Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-04-2015 | Empirical Research

Relationships Between Familial HIV/AIDS and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: The Mediating Effect of Bullying Victimization in a Prospective Sample of South African Children and Adolescents

Auteurs: Mark E. Boyes, Lucie D. Cluver

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 4/2015

Abstract

South African children and adolescents living in HIV/AIDS-affected families are at elevated risk of both symptoms of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Poverty and HIV/AIDS-related stigma are additional risk factors for these negative mental health outcomes. Community level factors, such as poverty and stigma, are difficult to change in the short term and identifying additional potentially malleable mechanisms linking familial HIV/AIDS with mental health is important from an intervention perspective. HIV/AIDS-affected children are also at increased risk of bullying victimization. This longitudinal study aimed to determine whether prospective relationships between familial HIV/AIDS and both anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms operate indirectly via bullying victimization. Adolescents (M = 13.45 years, 56.67 % female, n = 3,515) from high HIV-prevalent (>30 %) communities in South Africa were interviewed and followed-up one year later (n = 3,401, 96.70 % retention). Census enumeration areas were randomly selected from urban and rural sites in two provinces, and door-to-door sampling included all households with a resident child/adolescent. Familial HIV/AIDS at baseline assessment was not directly associated with mental health outcomes 1 year later. However, significant indirect effects operating via bullying victimization were obtained for both anxiety and depression scores. Importantly, these effects were independent of poverty, HIV/AIDS-related stigma, and baseline mental health, which highlight bullying victimization as a potential target for future intervention efforts. The implementation and rigorous evaluation of bullying prevention programs in South African communities may improve mental health outcomes for HIV/AIDS-affected children and adolescents and this should be a focus of future research and intervention.

vorige artikel Shy, but Funny? Examining Peer-Valued Characteristics as Moderators of the Associations Between Anxious-Withdrawal and Peer Outcomes During Early Adolescence

volgende artikel A Test of the Vulnerability–Stress Model with Brooding and Reflection to Explain Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence

Caution is needed when transferring interventions designed and tested in the developed world into a developing world context, and efforts should be made to ensure their cultural acceptability and applicability.

Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘Much ado about nothing’? Psychological Medicine, 40, 717–729.CrossRefPubMed

Barnes, H., & Wright, G. (2012). Defining child poverty in South Africa using the socially percieved necessities approach. In A. Minujin (Ed.), Global child poverty and well-being: measurement, concepts, policy and action. Bristol: The Policy Press.

Bhargava, A. (2005). AIDS epidemic and the psychological well-being and school participation of Ethiopian orphans. Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 10, 263–275.CrossRef

Boyes, M. E., & Cluver, L. (2013a). Performance of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in a sample of children and adolescents from poor urban communities in Cape Town. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 29, 113–120.CrossRef

Boyes, M. E., & Cluver, L. (2013b). Relationships among HIV/AIDS-orphanhood, stigma, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in South African youth: A longitudinal investigation using a path analysis framework. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 323–330.CrossRef

Boyes, M. E., Cluver, L. D., Bowes, L., Ward, C. L., & Badcock, N. A. (2014). Bullying victimisation, internalising symptoms, and conduct problems in South African children and adolescents: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,. doi:10.1007/s10802-10014-19888-10803.PubMed

Boyes, M. E., Mason, S. J., & Cluver, L. D. (2013). Validation of a brief stigma-by-association scale for use with HIV/AIDS-affected youth in South Africa. AIDS Care, 25, 215–222.CrossRefPubMed

Bronfrenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Burns, S., Maycock, B., Cross, D., & Brown, G. (2008). The power of peers: Why some students bully others to conform. Qualitative Health Research, 18, 1704–1716.CrossRefPubMed

Burton, P. (2008). National primary school violence survey 2007. Cape Town: Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention.

Chi, P., Li, X., Zhao, J., & Zhao, G. (2014). Vicious circle of perceived stigma, enacted stigma and depressive symptoms among children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. AIDS and Behavior, 18(6), 1054–1062.

