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01-07-2013 | Original Article

Response priming with apparent motion primes

Auteur: Christina Bermeitinger

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 4/2013

Abstract

Response priming refers to the finding that a prime stimulus preceding a target stimulus influences the response to the following target stimulus. Typically, responses are faster and more accurate if the prime calls for the same response as the target (i.e., compatible trials), as compared with the situation where primes and targets trigger different responses (i.e., incompatible trials). However, the effect depends on presentational and temporal parameters such as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of prime and target, or prime duration. Until now, the special role of moving stimuli was largely ignored. In the present research, experiments were conducted using clearly visible moving dots as primes and static arrows as targets. Essentially, with short SOAs up to 200 ms, participants responded faster to compatible targets. In contrast, with SOAs above 200 ms, participants responded faster to incompatible targets. The results were compared with response priming with static primes. Here, a different pattern of results emerged, with faster responses to compatible than incompatible targets at a long SOA of 300 ms. Overall, the experiments provide evidence for the existence of an inhibitory mechanism in action control when (distracting) motion stimuli are present. Results could be explained with slight changes to different accounts of negative response priming effects, as well as theories of attention.

volgende artikel Synchronization with competing visual and auditory rhythms: bouncing ball meets metronome

The experiment of Mattler and Fendrich (2007) was conducted in the tradition of response priming experiments but is also comparable to experiments on “motion priming”, in which the direction of a moving prime or the direction of an action biases the perceived direction of a subsequent ambiguous apparent-motion target (e.g., Anstis & Ramachandra, 1987; Wohlschläger, 2000).

Note that in previous response priming experiments, SOA was also sometimes confounded with other factors. For example, in experiments of Schlaghecken, Eimer and colleagues (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 2002; Schlaghecken, Rowley, Sembi, Simmons, & Whitcomb, 2007), in which influences of prime duration or prime visibility were investigated, prime duration and SOA were confounded. Thus, for the first experiments presented here, prime presentation duration typically increased with increasing SOA as well. The temporal factor was called SOA instead of prime duration, although results cannot be interpreted exclusively in terms of SOA. Across experiments, however, SOA was varied independently of prime duration.

If necessary, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected MSEs, degrees of freedom, F- and p-values are reported.

In all experiments, there were no significant differences between the ‘neutral inwards’ and the ‘neutral outwards’ conditions (all ps > 0.08), except for the 150-ms SOA condition of Experiment 1. Here, participants reacted slightly faster to trials of the neutral inwards than to trials of the neutral outwards condition, t(19) = 2.133, p = 0.046. However, this singular result was interpreted as false positive and thus as a random outcome. Therefore, the ‘neutral inwards’ and the ‘neutral outwards’ conditions were collapsed to ‘neutral’.

The factor ‘order of SOA conditions’ did not interact with any other factor (all ps > 0.33). Therefore, this factor was not included in the analyses reported.

As a sidenote, as some theoretical accounts (e.g., Pratt, Spalek, & Bradshaw, 1999) on cueing and inhibition of return phenomena suggest that attention is “moved” or “travels” (for instance along the direction of the cue location), the lack of experiments with directionally moving (cue) objects is noteworthy.

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Titel: Response priming with apparent motion primes
Auteur: Christina Bermeitinger
Publicatiedatum: 01-07-2013
Uitgeverij: Springer-Verlag
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0436-x

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