Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

02-07-2019 | Original Paper

Self-compassion: A Novel Predictor of Stress and Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Auteurs: Gal Bohadana, Shirley Morrissey, Jessica Paynter

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 10/2019

Abstract

The double ABCX model of adaptation has been used to predict parental outcomes in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with predictors including child characteristics, pile up of demands, external resources, coping, parental perceptions, and internal resources. This study investigated whether self-compassion is a unique predictor of parental outcomes of stress and quality of life. One hundred and thirty-nine parents (120 mothers, 19 fathers) completed an online questionnaire investigating known predictors and self-compassion. It was found that higher scores on the positive dimension of self-compassion were associated with better quality of life, and higher scores on the negative dimension of self-compassion were associated with greater stress. This research has implications for developing self-compassion interventions for parents.

vorige artikel Eye Movement Patterns and Approximate Number Sense Task Performance in Williams Syndrome and Down Syndrome: A Developmental Perspective

volgende artikel Appropriateness of the TOBY Application, an iPad Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Thematic Approach

Abidin, R. R., & Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (p. 100). Charlottesville: Pediatric Psychology Press.

Abidin, R. R., & Brunner, J. F. (1995). Development of a parenting alliance inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2401_4.CrossRef

Allen, A. B., & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress, and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Allen, C. W., Silove, N., Williams, K., & Hutchins, P. (2007). Validity of the social communication questionnaire in assessing risk of autism in preschool children with developmental problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(7), 1272–1278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0279-7.CrossRefPubMed

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Internet activity, Australia, cat. no. 8153.0. Retrieved February 28, 2018 from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8153.0/.

Barton, J. M. (2016). Investigating the psychometric properties of the self-compassion scale: Using Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Models (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of North Florida, Florida (FLA), USA.

Bebko, J. M., Konstantareas, M. M., & Springer, J. (1987). Parent and professional evaluations of family stress associated with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17(4), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01486971.CrossRefPubMed

Bekhet, A. K., Johnson, N. L., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(10), 650–656. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2012.671441.CrossRefPubMed

Benn, R., Akiva, T., Arel, S., & Roeser, R. W. (2012). Mindfulness training effects for parents and educators of children with special needs. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1476–1487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027537.CrossRefPubMed

Benson, P. R. (2006). The impact of child symptom severity on depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of stress proliferation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(5), 685–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0112-.CrossRefPubMed

Benson, P. R. (2010). Coping, distress, and well-being in mothers of children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(2), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.09.008.CrossRef

Berument, S. K., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Pickles, A., & Bailey, A. (1999). Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 175(5), 444–451. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.5.444.CrossRefPubMed

Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F. (2004). Stress, anxiety and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 14(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1037291100002466.CrossRef

Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Bell, R. (2013). The buffering of resilience upon stress, anxiety and depression in parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(5), 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-013-9333-5.CrossRef

Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(4), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576020170040301.CrossRef

Bristol, M. M. (1987). Mothers of children with autism or communication disorders: Successful adaptation and the double ABCX model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01486964.CrossRefPubMed

Cappe, E., Wolff, M., Bobet, R., & Adrien, J. L. (2011). Quality of life: A key variable to consider in the evaluation of adjustment in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and in the development of relevant support and assistance programmes. Quality of Life Research, 20(8), 1279–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9861-3.CrossRefPubMed

Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.psy.miami.edu/.

Chawarska, K., Klin, A., Paul, R., & Volkmar, F. (2007). Autism spectrum disorder in the second year: Stability and change in syndrome expression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01685.x.CrossRefPubMed

Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2015). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self-compassion Scale. Testing the factorial validity and factorial mindfulness invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1974.CrossRef

Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x.CrossRefPubMed

Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278–1291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0512-z.CrossRefPubMed

Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(3), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eapen, V., Črnčec, R., Walter, A., & Tay, K. P. (2014). Conceptualisation and development of a quality of life measure for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research and Treatment, 2014, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/924182.CrossRef

Eaves, L. C., Wingert, H., & Ho, H. H. (2006). Screening for autism: Agreement with diagnosis. Autism, 10(3), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361306063288.CrossRefPubMed

Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0986-y.CrossRefPubMed

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.

