Skip to main content
Mijn bibliotheek
Shop
Nieuws Boeken Tijdschriften Toetsvragen Web-tv Video Audio
Tips voor Mijn BSL
Inloggen
Top
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Gepubliceerd in:

01-12-2007

Responses to Depression in Children: Reconceptualizing the Relation Among Response Styles

Auteurs: John R. Z. Abela, Cristina M. Aydin, Randy P. Auerbach

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 6/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail
    Link delen
publish
Publiceer nu

Abstract

We propose that researchers should utilize ratio scores when examining the response styles theory rather than examine each of the response styles separately. Higher ratio scores indicate a higher probability of engaging in ruminative, as opposed to distracting and problem solving, behaviors. In Phase One, we examined the factor structure and reliability of the Children’s Response Styles Questionnaire (CRSQ) in a sample of 287 third through sixth grade schoolchildren. A two factor solution was obtained: (1) Rumination and (2) Distraction and Problem Solving. Both factors exhibited strong psychometric properties. In Phase Two, 140 children completed the CRSQ and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Six weeks later, children completed the CDI. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor solution fit the data well. In line with hypotheses, CRSQ ratio scores were more strongly associated with CDI residual change scores than were either CRSQ rumination or distraction and problem solving scores.
vorige artikel Joint Attention and Attachment in Toddlers with Autism
volgende artikel Sociometric Status and Social Drinking: Observations of Modelling and Persuasion in Young Adult Peer Groups
Voetnoten
1
In order to examine whether our high-risk (HR) sample of children differed from a similarly recruited low-risk (LR) sample of children, the 50 children of the 39 parents who did not meet criteria for either a past or current major depressive episode were invited to the laboratory to complete a series of questionnaires including the CRSQ and the CDI. Although our HR and LR samples did not differ in terms of age (HR: μ = 9.84, SD = 2.36; LR: μ = 10.14, SD = 1.47; t(188) = 0.85, ns), gender (HR: μ = 0.51, SD = 0.50; LR: μ = 0.46, SD = 0.50; t(188) = 0.66, ns), and distraction/problem-solving (HR: μ = 2.42, SD = 0.69; LR: μ = 2.50, SD = 0.63; t(188) = 0.75, ns), our HR sample reported higher levels of both depressive symptoms (HR: μ = 10.08, SD = 6.74; LR: μ = 6.78, SD = 4.70; t(188) = 3.19, p < 0.01) and rumination (HR: μ = 2.20, SD = 0.60; LR: μ = 1.97, SD = 0.52; t(188) = 2.44, p < 0.05) than our LR sample. In addition, children in the HR sample (n = 38; 27.8%) were more likely than children in the LR sample (n = 6; 12.0%) to report levels of depressive symptoms on the CDI that fell in the above average range (CDI ≥13; χ 2 = 4.75, p < 05).
 
2
Details on these specific analyses are available from the first author.
 
3
Based on the results of our factor analysis, we decided to use the combined distraction and problem solving subscale of the CRSQ rather than the two separate subscales. At the same time, higher scores on both the distraction and problem solving subscales were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 1 (r = −0.27, p < 0.01, and r = −0.19, p < 0.05, respectively). The correlation between the distraction and problem solving subscales was 0.58, p < 0.001. Neither distraction (r = 0.09, ns) nor problem solving (r = 0.15, ns) were significantly associated with rumination. Both the three-item distraction CRSQ subscale and the five-item problem solving exhibited moderate internal consistency (alphas = 0.61 and 0.73, respectively).
 
4
The CRSQ distraction subscale approached significance in predicting residual change in depressive symptoms from Time 1 to Time 2 (pr = −0.17, p < 0.07) after controlling for SCID-I-SXS, AGE, SEX, and Time 1 CDI scores. The CRSQ problem-solving scale was a significant predictor of residual change in CDI scores from Time 1 to Time 2 (pr = −0.29, p < .01) after controlling for SCID-I-SXS, AGE, SEX, and Time 1 CDI scores. A test of the difference between dependent correlations indicated that the strength of the association between the problem solving scale and residual change in CDI scores did not significantly differ from the strength of the association between distraction and residual change in CDI scores (t (103) = 0.78, ns).
 
