23-01-2018 | Original Article | Uitgave 1/2020 Open Access

Rumination impairs the control of stimulus-induced retrieval of irrelevant information, but not attention, control, or response selection in general
- Tijdschrift:
- Psychological Research > Uitgave 1/2020
Introduction
Method
Participants
Variables (SD)
|
|
---|---|
N (M:F)
|
78 (38:40)
|
Age
|
22.48 (3.74)
|
Body mass index
|
25.01 (4.04)
|
Physical activity hours per day
a
|
2.84 (2.51)
|
LEIDS-R
|
|
Aggression
|
7.11 (3.86)
|
Control
|
8.28 (3.12)
|
Hopelessness
|
3.38 (2.95)
|
Risk aversion
|
9.40 (3.69)
|
Rumination
|
10.74 (4.33)
|
Acceptance
|
2.61 (2.36)
|
Total
|
41.53 (12.96)
|
BDI-II
|
|
Total
|
6.13 (4.58)
|
Experimental tasks and procedure
LEIDS-R
-
aggression (e.g., When I feel down, I lose my temper more easily);
-
hopelessness/suicidality (e.g., When I feel down, I more often feel hopeless about everything; When I feel sad, I feel more that people would be better off if I were dead);
-
acceptance/coping (e.g., When I am sad, I feel more like myself);
-
control/perfectionism (e.g., I work harder when I feel down);
-
risk aversion (e.g., When I feel down, I take fewer risks);
-
rumination (e.g., When I feel sad, I more often think about how my life could have been different).
BDI-II
Stroop task
Event-file task
Attentional set-shifting task
Attention network test (ANT)
Statistical analyses
Stroop task
Event-file task
Attentional set-shifting task
ANT
Spearman–Brown reliability coefficients of cognitive tasks
Correlation analyses
Results
Stroop task
Event-file task
Stimulus feature repeated
|
Response
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
Repeated
|
Alternated
|
|||
RT
|
PE
|
RT
|
PE
|
|
Shape (S)
|
511 (111)
|
1.9 (3.4)
|
549 (110)
|
5.4 (5.8)
|
Color (C)
|
545 (115)
|
4.5 (6.7)
|
507 (96)
|
2.0 (4.4)
|
SC
|
493 (105)
|
1.2 (2.8)
|
541 (112)
|
6.0 (6.4)
|
Neither
|
546 (117)
|
5.3 (6.6)
|
497 (104)
|
1.3 (3.3)
|
Attentional set-shifting task
Switch condition
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perseveration
|
Learned Irrelevance
|
||||||
Pre
|
Post
|
Pre
|
Post
|
||||
RT
|
PE
|
RT
|
PE
|
RT
|
PE
|
RT
|
PE
|
613 (102)
|
7.3 (8.9)
|
721 (133)
|
3.6 (6.8)
|
627 (120)
|
9.2 (10.6)
|
736 (133)
|
5.5 (8.5)
|
ANT
Cue type
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
None
|
Center
|
Double
|
Spatial
|
|
RTs
|
||||
Incongruent
|
712 (87)
|
683 (90)
|
667 (87)
|
585 (91)
|
Congruent
|
610 (67)
|
562 (61)
|
559 (64)
|
488 (70)
|
Neutral
|
592 (64)
|
553 (61)
|
550 (62)
|
480 (68)
|
PEs
|
||||
Incongruent
|
9.34 (11.1)
|
8.60 (8.5)
|
7.42 (8.1)
|
6.19 (7.5)
|
Congruent
|
1.82 (6.6)
|
0.85 (2.4)
|
1.28 (2.9)
|
0.75 (1.7)
|
Neutral
|
2.51 (7.4)
|
1.71 (2.6)
|
1.49 (2.6)
|
1.71 (2.6)
|
Correlations
Stroop task
TASK
|
Stroop effect
|
Col × Res
|
Sh × Res
|
Switch persever
|
Switch learned irrelevance
|
Difference in switch costs
|
EC
|
Alerting
|
Orienting
|
LEIDS_Rum
|
LEIDS_Agg
|
LEIDS_ Tot
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stroop
|
Stroop effect
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.058
|
0.192
|
0.113
|
0.175
|
0.062
|
0.062
|
0.065
|
0.007
|
0.244*
|
0.187
|
0.247*
|
p value
|
0.617
|
0.097
|
0.331
|
0.131
|
0.592
|
0.595
|
0.575
|
0.954
|
0.034
|
0.105
|
0.032
|
|||
Event-File
|
Col × Res
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.300**
|
− 0.060
|
0.070
|
0.105
|
− 0.018
|
0.041
|
0.078
|
0.332**
|
0.262*
|
310**
|
|
p value
|
0.008
|
0.602
|
0.541
|
0.360
|
0.872
|
0.722
|
0.495
|
0.003
|
0.020
|
0.006
|
||||
Sh × Res
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.182
|
0.204
|
0.035
|
0.005
|
− 0.022
|
− 0.138
|
0.010
|
− 0.093
|
0.018
|
|||
p value
|
0.111
|
0.073
|
0.758
|
0.966
|
0.850
|
0.227
|
0.930
|
0.419
|
0.877
|
|||||
Att. set-shifting
|
Switch persever
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.227*
|
− 565***
|
− 0.026
|
− 0.036
|
− 0.132
|
− 0.013
|
0.053
|
− 0.005
|