Giallo, R., Wood, C. E., Jellett, R., & Porter, R. (2013). Fatigue, wellbeing and parental self-efficacy in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 17(4), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311416830.CrossRefPubMed

Hastings, R. P., & Brown, T. (2002). Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 222–232. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.aspires-relationships.com/hastings6.pdf.

Hastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Brown, T., Ward, N. J., Espinosa, F. D., & Remington, B. (2005a). Coping strategies in mothers and fathers of preschool and school-age children with autism. Autism, 9(4), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361305056078.CrossRefPubMed

Hastings, R. P., Kovshoff, H., Ward, N. J., Degli Espinosa, F., Brown, T., & Remington, B. (2005b). Systems analysis of stress and positive perceptions in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 635–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-005-0007-8.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y.CrossRefPubMed

Hobson, C. J., & Delunas, L. (2001). National norms and life-event frequencies for the revised social readjustment rating scale. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(4), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017565632657.CrossRef

Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4.CrossRefPubMed

Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1802_8.CrossRef

Krägeloh, C. U. (2011). A systematic review of studies using the Brief COPE: Religious coping in factor analyses. Religions, 2(3), 216–246. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2030216.CrossRef

Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.564.CrossRefPubMed

López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., et al. (2015). A reconsideration of the Self-compassion Scale’s total score: Self-compassion versus self-criticism. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132940.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., & Pickles, A. (2006). Autism from 2 to 9 years of age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(6), 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.694.CrossRefPubMed

Mandell, D. S., Novak, M. M., & Zubritsky, C. D. (2005). Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 116(6), 1480–1486. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/116/6/1480.short.

Manning, M. M., Wainwright, L., & Bennett, J. (2011). The double ABCX model of adaptation in racially diverse families with a school-age child with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1056-1.CrossRefPubMed

Matson, J. L., & Horovitz, M. (2010). Stability of autism spectrum disorders symptoms over time. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-010-9188-y.CrossRef

McCubbin, H. I., & Patterson, J. M. (1983). The family stress process: The double ABCX model of adjustment and adaptation. Marriage and Family Review, 6(1–2), 7–37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v06n01_02.CrossRef

McStay, R. L., Trembath, D., & Dissanayake, C. (2014). Stress and family quality of life in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Parent gender and the double ABCX model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(120), 3101–3118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2178-7.CrossRefPubMed

Minnes, P., Perry, A., & Weiss, J. A. (2015). Predictors of distress and well-being in parents of young children with developmental delays and disabilities: The importance of parent perceptions. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(6), 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12160.CrossRefPubMed

Moh, T. A., & Magiati, I. (2012). Factors associated with parenting stress and satisfaction during the process of diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.011.CrossRef

Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Silva, N., & Canavarro, M. C. (2014). Maternal attachment and children’s quality of life: The mediating role of self-compassion and parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2332–2344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0036-z.CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6(4), 938–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0359-2.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923.CrossRefPubMed

Norris, M., & Lecavalier, L. (2010). Screening accuracy of level 2 autism spectrum disorder rating scales: A review of selected instruments. Autism, 14(4), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309348071.CrossRefPubMed

Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3–28. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.sciencedirect.com.

