Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

01-10-2009 | Original Paper

Sensory Impairments and Autism: A Re-Examination of Causal Modelling

Auteurs: Sue Gerrard, Gordon Rugg

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 10/2009

Abstract

Sensory impairments are widely reported in autism, but remain largely unexplained by existing models. This article examines Kanner’s causal reasoning and identifies unsupported assumptions implicit in later empirical work. Our analysis supports a heterogeneous causal model for autistic characteristics. We propose that the development of a standardised framework for analysing autistic characteristics would facilitate the identification of sub-groups and the location of biological markers for genetic variation. We also support a neuroconstructivist model proposing that peripheral sensory abnormalities disrupt compilation of complex skills; impact on synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning and myelination; and subsequently manifest themselves as autistic behaviours. This model explains some of the structural and functional brain abnormalities and many of the perceptual, cognitive and attentional features found in autism.

vorige artikel Concept Mastery Routines to Teach Social Skills to Elementary Children with High Functioning Autism

volgende artikel Validity of the Children’s Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) in Children with Intellectual Disability: Comparing the CSBQ with ADI-R, ADOS, and Clinical DSM-IV-TR Classification

Allen, C., & Bekoff, M. (1995). Cognitive ethology and the intentionality of animal behaviour. Mind & Language, 10, 313–328. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.1995.tb00017.x. CrossRef

Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Attention function and dysfunction in autism. Frontiers in Bioscience, 6, d105–d119. doi: 10.2741/allen. PubMedCrossRef

Anderson, J. R. (1982). Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological Review, 39, 369–406. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.89.4.369. CrossRef

Anderson, G. M. (2008). The potential role for emergence in autism. Autism Research, 1, 18–30. doi: 10.1002/aur.2. PubMedCrossRef

Anderson, B. J., Li, X., Alcántara, A. A., Isaacs, K. R., Black, J. E., & Greenough, W. T. (1994). Glial hypertrophy is associated with synaptogenesis following motor-skill learning, but not with angiogenesis following exercise. Glia, 11, 73–80. doi: 10.1002/glia.440110110. PubMedCrossRef

APA. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn.). DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., Rhydderch, D., Howells, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Eagle-eyed visual acuity: An experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 17–21. PubMedCrossRef

Asperger, H. (1944). ‘Autistic psychopathy’ in childhood (tr. U. Frith). In U. Frith (Ed.), Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Baguley, D. M. (2003). Hyperacusis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 582–585. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.96.12.582. PubMedCrossRef

Bailey, A., Luthert, P., Dean, A., Harding, B., Janota, I., Montgomery, M., et al. (1998). A clinicopathological study of autism. Brain, 121, 889–905. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.5.889. PubMedCrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 248–254. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01904-6. PubMedCrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S., & Bolton, P. (1993). Autism: The facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. R. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 355–364. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00011-7. PubMedCrossRef

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 241–251. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00715. PubMedCrossRef

Belmonte, M. K., Cook, E. H., Anderson, G. M., Rubenstein, J. L. R., Greenough, W. T., Beckel-Mitchener, A., et al. (2004). Autism as a disorder of neural information processing: Directions for research and targets for therapy. Molecular Psychiatry, 9, 646–663. PubMed

Bengtsson, S. L., Nagy, Z., Skare, S., Forsman, L., Forssberg, H., & Ullén, H. (2005). Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1148–1150. doi: 10.1038/nn1516. PubMedCrossRef

Bertone, A., Mottron, L., Jelenic, P., & Faubert, J. (2005). Enhanced and diminished visuo-spatial information processing in autism depends on stimulus complexity. Brain, 128, 2430–2441. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh561. PubMedCrossRef

Bird, G., Catmur, C., Silania, G., Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2006). Attention does not modulate neural responses to social stimuli in autism spectrum disorders. NeuroImage, 31, 1614–1624. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.037. PubMedCrossRef

Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A., & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 5568–5572. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.14.5568. PubMedCrossRef

Blakemore, S.-J., Tavassoli, T., Calò, S., Thomas, R. M., Catmur, C., Frith, U., et al. (2006). Tactile sensitivity in Asperger syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 61, 5–13. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.12.013. PubMedCrossRef