|||
p value
|
0.046
|
0.0001
|
0.818
|
0.756
|
0.249
|
0.911
|
0.643
|
0.968
|
||||||
Switch learned irrelevan
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
675***
|
− 0.100
|
0.084
|
0.056
|
− 0.080
|
− 0.94
|
− 0.099
|
|||||
p value
|
0.0001
|
0.386
|
0.467
|
0.626
|
0.486
|
0.411
|
0.388
|
|||||||
Diff switch costs
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.064
|
0.098
|
0.148
|
− 0.058
|
− 0.120
|
− 0.080
|
||||||
p value
|
0.575
|
0.394
|
0.197
|
0.613
|
0.294
|
0.484
|
||||||||
ANT
|
EC
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.043
|
− 0.150
|
0.079
|
0.098
|
0.088
|
||||||
p value
|
0.710
|
0.191
|
0.491
|
0.394
|
0.444
|
|||||||||
Alerting
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.210
|
− 0.089
|
− 0.053
|
− 0.148
|
||||||||
p value
|
0.065
|
0.436
|
0.642
|
0.197
|
||||||||||
Orient
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.028
|
− 0.004
|
− 0.069
|
|||||||||
p value
|
0.811
|
0.973
|
0.547
|
|||||||||||
Cognitive reactivity to sad mood
|
LEIDS_Rum
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.377**
|
0.804***
|
|||||||||
p value
|
0.001
|
0.0001
|
||||||||||||
LEIDS_Agg
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.622***
|
|||||||||||
p value
|
0.0001
|
|||||||||||||
LEIDS_Total
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
||||||||||||
p value
|
Event-file task
Attentional set-shifting task
ANT
Bayesian Pearson correlations
TASK
|
Stroop effect
|
Col × Res
|
Sh × Res
|
Switch persever
|
Switch learned irrelevance
|
Difference in switch costs
|
EC
|
Alerting
|
Orienting
|
LEIDS_Rum
|
LEIDS_Agg
|
LEIDS_ Tot
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stroop
|
Stroop effect
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.058
|
0.192
|
0.113
|
0.175
|
0.062
|
0.062
|
0.065
|
0.007
|
0.244*
|
0.187
|
0.247*
|
BF
10
|
0.162
|
0.553
|
0.228
|
0.439
|
0.165
|
0.165
|
0.167
|
0.144
|
1.303
|
0.520
|
1.380
|
|||
Event-File
|
Col × Res
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.300**
|
− 0.060
|
0.070
|
0.105
|
− 0.018
|
0.041
|
0.078
|
0.332*
|
0.262*
|
0.310**
|
|
BF
10
|
4.681
|
0.162
|
0.170
|
0.213
|
0.143
|
0.151
|
0.178
|
10.843
|
1.974
|
6.047
|
||||
Sh × Res
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.182
|
0.204
|
0.035
|
0.005
|
− 0.022
|
− 0.138
|
0.010
|
− 0.093
|
0.018
|
|||
BF
10
|
0.492
|
0.687
|
0.148
|
0.142
|
0.144
|
0.289
|
0.142
|
0.195
|
0.143
|
|||||
Att. set-shifting
|
Switch persever
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.227*
|
− 0.565***
|
− 0.026
|
− 0.036
|
− 0.132
|
− 0.013
|
0.053
|
− 0.005
|
|||
BF
10
|
1.006
|
214735.005
|
0.145
|
0.148
|
0.272
|
0.142
|
0.157
|
0.142
|
||||||
Switch learned irrelevan
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.675***
|
− 0.100
|
0.084
|
0.056
|
− 0.089
|
− 0.94
|
− 0.099
|
|||||
BF
10
|
8.939e+8
|
0.205
|
0.183
|
0.159
|
0.180
|
0.197
|
0.204
|
|||||||
Diff switch costs
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.064
|
0.098
|
0.148
|
− 0.058
|
− 0.120
|
− 0.080
|
||||||
BF
10
|
0.165
|
0.202
|
0.320
|
0.160
|
0.243
|
0.180
|
||||||||
ANT
|
EC
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.043
|
− 0.150
|
0.079
|
0.098
|
0.088
|
||||||
BF
10
|
0.151
|
0.327
|
0.179
|
0.202
|
0.189
|
|||||||||
Alerting
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
− 0.210
|
− 0.089
|
− 0.053
|
− 0.148
|
||||||||
BF
10
|
0.754
|
0.191
|
0.157
|
0.321
|
||||||||||
Orient
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.028
|
− 0.004
|
− 0.069
|
|||||||||
BF
10
|
0.146
|
0.142
|
0.169
|
|||||||||||
Cognitive reactivity to sad mood
|
LEIDS_Rum
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.377**
|
0.804***
|
|||||||||
BF
10
|
41.463
|
7.832e+15
|
||||||||||||
LEIDS_Agg
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
0.622***
|
|||||||||||
BF
10
|
1.030e+7
|
|||||||||||||
LEIDS_Total
|
Pearson’s r
|
1
|
||||||||||||
BF
10
|