, anger/bitterness) in prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a chronic and severe form of grieving that has been shown to predict a range of negative mental and physical health outcomes. The present study relied upon information from 947 recently bereaved young adults and tested the hypothesis that levels of separation distress primarily would be influenced by aspects of the relationship with the deceased (i.e., primary attachment figures vs. more distant relationships), whereas levels of traumatic distress would be influenced more by situational factors surrounding the death itself (i.e., cause of death). Results generally supported this hypothesis with a few important qualifications. Implications for the assessment and treatment of bereaved individuals are discussed.

vorige artikel Systematic Review of the Clinical Presentation of Schizophrenia in Intellectual Disability

volgende artikel Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Approach Coping Scale in Turkish University Students and Community Members

Mardia’s kurtosis coefficient is not normalized. Thus, it should not be interpreted as a z score.

Chi square values computed using MLM cannot be used to conduct a chi square difference test. Thus, chi square tests computed using maximum likelihood were used to compare the 1 and 2-factor models. This test revealed that the 2-factor model significantly improved fit over the 1-factor model, χ ²(1) = 161.71, p < .001.

Ball, J. F. (1977). Widow’s grief: the impact of age and mode of death. Omega, 7, 307–333.

Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.PubMedCrossRef

Boelen, P. A., & van den Bout, J. (2005). Complicated grief, depression, and anxiety as distinct postloss syndromes: a confirmatory factor analysis study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2175–2177.PubMedCrossRef

Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., & de Keijser, J. (2003a). Traumatic grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: a replication study with bereaved mental health care patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1339–1341.PubMedCrossRef

Boelen, P. A., van den Bout, J., de Keijser, J., & Hoijtink, H. (2003b). Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG). Death Studies, 27, 227–247.PubMedCrossRef

Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B., & Insel, B. (2007). Is there more to grief than depression and PTSD? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 342–351.PubMedCrossRef

Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternate ways of assessing model fit. In K. Bollen & J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equations models (pp. 1136–1162). Newbury Park: Sage.

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park: Sage.

Chen, J. H., Bierhals, A. J., Prigerson, H. G., Kasl, S. V., Mazure, C. M., & Jacobs, S. (1999). Gender differences in the effects of bereavement-related distress in health outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 29, 367–380.PubMedCrossRef

Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (rev. ed.). New York: Academic.

Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2008). Bereavement following violent death: An assault on life and meaning. In R. Stevenson & G. Cox (Eds.), Perspectives on violence and violent death (pp. 177–202). Amityville: Baywood.

Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. (1985). Interaction of trauma and grief in childhood. In S. Eth & R. Pynoos (Eds.), Post-traumatic stress disorder in children (pp. 169–186). Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Faschingbauer, T. R. (1981). Texas revised inventory of grief manual. Houston: Honeycomb.

Frueh, B. C., Brady, K. L., & de Arellano, M. A. (1998). Racial differences in combat-related PTSD: empirical findings and conceptual issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 287–305.PubMedCrossRef

Goldsmith, B., Morrison, R. S., Vanderwerker, L. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (2008). Elevated rates of prolonged grief disorder in African Americans. Death Studies, 32, 352–365.PubMedCrossRef

Green, B. L. (2000). Traumatic loss: conceptual and empirical links between trauma and bereavement. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 5, 1–17.

Hogan, N. S., Worden, J. W., & Schmidt, L. A. (2004). An empirical study of the proposed complicated grief disorder criteria. Omega, 48, 263–277.

Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2009a). Outcomes from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) program for bereaved caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 24, 190–202.PubMedCrossRef

Holland, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2009b). The underlying structure of grief: a taxometric investigation of prolonged and normal reactions to loss. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 190–201.CrossRef

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.CrossRef

Jacobs, S. C. (1993). Pathologic grief: Maladaptation to loss. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.

Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. A., Fairbanks, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., et al. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Latham, A. E., & Prigerson, H. G. (2004). Suicidality and bereavement: complicated grief as psychiatric disorder presenting greatest risk for suicidality. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 34, 350–362.CrossRef

Laurie, A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2008). African Americans in bereavement: grief as a function of ethnicity. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 57, 173–193.PubMedCrossRef

Lindy, J. D., Green, B. L., Grace, M., & Titchener, J. (1983). Psychotherapy with survivors of the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 37, 593–610.PubMed

Miniño, A. M., Arias, E., Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., & Smith, B. L. (2002). Deaths: Final data for 2000. National Vital Statistics Reports, 50(15), 1–120.

