Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7/2008

01-08-2008 | Original Paper

Scan Path Differences and Similarities During Emotion Perception in those With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders

Auteurs: M. D. Rutherford, Ashley M. Towns

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 7/2008

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Typical adults use predictable scan patterns while observing faces. Some research suggests that people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) instead attend to eyes less, and perhaps to the mouth more. The current experiment was designed as a direct measure of scan paths that people with and without ASD use when identifying simple and complex emotions. Participants saw photos of emotions and chose emotion labels. Scan paths were measured via infrared corneal reflectance. Both groups looked significantly longer at eyes than mouth, and neither overall looking time at eyes nor first fixations distinguished the groups. These results are contrary to suggestions that those with ASD attend preferentially to the mouth and avoid the eyes. Furthermore, there was no interaction between group and area of the face: the ratio of attention between eyes and mouth did not differ between the ASD and control groups. However, those with ASD looked at the eyes less than the control group when viewing complex emotions.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Campbell, R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Grant, J., & Walker, J. (1995). Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 379–398. Baron-Cohen, S., Campbell, R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Grant, J., & Walker, J. (1995). Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 379–398.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., & Cross, P. (1992). Reading the eyes: Evidence for the role of perception in the development of a theory of mind. Mind and Language, 6, 173–186. Baron-Cohen, S., & Cross, P. (1992). Reading the eyes: Evidence for the role of perception in the development of a theory of mind. Mind and Language, 6, 173–186.
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997). Is there a “language of the eyes”? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311–331.CrossRef Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997). Is there a “language of the eyes”? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311–331.CrossRef
go back to reference Barton, J. J. S., Keenan, J. P., & Bass, T. (2001). Discrimination of spatial relations and features in faces: Effects of inversion and viewing duration. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 527–549.CrossRef Barton, J. J. S., Keenan, J. P., & Bass, T. (2001). Discrimination of spatial relations and features in faces: Effects of inversion and viewing duration. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 527–549.CrossRef
go back to reference Boucher, J. D., & Ekman, P. (1975). Facial areas and emotional information. Journal of Communication, 25, 21–29.PubMedCrossRef Boucher, J. D., & Ekman, P. (1975). Facial areas and emotional information. Journal of Communication, 25, 21–29.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.PubMedCrossRef Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Braverman, M., Fein, D., Lucci, D., & Waterhouse, L. (1989). Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 301–316.CrossRef Braverman, M., Fein, D., Lucci, D., & Waterhouse, L. (1989). Affect comprehension in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 301–316.CrossRef
go back to reference Buitelaar, J. K., Van der Wees, M., Swabb-Barneveld, H., & Van der Gaag, R. J. (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 39–58.PubMedCrossRef Buitelaar, J. K., Van der Wees, M., Swabb-Barneveld, H., & Van der Gaag, R. J. (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 39–58.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Caldara, R., Schyns, P., Mayer, E., Smith, M. L., Gosselin, F., & Rossion, B. (2005). Does prosopagnosia take the eyes out of face representations? Evidence for a defect in representing diagnostic facial information following brain damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1652–1666.PubMedCrossRef Caldara, R., Schyns, P., Mayer, E., Smith, M. L., Gosselin, F., & Rossion, B. (2005). Does prosopagnosia take the eyes out of face representations? Evidence for a defect in representing diagnostic facial information following brain damage. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1652–1666.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 57–66.PubMedCrossRef Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999). The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 57–66.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Davies, G., Ellis, H., & Shepherd, J. (1977). Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the “photofit” technique. Perception, 6, 263–269.PubMedCrossRef Davies, G., Ellis, H., & Shepherd, J. (1977). Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the “photofit” technique. Perception, 6, 263–269.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & van der Heide, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 69–86.CrossRef de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & van der Heide, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in autism. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 69–86.CrossRef
go back to reference Dunlap, K. (1927). The role of eye muscles and mouth muscles in the expression of the emotions. Child Behaviour, Differential and Genetic Psychology, 2, 199–233. Dunlap, K. (1927). The role of eye muscles and mouth muscles in the expression of the emotions. Child Behaviour, Differential and Genetic Psychology, 2, 199–233.
go back to reference Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 129.CrossRef Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 129.CrossRef
go back to reference Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.PubMed Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.PubMed
go back to reference Fraser, I. H., Craig, G. L., & Parker, D. M. (1990). Reaction time measures of feature saliency in schematic faces. Perception, 19, 661–673.PubMedCrossRef Fraser, I. H., Craig, G. L., & Parker, D. M. (1990). Reaction time measures of feature saliency in schematic faces. Perception, 19, 661–673.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gepner, B., deGelder, B., & deSchonen, S. (1996). Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit? Child Neuropsychology, 2, 123–139.CrossRef Gepner, B., deGelder, B., & deSchonen, S. (1996). Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit? Child Neuropsychology, 2, 123–139.CrossRef
go back to reference Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., & Hill, K. (1996). Can we teach children with autism to understand emotions, belief or pretence? Development and Psychopathology, 8, 345–365.CrossRef Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., & Hill, K. (1996). Can we teach children with autism to understand emotions, belief or pretence? Development and Psychopathology, 8, 345–365.CrossRef
go back to reference Haig, N. D. (1986). Exploring recognition with interchanged facial features. Perception, 15, 235–247.PubMedCrossRef Haig, N. D. (1986). Exploring recognition with interchanged facial features. Perception, 15, 235–247.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hanawalt, N. G. (1944). The role of the upper and the lower parts of the face as the basis for judging facial expressions: II. In posed expressions and “candid camera” pictures. The Journal of General Psychology, 31, 23–36. Hanawalt, N. G. (1944). The role of the upper and the lower parts of the face as the basis for judging facial expressions: II. In posed expressions and “candid camera” pictures. The Journal of General Psychology, 31, 23–36.
go back to reference Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak central coherence account: Detail-focussed cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5–25.PubMedCrossRef Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak central coherence account: Detail-focussed cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5–25.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hobson, R. P. (1986). The autistic childs appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 27, 321–342.CrossRef Hobson, R. P. (1986). The autistic childs appraisal of expressions of emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 27, 321–342.CrossRef