Bogdashina, O. (2003). Sensory perceptual issues in autism and Asperger syndrome. London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Bonnel, A., Mottron, L., Peretz, I., Trudel, M., Gallun, E., & Bonnel, A.-M. (2003). Enhanced pitch sensitivity in individuals with autism: A signal detection analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 226–235. doi: 10.1162/089892903321208169. PubMedCrossRef

Bradley, A., Applegate, R. A., Zeffren, B. S., & van Heuven, W. A. (1992). Psychophysical measurement of the size and shape of the human foveal avascular zone. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 12, 18–23. CrossRef

Brenner, L. A., Turner, K. C., & Müller, R.-A. (2007). Eye movement and visual search: Are there elementary abnormalities in autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1289–1309. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0277-9. PubMedCrossRef

Bresciani, J.-P., Ernst, M. O., Drewing, K., Bouyer, G., Maury, V., & Kheddar, A. (2005). Feeling what you hear: Auditory signals can modulate tactile tap perception. Experimental Brain Research, 162, 172–180. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2128-2. CrossRef

Brownell, H., Griffin, R., Winner, E., Friedman, O., & Happé, F. (2000). Cerebral lateralization and theory of mind. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Burack, J. A. (1994). Selective attention deficits in persons with autism: Preliminary evidence of an inefficient attentional lens. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 535–543. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.535. PubMedCrossRef

Carper, R. A., Moses, P., Tigue, Z. D., & Courchesne, E. (2002). Cerebral lobes in autism: Early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects. NeuroImage, 16, 1038–1051. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1099. PubMedCrossRef

Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Switala, A. E., & Roy, E. (2002). Minicolumnar pathology in autism. Neurology, 58, 428–432. PubMed

Cascio, C., McGlone, F., Folger, S., Tannan, V., Baranek, G., Pelphrey, K. A., et al. (2008). Tactile perception in adults with autism: A multidimensional psychophysical study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 127–137. doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0370-8. PubMedCrossRef

Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125, 1839–1849. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf189. PubMedCrossRef

Clancy, B., & Finlay, B. (2001). Neural correlates of early language learning. In M. Tomasello & E. Bates (Eds.), Language development: The essential readings. Oxford: WileyBlackwell.

Cohen, I. L. (2007). A neural network model of autism: Implications for theory and treatment. In D. Mareschal, S. Sirois, G. Westermann, & M. Johnson (Eds.), Neuroconstructivism: Perspectives and prospects (Vol. 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Comi, A. M., Zimmerman, A. W., Frye, V. H., Law, P. A., & Peeden, J. N. (1999). Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. Journal of Child Neurology, 14, 388–394. doi: 10.1177/088307389901400608. PubMedCrossRef

Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003). Autistic traits in the general population: A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 524–530. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524. PubMedCrossRef

Cook, E. H. (1998). Genetics of autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 4, 113–120. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<113::AID-MRDD8>3.0.CO;2-Q. CrossRef

Courchesne, E., Carper, R., & Akshoomoff, N. (2003). Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 337–344. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.3.337. PubMedCrossRef

Courchesne, E., Townsend, J., & Saitoh, O. (1994). The brain in infantile autism: Posterior fossa structures are abnormal. Neurology, 44, 214. PubMed

Dacey, D. (2004). Origins of perception: Retinal ganglion cell diversity and the creation of parallel visual pathways. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Davinsky, O., Morrell, M. J., & Vogt, B. A. (1995). Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain, 118, 279–306. doi: 10.1093/brain/118.1.279. CrossRef

Denis, D., Burillon, C., Livet, M. O., & Burguière, O. (1997). Ophthalmologic signs in children with autism. Journal Francais d’Ophtalmologie, 20, 103–110. PubMed

Dyck, J. P., Mellinger, J. F., Reagan, T. J., Horowitz, S. J., Mcdonald, J. W., Litchy, W. J., et al. (1983). Not ‘indifference to pain’ but varieties of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Brain, 106, 373–390. doi: 10.1093/brain/106.2.373. PubMedCrossRef

Emery, N. J., & Perrett, D. I. (2000). Studies of the monkey brain. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Eshkol, N., & Wachman, A. (1958). Movement notation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Fields, R. D. (2005). Myelination: An overlooked mechanism of synaptic plasticity? The Neuroscientist, 11, 528–531. doi: 10.1177/1073858405282304. PubMedCrossRef

Freiwald, W., & Kanwisher, N. G. (2004). Visual selective attention: Insights from brain imaging and neurophysiology. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2000). The physiological basis of theory of mind: Functional neuroimaging studies. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1995). Autism: Beyond “theory of mind”. In J. Mehler & S. Franck (Eds.), Cognition on cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Gan, W.-B., Zuo, Y., Yang, G., & Kwon, E. (2005). Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex. Nature, 436, 264–265.

Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L., Mast, F., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004). The brain’s mind’s images: The cognitive neuroscience of mental imagery. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Gardner, H. (1977). The shattered mind. London, Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., & Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform ‘face area’ increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 568–573. doi: 10.1038/9224. PubMedCrossRef

Gillberg, I. C., Gillberg, C., & Kopp, S. J. (1992). Hypothyroidism and autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 531–542. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00889.x. CrossRef

Glaser, R. (1989). Expertise and learning: How do we think about instructional processes now that we have discovered knowledge structures? In D. Klahr & K. Kotovsky (Eds.), Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Golani, I. (1976). Homeostatic motor processes in mammalian interactions, a choreography of display. In P. P. G. Bateson & P. H. Klopfer (Eds.), Perspectives in ethology (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum Press.

Gordon, A. G. (1986). Abnormal middle ear muscle reflexes and audiosensitivity. British Journal of Audiology, 20, 95–99. doi: 10.3109/03005368609079002. PubMedCrossRef

Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636–645. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636. PubMedCrossRef

Gould, T. D., & Gottesman, I. I. (2005). Psychiatric endophenotypes and the development of valid animal models. Genes Brain & Behavior, 5, 113–119. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00186.x.

Goulis, D. G., Tsimpiris, N., Delaroudis, S., Maltas, B., Tzoiti, M., Dagilas, A., et al. (1998). Stapedial reflex: A biological index found to be abnormal in clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid, 8, 583–587. doi: 10.1089/thy.1998.8.583. PubMedCrossRef

Griffith, E. M., Pennington, B. F., Wehner, E. A., & Rogers, S. J. (1999). Executive functions in young children with autism. Child Development, 70, 817–832. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00059. PubMedCrossRef

Hackett, T. A., & Kaas, J. H. (2004). Auditory cortex in primates: Functional subdivisions and processing streams. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 1218–1220. doi: 10.1038/nn1770. PubMedCrossRef

Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., & Montgomery, K. (2004). Spatial and temporal distribution of face and object representations in the human brain. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hendrickson, A. E. (1994). Primate foveal development: A microcosm of current questions in neurobiology. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 35, 3129–3133.

Henkin, R. I., & Levy, L. M. (2002). Functional MRI of congenital hyposmia: Brain activation to odors and imagination of odors and tastes. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 26, 39–61. doi: 10.1097/00004728-200201000-00008. PubMedCrossRef

Herbert, M. R., Russo, J. P., Yang, S., Roohi, J., Blaxille, M., Kahler, S. G., et al. (2006). Autism and environmental genomics. Neurotoxicology, 27, 671–684. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.03.017. PubMedCrossRef

Heyes, C., & Dickinson, A. (1995). Folk psychology won’t go away: Response to Allen and Bekoff. Mind & Language, 10, 329–332. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.1995.tb00018.x. CrossRef

Hobson, R. P., & Bishop, M. (2003). The pathogenesis of autism: Insights from congenital blindness. In U. Frith & E. Hill (Eds.), Autism: Brain and mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Huttenlocher, P. R. (1979). Synaptic density in human frontal cortex—developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Research, 16, 195–205.

Jackler, R. K., Luxford, W. M., & House, W. F. (1987). Congenital malformations of the inner ear: A classification based on embryogenesis. Laryngoscope, 97(1), 2–14. PubMed

Jolliffe, T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Are people with autism and Asperger Syndrome faster than normal on the embedded figures test? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 38, 527–534. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x. PubMedCrossRef

Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302–4311. PubMed

Kayser, C., Petkov, C. I., & Logothetis, N. K. (2008). Visual modulation of neurons in auditory cortex. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.), 18, 1560–1574. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm187. CrossRef

Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., Cuperus, J. M., Camfferman, G., & van Engeland, H. J. (1998). Abnormal saccadic eye movements in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 61–67. doi: 10.1023/A:1026015120128. PubMedCrossRef

Kemper, T. L., & Bauman, M. L. (1993). The contribution of neuropathologic studies to the understanding of autism. Neurologic Clinics, 11, 75–87.