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2006). Mplus user’s guide (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

Neimeyer, R. A., & Sands, D. C. (2011). Meaning reconstruction in bereavement: From principles to practice. In R. A. Neimeyer, H. Winokuer, D. Harris, & G. Thornton (Eds.), Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice. New York: Routledge.

Neimeyer, R. A., Baldwin, S. A., & Gillies, J. (2006). Continuing bonds and reconstructing meaning: Mitigating complications in bereavement. Death Studies, 30, 715–738.PubMedCrossRef

Ott, C. H. (2003). The impact of complicated grief on mental and physical health at various points in the bereavement process. Death Studies, 27, 249–272.PubMedCrossRef

Perilla, J. L., Norris, F. H., & Lavizzo, E. A. (2002). Ethnicity, culture, and disaster response: identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD 6 months after Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 20–45.CrossRef

Peugh, J. L., & Enders, C. K. (2005). Using the SPSS mixed procedure to fit cross-sectional and longitudinal multilevel models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 717–741.CrossRef

Prigerson, H. G., & Jacobs, S. C. (2001). Diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief: A rationale, consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 613–645). Washington: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Prigerson, H. G., Frank, E., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., Anderson, B., Zubenko, G. S., et al. (1995a). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 22–30.PubMed

Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P., Reynolds, C., Bierhals, A., Newsom, J., Fasiczka, A., et al. (1995b). Inventory of complicated grief. Psychiatry Research, 59, 65–79.PubMedCrossRef

Prigerson, H. G., Bierhals, A. J., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., Shear, M. K., Newsom, J. T., et al. (1996). Complicated grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: a replication study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1484–1486.PubMed

Prigerson, H. G., Bierhals, A. J., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., Shear, M. K., Day, N., et al. (1997). Traumatic grief as a risk factor for mental and physical morbidity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 616–623.PubMed

Prigerson, H. G., Ahmed, I., Silverman, G. K., Saxena, A., Maciejewski, P. K., Jacobs, S. C., et al. (2002). Rates and risks of complicated grief among psychiatric clinic patients in Karachi, Pakistan. Death Studies, 26, 781–792.PubMedCrossRef

Prigerson, H. G., Vanderwerker, L. C., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2008). A case for inclusion of prolonged grief disorder in DSM-V. In M. Stroebe, R. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 165–186). Washington: American Psychological Association.

Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., et al. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000121.PubMedCrossRef

Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 445–473.CrossRef

Ringdal, G. I., Jordhøy, M. S., Ringdal, K., & Kaasa, S. (2001). Factors affecting grief reactions in close family members to individuals who have died of cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 22, 1016–1026.PubMedCrossRef

Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., & Witztum, E. (2003). Trauma and bereavement: conceptual and clinical issues revolving around relationships. Death Studies, 27, 667–690.PubMedCrossRef

Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., Koren, D., & Michaeli, E. (2009). The Two-Track Model of Bereavement Questionnaire (TTBQ): development and validation of a relational measure. Death Studies, 33, 305–333.PubMedCrossRef

Rynearson, T. (1994). Psychotherapy of bereavement after homicide. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 3, 341–347.

Sanders, C. M. (1981). Comparison of younger and older spouses in bereavement outcome. Omega, 11, 217–232.

Singer, J. D. (1998). Using SAS PROC MIXED to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 24, 323–355.

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Finkenauer, C. (2001). The traumatization of grief? A conceptual framework for understanding the trauma-bereavement interface. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 38, 185–201.PubMed

Titel: Separation and Traumatic Distress in Prolonged Grief: The Role of Cause of Death and Relationship to the Deceased
Auteurs: Jason M. Holland
Robert A. Neimeyer
Publicatiedatum: 01-06-2011
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 2/2011
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9214-5

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2011

Characterizing Pathological Narcissism in Terms of the HEXACO Model of Personality

A New Measure of the Maladaptive Self-Beliefs in Social Anxiety: Psychometric Properties in a Non-Clinical Sample

Confirmatory Analyses of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised: Replication and Extension to a Truancy Sample

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Approach Coping Scale in Turkish University Students and Community Members

Erratum to: A New Measure of the Maladaptive Self-Beliefs in Social Anxiety: Psychometric Properties in a Non-Clinical Sample

Erratum to: The Nature of Generalized Anxiety in Older Primary Care Patients: Preliminary Findings