5
In response to one reviewer’s suggestion, we split the sample at age 10 and examined distraction separately in the 6–9 and 10–14 year old children. Distraction was significantly associated with decreases in depressive symptoms between Time 1 and Time 2 in the older children (pr = −0.32, p < .05) but not younger children (pr = −0.18, ns). At the same time, in the sample as a whole, the DISTRACTION × AGE interaction was not significant, indicating that these age differences are not statistically significant. In contrast, problem solving was significantly associated with decreases in depressive symptoms in both older (pr = −0.29, p < 0.05) and younger (pr = −0.29, p < 0.05) children.
 
Literatuur
Abela, J. R. Z., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. (2002a). An examination of the response styles theory of depression in third- and seventh-grade children: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 513–525.
Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2007). Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children and adolescents: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Childhood and adolescent depression: Causes, treatment, and prevention. New York: Guilford Press. (in press)
Abela, J. R. Z., Vanderbilt, E., & Rochon, A. (2004). A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 653–674.CrossRef
Abela, J. R. Z., Verroneau, M., Taylor, G., & Bryan, C. (2002b). The development of a ruminative response style in early adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Beardslee, W. R., Keller, M. B., Lavori, P. W., Staley, J. E., & Sacks, N. (1993). The impact of parental affective disorders on depression in offspring: A longitudinal follow-up in a nonreferred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 723–730.PubMedCrossRef
Broderick, P. C. (1998). Early adolescent gender differences in the use of ruminative and distracting coping strategies. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, 173–191.CrossRef
Butler, L. C., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346.CrossRef
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.CrossRef
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlational analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995). User’s guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I, Version 2.0), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Gillham, J. E., Brunwasser, S. M., & Freres, D. R. (2007). Preventing depression in early adolescence: The Penn Resiliency Program. In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Childhood and adolescent depression: Causes, treatment, and prevention. New York: Guilford Press. (in press)
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emergence of gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128–140.PubMedCrossRef
Joiner, T. E., Jr. (1994). Covariance of baseline symptom scores in prediction of future symptom scores: A methodological note. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 497–504.CrossRef
Just, N., & Alloy, L. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 221–229.PubMedCrossRef
Kovacs, M. (2003). Children’s depression inventory: Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.PubMedCrossRef
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.PubMedCrossRef
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence in gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443.PubMedCrossRef
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Harrell, Z. (2002). Rumination, depression and alcohol use: Tests of gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16(4), 391–403.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.PubMedCrossRef
Sarin, S., Abela, J. R. Z., & Auerbach, R. P. (2005). The response styles theory of depression: A test of specificity and causal mediation. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 751–761.CrossRef
Schwartz, J. A. J., & Koenig, L. J. (1996). Response styles and negative affect among adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 13–36.CrossRef
Spence, S. H. (2007). Integrating individual and whole-school change approaches in the prevention of depression in adolescents. In J. R. Z. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Childhood and adolescent depression: Causes, treatment, and prevention. New York: Guilford Press. (in press)
Weissman, M. M., Warner, V., Wichramaratne, P., Moreau, D., & Olfson, M. (1997). Offspring of depressed parents: 10 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 932–940.PubMed
Zanarini, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Bender, D., Dolan, R., Sanislow, C., Schaefer, E., et al. (2000). The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: Reliability of axis I and axis II diagnoses. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 291–299.PubMed
Ziegert, D., & Kistner, J. (2002). Response styles theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 325–334.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Responses to Depression in Children: Reconceptualizing the Relation Among Response Styles
Auteurs
John R. Z. Abela
Cristina M. Aydin
Randy P. Auerbach
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2007
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 6/2007
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9143-2

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2007

Are Motor Inhibition and Cognitive Flexibility Dead Ends in ADHD?

  • Open Access

Joint Attention and Attachment in Toddlers with Autism

  • Open Access

Exploring the Cognitive and Emotional Correlates to Proactive and Reactive Aggression in a Sample of Detained Girls

Person–Group Dissimilarity in Involvement in Bullying and Its Relation with Social Status

Normative Developmental Trajectories of Aggressive Behaviors in African American, American Indian, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic Children and Early Adolescents

Prospective Relations Between Organized Activity Participation and Psychopathology During Adolescence