Kientz, M. A., & Dunn, W. (1997). A comparison of the performance of children with and without autism on the sensory profile. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 530–537. PubMed

Klin, A. (1993). Auditory brainstem responses in autism: Brainstem dysfunction or peripheral hearing loss? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 15–35. doi: 10.1007/BF01066416. PubMedCrossRef

Kollias, S. S. (2004). Imaging for the congenitally malformed temporal bone. In M. Lemmerling & S. S. Kollias (Eds.), Radiology of the petrous bone. New York: Springer.

Kranowitz, C. S. (1998). The out-of-sync child. New York: The Berkeley Publishing Group.

Lehner, P. N. (1987). Design and execution of animal behavior research: An overview. Journal of Animal Science, 65, 1213–1219. PubMed

Lendvai, B., Stern, A., Chen, B., & Svoboda, K. (2000). Experience-dependent plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo. Nature, 404, 876–881. doi: 10.1038/35009107. PubMedCrossRef

Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of ‘theory of mind’. Psychological Review, 94, 4124–4126. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412. CrossRef

Levitin, D. J., Cole, K., Lincoln, A., & Bellugi, U. (2004). Aversion, awareness, and attraction: Investigating claims of hyperacusis in the Williams syndrome phenotype. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 45, 1–10. doi: 10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.045_1.x. CrossRef

Liu, J. C., & Shiffman, R. N. (1997). Operationalization of clinical practice guidelines using fuzzy logic. Proceedings of the American Medical Informatics Association Annual Fall Symposium, 28, 3–287.

Lord, C. (1995). Follow-up of two-year-olds referred for possible autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 36, 1365–1382. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01669.x. PubMedCrossRef

Lorig, T. S. (2000). The application of electroencephalographic techniques to the study of human olfaction: A review and tutorial. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 36, 91–104. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00104-X. PubMedCrossRef

Manning, A., & Dawkins, M. S. (1998). An introduction to animal behaviour (5th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mareschal, D., Johnson, M., Sirois, S., Spratling, M., Thomas, M., & Westermann, G. (2007). Neuroconstructivism: How the brain constructs cognition (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Markram, H., Rinaldi, T., & Markram, K. (2007). The intense world syndrome–an alternative hypothesis for autism. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 1, 77–96. doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.1.1.006.2007. PubMedCrossRef

Martin, P., & Bateson, P. (1993). Measuring behaviour: An introductory guide (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

McClay, J. E., Tandy, R., Grundfast, K., Choi, S., Vezina, G., Zalzal, G., et al. (2002). Major and minor temporal bone abnormalities in children with and without congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 128, 664–671.

McGurk, H., & McDonald, J. W. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746–748. doi: 10.1038/264746a0. PubMedCrossRef

Milne, E., Swettenham, J., Hansen, P., Campbell, R., Jeffries, H., & Plaisted, K. (2002). High motion coherence thresholds in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 43, 255–263. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00018. PubMedCrossRef

Mimura, K., Kimoto, T., & Okada, M. (2003). Synapse efficiency diverges due to synaptic pruning following overgrowth. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 68, 031910.

Mintz-Hittner, H. A., Knight-Nanan, D. M., Satriano, D. R., & Kretzer, F. L. (1999). A small foveal avascular zone may be an historic mark of prematurity. Ophthalmology, 106, 1409–1413. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00732-0. PubMedCrossRef

Mottron, L., & Burack, J. A. (2001). Enhanced perceptual processing. In J. A. Burack, T. Charman, N. Yirmiya, & P. R. Zelazo (Eds.), The development of autism: Perspectives from theory and research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27–43. doi: 10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7. PubMedCrossRef

Oberman, L. M., Hubbard, E. M., McCleery, J. P., Altschuler, E. L., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pinedad, J. A. (2005). EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 190–198. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014. PubMedCrossRef

Ornitz, E. M., Atwell, C. W., Kaplan, A. R., & Westlake, J. R. (1985). Brain-stem dysfunction in autism. Results of vestibular stimulation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1018–1025. PubMed