Osborne, L. A., McHugh, L., Saunders, J., & Reed, P. (2008). Parenting stress reduces the effectiveness of early teaching interventions for autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(6), 1092–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0497-7.CrossRefPubMed

Osborne, L. A., & Reed, P. (2009). The relationship between parenting stress and behaviour problems of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 76(1), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290907600103.CrossRef

Pakenham, K. I., Samios, C., & Sofronoff, K. (2005). Adjustment in mothers of children with Asperger syndrome: An application of the double ABCX model of family adjustment. Autism, 9(2), 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361305049033.CrossRefPubMed

Paynter, J., Riley, E., Beamish, W., Davies, M., & Milford, T. (2013). The double ABCX model of family adaptation in families of a child with an autism spectrum disorder attending an Australian early intervention service. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(10), 1183–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.07.006.CrossRef

Pozo, P., & Sarria, E. (2014). A global model of stress in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Anales de Psicología, 30(1), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.1.140722.CrossRef

Robinson, S., Hastings, R. P., Weiss, J. A., Pagavathsing, J., & Lunsky, Y. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in parents of young people and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(3), 454–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12423.CrossRefPubMed

Rogers, H., & Matthews, J. (2004). The parenting sense of competence scale: Investigation of the factor structure, reliability, and validity for an Australian sample. Australian Psychologist, 39(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060410001660380.CrossRef

Rojahn, J., Rowe, E. W., Sharber, A. C., Hastings, R., Matson, J. L., Didden, R.,… & Dumont, E. L. M. (2012). The behavior problems inventory‐short form for individuals with intellectual disabilities: Part I: Development and provisional clinical reference data. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(5), 527–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01507.

Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). The social communication questionnaire: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Saloviita, T., Itälinna, M., & Leinonen, E. (2003). Explaining the parenting stress of fathers and mothers caring for a child with intellectual disability: A double ABCX model. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4–5), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00492.CrossRefPubMed

Shattuck, P. T., Durkin, M., Maenner, M., Newschaffer, C., Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L.,… & Baio, J. (2009). Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: Findings from a population-based surveillance study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31819b3848.

Smith, L. E., Seltzer, M. M., Tager-Flusberg, H., Greenberg, J. S., & Carter, A. S. (2008). A comparative analysis of well-being and coping among mothers of toddlers and mothers of adolescents with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 876–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0461-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Stein, R. E., & Riessman, C. K. (1980). The development of an impact-on-family scale: Preliminary findings. Medical Care, 18(4), 465–472. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.jstor.org.

Stuart, M., & McGrew, J. H. (2009). Caregiver burden after receiving a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2008.04.006.CrossRef

Tóth-Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Orosz, G. (2017). Exploratory structural equation modeling analysis of the self-compassion scale. Mindfulness, 8(4), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0662-1.CrossRef

Vasilopoulou, E., & Nisbet, J. (2016). The quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.008.CrossRef

Weiss, J. A., MacMullin, J. A., & Lunsky, Y. (2015). Empowerment and parent gain as mediators and moderators of distress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(7), 2038–2045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0004-7.CrossRef

Williams, S., Leader, G., Mannion, A., & Chen, J. (2015). An investigation of anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.017.CrossRef

Wong, C. C., Mak, W. W., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2016). Self-compassion: A potential buffer against affiliate stigma experienced by parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Mindfulness, 7(6), 1385–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0580-2.CrossRef

Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. Retrieved November 20, 2017, from http://www.tandfonline.com.

Titel: Self-compassion: A Novel Predictor of Stress and Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Auteurs: Gal Bohadana
Shirley Morrissey
Jessica Paynter
Publicatiedatum: 02-07-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 10/2019
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04121-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2019

Effectiveness of the Program “Acqua Mediatrice di Comunicazione” (Water as a Mediator of Communication) on Social Skills, Autistic Behaviors and Aquatic Skills in ASD Children

Original Paper

A Play-Based, Peer-Mediated Pragmatic Language Intervention for School-Aged Children on the Autism Spectrum: Predicting Who Benefits Most

Original Paper

Autistic Traits and Prosocial Behaviour in the General Population: Test of the Mediating Effects of Trait Empathy and State Empathic Concern

S.I. : Empathy in Autism

Enter the Wild: Autistic Traits and Their Relationship to Mentalizing and Social Interaction in Everyday Life

Original Paper

Friendship Expectations May be Similar for Mental Age-Matched Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children

Brief Report

Effects of a Computer-Based Intervention on Emotion Understanding in Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions

Original Paper