Introduction
General recommendations
Cardiac considerations for COVID-19
Mechanism of cardiovascular injury |
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Hypoxaemia |
Myocardial infarction |
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome/cytokine storms |
Microvascular ischaemia |
Myocarditis |
Hypercoagulability |
Specific considerations for athletes after COVID-19
Active COVID-19
After recovery from COVID-19
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asymptomatic or local symptoms (non-hospitalised)
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regional or systemic symptoms (non-hospitalised)
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hospitalised and no myocardial injury
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hospitalised and myocardial injury
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myocarditis
Asymptomatic or local symptoms (non-hospitalised)
Local (nose/throat) | Regional (chest/head/neck) | Systemic |
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Sore throat | Dry cough | Pyrexia |
Hoarseness | Wet cough (sputum/mucus) | Chills |
Blocked/plugged nose | Difficulty in breathing | Anosmia/ageusia |
Runny nose | Rapid breathing/shortness of breath | Myalgia/arthralgia |
Sinus pressure | Chest pain | Skin manifestations (erythema, urticaria) |
Sneezing | Headache | Gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting) |
Altered/loss of smell | Conjunctivitis | Encephalopathy |
Altered/loss of taste |
Regional or systemic symptoms (non-hospitalised)
Tachycardia at rest |
Supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias |
Ventricular ectopy |
High-grade atrioventricular blocks |
Multiple-lead ST elevations |
T‑wave inversions |
Pathological Q waves |
Left bundle branch blocks |
Low QRS voltage (suggestive of pericardial effusion or myocardial oedema) |
Signs of right ventricular pressure overload |