Ornitz, E. M., Brown, M. B., Mason, A., & Putnam, N. H. (1974). Effect of visual input on vestibular nystagmus in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 369–375. PubMed

Ornitz, E. M., & Ritvo, E. R. (1968). Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 76–97. PubMed

Ostrowski, V. B., Byskosh, A., & Hain, T. C. (2001). Tullio phenomenon with dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal. Vestibular problems. Otology & Neurotology, 22, 61–65. doi: 10.1097/00129492-200101000-00012. CrossRef

Perry, W., Minassian, A., Lopez, B., Maron, L., & Lincoln, A. (2007). Sensorimotor gating deficits in adults with autism. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 482–486. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.025. PubMedCrossRef

Pessoa, L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2004). Top-down mechanisms for working memory and attentional processes. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Pierce, K., Müller, R.-A., Ambrose, J., & Allen, G. (2001). Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: Evidence from functional MRI. Brain, 124, 2059–2073. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.10.2059. PubMedCrossRef

Plaisted, K., O’Riordan, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1998). Enhanced discrimination of novel, highly similar stimuli by adults with autism during a perceptual learning task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39, 765–775. doi: 10.1017/S0021963098002601. PubMedCrossRef

Plaisted, K., Saksida, L., Alcántara, J., & Weisblatt, E. (2003). Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: Experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 358, 375–386. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1211. PubMedCrossRef

Rakic, P., Ang, E. S. B. C., & Breunig, J. (2004). Setting the stage for cognition: Genesis of the primate cerebral cortex. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Moss, S. A., Brereton, A. V., & Tonge, B. J. (2001). A deficit in shifting attention present in high-functioning autism but not Asperger’s disorder. Autism, 5, 67–80. doi: 10.1177/1362361301005001007. PubMedCrossRef

Ristic, J., Mottron, L., Friesen, C. K., Iarocci, G., Burack, J. A., & Kingstone, A. (2005). Eyes are special but not for everyone: The case of autism. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 715–718. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.007. PubMedCrossRef

Rogers, S., & Ozonoff, S. (2005). Annotation: What do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 1255–1268. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x. PubMedCrossRef

Rolls, E. T., Everitt, B. J., & Roberts, A. (1996). The orbitofrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 351, 1433–1444. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1996.0128. PubMedCrossRef

Ronald, A., Happé, F., Bolton, P., Butcher, L. M., Price, T. S., Wheelwright, S., et al. (2006). Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: A twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 691–699. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000215325.13058.9d. PubMedCrossRef

Roper, L. (2003). Co-occurrence of autism and deafness: Diagnostic considerations. Autism, 7, 245–253. doi: 10.1177/13623613030073002. PubMedCrossRef

Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. NJ, Erlbaum: Hillsdale.

Rugg, G., & McGeorge, P. (1995). Laddering. Expert Systems: International Journal of Knowledge Engineering and Neural Networks, 12, 339–346. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0394.1995.tb00271.x.

Sabbagh, M. A. (2004). Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory-of-mind reasoning: Implications for autism. Brain and Cognition, 55, 209–219. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2003.04.002. PubMedCrossRef

Saitoh, O., Courchesne, E., Egaas, B., Lincoln, A. J., & Schreibman, L. (1995). Cross- sectional area of the posterior hippocampus in autistic patients with cerebellar and corpus callosum abnormalities. Neurology, 45, 317–324. PubMed

Schopler, E. (1965). Early infantile autism and receptor processes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 327–337. PubMed

Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 24, 613–620. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x. PubMedCrossRef

Sirevaag, A. M., & Greenough, W. T. (1987). Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. III. Neuronal and glial nuclei, boutons, dendrites, and capillaries. Brain Research, 424, 320–332. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91477-6. PubMedCrossRef

Slocombe, K. E., & Zuberbühler, K. (2005a). Functionally referential communication in a chimpanzee. Current Biology, 15, 1779–1784. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.068. PubMedCrossRef

Slocombe, K. E., & Zuberbühler, K. (2005b). Food-associated calls in chimpanzees: Responses to food types or food preferences? Animal Behaviour, 72, 989–999. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.030. CrossRef