Cluver, L., Bowes, L., & Gardner, F. (2010). Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 793–803.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 755–763.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2008). Effects of stigma on the mental health of adolescents orphaned by AIDS. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 410–417.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2009). Poverty and psychological health among AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care, 21, 732–741.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Orkin, M., Boyes, M., Gardner, F., & Nikelo, J. (2012a). AIDS-orphanhood and cargiver AIDS-sickness status: Effects on psychological symptoms in South African youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, 857–867.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Orkin, M., Boyes, M. E., Sherr, L., Makasi, D., & Nikelo, J. (2013). Pathways from parental AIDS to child psychological, educational, and sexual risk: Developing an empirically-based interactive theoretical model. Social Science and Medicine, 87, 185–193.CrossRefPubMed

Cluver, L., Orkin, M., Gardner, F., & Boyes, M. E. (2012b). Persisting mental health problems among AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 363–370.CrossRefPubMed

Eccles, J., Midgley, C., Wigfield, A., Buchannan, C., Reuman, D., Flanagan, C., et al. (1993). Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents’ experiences in schools and in families. American Psychologist, 48, 90–101.CrossRefPubMed

Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 263–279.CrossRefPubMed

Fang, X., Li, X., Stanton, B., Hong, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, G., et al. (2009). Parental HIV/AIDS and psychosocial adjustment among rural Chinese children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 1053–1062.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F., Fredriks, A., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. (2006). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568–1574.CrossRefPubMed

Flisher, A. J., Ward, C. L., Liang, H., Onya, H., Mlisa, N., Terblanche, S., et al. (2006). Injury-related behaviour among South African high-school students at six sites. South African Medical Journal, 96, 825–830.PubMed

Forehand, R., Jones, D., Kotchick, B., Armistead, L., Morse, E., Simon Morse, P., et al. (2002). Noninfected children of HIV-infected mothers: A 4-year longitudinal study of child psychosocial adjustment and parenting. Behavior Therapy, 33, 579–600.CrossRef

Ghoul, A., Niwa, E., & Boxer, P. (2013). The role of contingent self-worth in the relation between victimization and internalising problems in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 457–464.CrossRefPubMed

Gini, G. (2006). Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students’ perception of inter-group aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 51–65.CrossRef

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: Guilford Press.

Ishikawa, N., Pridmore, P., Carr-Hill, R., & Chaimuangdee, K. (2010). Breaking down the wall of silence around children affected by AIDS in Thailand to support their psychosocial health. AIDS Care, 22, 308–313.CrossRefPubMed

Ishikawa, N., Pridmore, P., Carr-Hill, R., & Chaimuangdee, K. (2011). The attitudes of primary schoolchildren in Northern Thailand towards their peers who are affected by HIV and AIDS. AIDS Care, 23, 237–244.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Kahn, K., Tollman, S., Garenne, M., & Gear, J. (2000). Validation and application of verbal autopsies in a rural area of South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 5, 824–831.CrossRef

Klein, S., Karcher, W., & O’Connell, D. (2002). Interventions to prevent HIV-related stigma and discrimination: Findings and recommendations for public health practice. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 8, 44–53.CrossRefPubMed

Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. Niagra Falls, NY: Multi-health Systems.

Larson, R., & Richards, M. (1991). Daily companionship in late childhood and early adolescence: Changing developmental contexts. Child Development, 62, 284–300.CrossRefPubMed

Lopman, B. A., Barnabas, R. V., Boerma, J. T., Chawira, G., Gaitskell, K., Harrop, T., et al. (2006). Creating and validating an algorithm to measure AIDS mortality in the adult population using verbal autopsy. PLOS Medicine, 3, e312. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030312.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Luthar, S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Makame, V., Ani, C., & McGregor, S. (2002). Psychological well-being of orphans in Dar El-Salaam, Tanzania. Acta Paediatrica, 91, 459–465.CrossRefPubMed

Michael, K. D., & Merrell, K. W. (1998). Reliability of children’s self-reported internalizing symptoms over short to medium length time intervals. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 194–201.CrossRefPubMed

Mulis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Kennedy, A. M., & Foy, P. (2007). PIRLS 2006: IEAs progress in international reading literacy study in primary schools in 40 countries. MA: Chestnut Hill.

Muthen, B., du Toit, S. H. C., & Spisic, D. (1997). Robust inference using weighted least squares and quadratic estimating equations in latent variable modeling with categorical and continuous outcomes. Unpublished technical report. Retrieved from April 7, 2014. http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/muthen/articles/Article_075.pdf.