go back to reference Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441–453.PubMed Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441–453.PubMed
go back to reference Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hadwin, J. (1999). Teaching children with autism to mind-read: A practical guide. Chichester: Wiley. Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hadwin, J. (1999). Teaching children with autism to mind-read: A practical guide. Chichester: Wiley.
go back to reference Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 529–542.PubMedCrossRef Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 529–542.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 809–816.PubMedCrossRef Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 809–816.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Klin, A., Sparrow, S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D., Cohen, D., & Volkmar, F. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 499–508.PubMedCrossRef Klin, A., Sparrow, S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D., Cohen, D., & Volkmar, F. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 499–508.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces – Approach to study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 19, 255–268.CrossRef Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces – Approach to study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 19, 255–268.CrossRef
go back to reference Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223.PubMedCrossRef Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Loveland, K. A., Tunali-Kotoski, B., Chen, Y. R., Ortegon, J., Pearson, D. A., Brelsford, K. A., et al. (1997). Emotion recognition in autism: Verbal and nonverbal information. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 579–593.PubMedCrossRef Loveland, K. A., Tunali-Kotoski, B., Chen, Y. R., Ortegon, J., Pearson, D. A., Brelsford, K. A., et al. (1997). Emotion recognition in autism: Verbal and nonverbal information. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 579–593.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nishimura, M., Rutherford, M. D., & Maurer, D. (2007). Evidence of configural face processing in adults with autism. Visual Cognition. Nishimura, M., Rutherford, M. D., & Maurer, D. (2007). Evidence of configural face processing in adults with autism. Visual Cognition.
go back to reference Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 31, 343–361.CrossRef Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 31, 343–361.CrossRef
go back to reference Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249–261.PubMedCrossRef Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249–261.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Plaisted, K., Saksida, L., Alcantara, J., & Weisblatt, E. (2003). Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: Experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358, 375–386.CrossRef Plaisted, K., Saksida, L., Alcantara, J., & Weisblatt, E. (2003). Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of weak central coherence effects: Experiments in visual configural learning and auditory perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358, 375–386.CrossRef
go back to reference Rutherford, M. D., Clements, K., & Sekuler, A. B. (2007). Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 47, 2099–2110.PubMedCrossRef Rutherford, M. D., Clements, K., & Sekuler, A. B. (2007). Differences in discrimination of eye and mouth displacement in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research, 47, 2099–2110.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rutherford, M. D., & McIntosh, D. I. (2007). Rules versus prototype matching: Strategies of perception of emotional facial expressions in the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 187–196.PubMedCrossRef Rutherford, M. D., & McIntosh, D. I. (2007). Rules versus prototype matching: Strategies of perception of emotional facial expressions in the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 187–196.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schyns, P. G., Bonnar, L., & Gosselin, F. (2002). Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 402–409.PubMedCrossRef Schyns, P. G., Bonnar, L., & Gosselin, F. (2002). Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 402–409.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sergent, J. (1984). Configural processing of faces in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 554–572.PubMedCrossRef Sergent, J. (1984). Configural processing of faces in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 554–572.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Silver, M., & Oakes, P. (2001). Evaluation of a new computer intervention to teach people with autism or Asperger syndrome to recognize and predict emotions in others. Autism, 5, 299–316.PubMedCrossRef Silver, M., & Oakes, P. (2001). Evaluation of a new computer intervention to teach people with autism or Asperger syndrome to recognize and predict emotions in others. Autism, 5, 299–316.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2007a). Abnormal use of facial information in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 929–939.PubMedCrossRef Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2007a). Abnormal use of facial information in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 929–939.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2007b). Analysis of face gaze in autism with “Bubbles”. Neuropsychologia, 45, 144–151.PubMedCrossRef Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2007b). Analysis of face gaze in autism with “Bubbles”. Neuropsychologia, 45, 144–151.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sullivan, L. A., & Kirkpatrick, S. W. (1996). Facial interpretation and component consistency. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 122, 389–404.PubMed Sullivan, L. A., & Kirkpatrick, S. W. (1996). Facial interpretation and component consistency. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 122, 389–404.PubMed
go back to reference Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: A Human Experimental Psychology, 46a, 225–245. Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: A Human Experimental Psychology, 46a, 225–245.
go back to reference Tantam, D., Monaghan, L., Nicholson, H., & Stirling, J. (1989). Autistic children’s ability to interpret faces: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 30, 623–630.CrossRef Tantam, D., Monaghan, L., Nicholson, H., & Stirling, J. (1989). Autistic children’s ability to interpret faces: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 30, 623–630.CrossRef
go back to reference Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2001). Impaired categorical perception of facial expressions in high-functioning adolescents with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 7, 1–14.PubMed Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2001). Impaired categorical perception of facial expressions in high-functioning adolescents with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 7, 1–14.PubMed
go back to reference Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: The inversion and composite effects. Brain and Cognition, 52, 285–294.PubMedCrossRef Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: The inversion and composite effects. Brain and Cognition, 52, 285–294.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 669–678.PubMedCrossRef van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 669–678.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Scan Path Differences and Similarities During Emotion Perception in those With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders
Auteurs
M. D. Rutherford
Ashley M. Towns
Publicatiedatum
01-08-2008
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 7/2008
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0525-7

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2008

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7/2008 Naar de uitgave