Spiker, D., Lotspeich, L. J., Dimiceli, S., Myers, R. M., & Risch, N. (2002). Behavioral phenotypic variation in autism multiplex families: Evidence for a continuous severity gradient. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 129–136. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10188. PubMedCrossRef

Sporns, O., Chialvo, D. R., Kaiser, M., & Hilgetag, C. C. (2004). Organization, development and function of complex brain networks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 418–425. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.008. PubMedCrossRef

Stayte, M., Reeves, B., & Wortham, C. (1993). Ocular and vision defects in preschool children. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 77, 228–232. doi: 10.1136/bjo.77.4.228. PubMedCrossRef

Stone, V. (2000). The role of the frontal lobes and amygdala in theory of mind. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Tanguay, P. E., & Edwards, R. M. (1982). Electrophysiological studies of autism: The whisper of the bang. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 12, 177–184. doi: 10.1007/BF01531307. PubMedCrossRef

Tanguay, P. E., Edwards, R. M., Buchwald, J., Schwafel, J., & Allen, V. (1982). Auditory brainstem evoked responses in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 174–180. PubMed

Teitelbaum, O., Benton, T., Shah, P. K., Prince, A., Kelly, J. L., & Teitelbaum, P. (2004). Eshkol-Wachman movement notation in diagnosis: The early detection of Asperger’s syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11909–11914. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403919101. PubMedCrossRef

The Autism Genome Project Consortium. (2007). Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nature Genetics, 39, 319–328. doi: 10.1038/ng1985. CrossRef

Thomas, M., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2002). Are developmental disorders like cases of adult brain damage? Implications from connectionist modelling. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 727–750. PubMed

Townsend, J., & Courchesne, E. (1994). Parietal damage and narrow “spotlight” spatial attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 220–232. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.3.220. CrossRef

Turner, A. M., & Greenough, W. T. (1985). Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. I. Synaptic and neuronal density and synapses per neuron. Brain Research, 11, 195–203. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90525-6. CrossRef

Volkmar, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1991). Comorbid association of autism and schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1705–1707. PubMed

Wagner, A. D., Bunge, S. A., & Badre, D. (2004). Cognitive control, semantic memory and priming: Contributions from prefontal cortex. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Waterhouse, L., Fein, D., & Modahl, C. (1996). Neurofunctional mechanisms in autism. Psychological Review, 103, 457–489. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.457. PubMedCrossRef

Westheimer, G., & Hauske, G. (1975). Temporal and spatial interference with vernier acuity. Vision Research, 15, 1137–1141. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(75)90012-7. PubMedCrossRef

WHO. (1992). International classification of diseases. (10th edn.). (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization.

Williams, D. (1992). Nobody nowhere. New York: Times Books.

Williams, D. (1994). Somebody somewhere. New York: Three Rivers Press.

Wing, L. (1969). The handicaps of autistic children—a comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 10, 1–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1969.tb02066.x. PubMedCrossRef

Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 9, 11–29. doi: 10.1007/BF01531288. CrossRef

Yousem, D. M., Geckle, R. J., Bilker, W., McKeown, D. A., & Doty, R. L. (1996). MR evaluation of patients with congenital hyposmia or anosmia. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 166, 439–443. PubMed

Zadeh, L. A. (1996). A note on prototype theory and fuzzy sets. In G. J. Klir & B. Yuan (Eds.), Fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems: Selected papers by Lofti A. Zadeh. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing.

Zeffren, B. S., Applegate, R. A., Bradley, A., & van Heuven, W. A. (1990). Retinal fixation point location in the foveal avascular zone. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 31, 2099–2105.

Titel: Sensory Impairments and Autism: A Re-Examination of Causal Modelling
Auteurs: Sue Gerrard
Gordon Rugg
Publicatiedatum: 01-10-2009
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 10/2009
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0773-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2009

Eileen Miller: The Girl Who Spoke with Pictures

Investigation of Shifts in Autism Reporting in the California Department of Developmental Services

B. K. Shapiro and P. J. Accardo: Autism Frontiers: Clinical Issues and Innovations

Keiko Kobe, With the Light: Raising an Autistic Child

Predicting Social Impairment and ASD Diagnosis in Younger Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Validity of the Children’s Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ) in Children with Intellectual Disability: Comparing the CSBQ with ADI-R, ADOS, and Clinical DSM-IV-TR Classification