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01-08-2008 | Original Article

Rumination and Vegetative Symptoms: A Test of the Dual Vulnerability Model of Seasonal Depression

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2008

Abstract

The Dual Vulnerability Model of seasonal affective disorder proposes that the cognitive-affective symptoms of seasonal depression are the result of an interaction of a diathesis of cognitive vulnerability to depression and the stressor of seasonal vegetative change. Two studies examined this hypothesis employing a within-subject design with daily data on vegetative and cognitive-affective depressive symptoms. Study 1 included a subclinical sample and a trait measure of ruminative response style. Study 2 included a clinical sample and reports of actual ruminative thoughts and behaviors in response to fatigue. Results of mixed linear model analyses in both studies supported the hypothesis that rumination moderates the relationship between the vegetative symptoms and the cognitive-affective symptoms of seasonal depression. The extension of the model to other subtypes of depression is considered.

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The effect of vegetative symptoms was modeled as a random effect, consistent with our hypothesis that their impact on cognitive-affective symptoms varies from person to person. Moderating variables terms were modeled as fixed effects. Maximum likelihood estimation was used so that the fits of the models with different fixed effects could be compared. The statistical significance of fixed effects was assessed by a t-test based on the estimate and its standard error. The statistical significance of the standard deviation of random effect variables was assessed by comparing the fit of the model to the model with the effect fixed (Pinheiro and Bates 2004).

In both studies, all dependent and independent variables were examined for being approximately normally distributed. This was the case, except for the positively skewed cognitive-affective variable in study 1, which, therefore, was log-transformed. Time-varying independent variables were person centered; those that varied only across persons were grand mean centered. In both studies visual inspection of graphs of the dependent cognitive-affective variable suggested that linear and quadratic general trends over time, both varying from person to person (i.e., as random effects), should be accounted for. In both studies, models with these terms significantly improved model fit. Next, a first-order autoregressive error structure was added. In both studies this addition also significantly improved model fit (autocorrelation ranged from .224 to .296 across all the models reported). Consequently, all subsequent models representing our hypotheses included these effects and served as the base models for assessing further improvements in model fit. For simplicity of presentation, these terms are not shown in the equation above or reported further in the Results. Details are available from the authors.

For ease of presentation, in Study 1 coefficients and standard errors have been multiplied by 1000.

Models were fit regressing rumination-to-mood on rumination-to-fatigue and vice versa, including, as before, linear and quadratic time effects and autocorrelated errors. The within-subject correlations were computed based on the reduction in variance from models without the independent variable. The value reported is the mean of the two values obtained, .4306 and .4023.

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Titel: Rumination and Vegetative Symptoms: A Test of the Dual Vulnerability Model of Seasonal Depression
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2008
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2008
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9184-z

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