Mynard, H., & Joseph, S. (2000). Development of the Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 169–178.CrossRef

Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. O., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 16, 2094–2100.CrossRef

Newman, D. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Magdol, L., Silva, P. A., & Stanton, W. R. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: Prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552–562.CrossRefPubMed

Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Lopman, B. A., Saito, S., Watts, H., Monasch, R., et al. (2008). HIV-associated orphanhood and children’s psychosocial distress: Theoretical framework tested with data from Zimbabwe. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 133–141.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.

Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000). ‘I’m in and you’re out…’: Explanations for teenage girls’ indirect aggression. Psychology Evolution, and Gender, 2, 19–46.CrossRef

Peltzer, K., Matseke, G., Mzolo, T., & Majaja, M. (2009). Determinants of knowledge of HIV status in South Africa: results from a population-based HIV survey. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 174.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Pillay, U., Roberts, B., & Rule, S. (2006). South African social attitudes: Changing times, diverse voices. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

Reddy, S. P., Panday, S., Swart, D., Jinabhai, C. C., Amosun, S. L., James, S., et al. (2003). Umthenthe Uhlaba Usamila—The South African youth risk behaviour survey 2002. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council.

Reynolds, C., & Richmond, B. (1978). What I think and feel: A revised measure of children’s anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271–280.CrossRefPubMed

Richter, L., & Dawes, A. (2008). Child abuse in South Africa: Rights and wrongs. Child Abuse Review, 17, 79–93.CrossRef

Rigby, K. (2002). New perspectives on bullying. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Rotheram-Borus, M., Stein, J. A., & Lin, Y. (2001). Impact of parent death and an Intervention on the adjustment of adolescents whose parents have HIV/AIDS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 763–773.CrossRefPubMed

Ruchkin, V., Schwab-Stone, M., & Vermeiren, R. (2004). Social and Health Assessment (SAHA) psychometric development summary. New Haven: Yale University.

Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1–12.CrossRefPubMed

Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2009). Bullies, victims, and bully-victim relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. In K. Rubin, M. Bukowski, & B. Laurens (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 322–340). New York: Guildford Press.

Shields, N., Nadasen, K., & Pierce, L. (2009). A comparison of the effects of witnessing community violence and direct victimization among children in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 1192–1208.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, P. K., Salmivalli, C., & Cowie, H. (2012). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A commentary. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 8, 433–441.CrossRef

Ssewamala, F. M., Han, C.-K., & Neilands, T. B. (2009). Asset ownership and health and mental health functioning among AIDS-orphaned adolescents: Findings from a randomized clinical trial in rural Uganda. Social Science and Medicine, 2009(69), 191–198.CrossRef

Stangl, A. L., Lloyd, J. K., Brady, L. M., Holland, C. E., & Baral, S. (2013). A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013: how far have we come? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(Supplement), 18734.PubMedCentralPubMed

Statistics South Africa. (2014). Poverty Trends in South Africa: An examination of absolute poverty between 2006 and 2011. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.

Stauffacher, K., & DeHart, G. (2006). Crossing social contexts: Relational aggression between siblings and friends during early and middle childhood. Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 228–240.CrossRef

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Ausin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

Townsend, L., Flisher, A. J., Chikobvu, P., Lombard, C., & King, G. (2008). The relationship between bullying behaviours and high school dropout in Cape Town, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 38, 21–32.CrossRef

Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27–56.CrossRef

UNAIDS. (2008). Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: United Nations.

UNICEF. (2013). Towards an AIDS-free generation—Children and AIDS: Sixth stocktaking report, 2013. New York: UNICEF.

Vreeman, R. C., & Carroll, A. E. (2007). A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 78–88.CrossRef

Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Little, T. D., Karna, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on adolescent’s depression, anxiety, and perception of peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 289–300.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Relationships Between Familial HIV/AIDS and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: The Mediating Effect of Bullying Victimization in a Prospective Sample of South African Children and Adolescents
Auteurs: Mark E. Boyes
Lucie D. Cluver
Publicatiedatum: 01-04-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 4/2015
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0146-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2015

Clarifying the Associations between Age at Menarche and Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Problems

Dennis L. Carlson: Education of Eros: A History of Education and the Problem of Adolescent Sexuality

Racial Microstressors, Racial Self-Concept, and Depressive Symptoms Among Male African Americans During the Transition to Adulthood

Non-suicidal Self-Injury and Firesetting: Shared and Unique Correlates Among School-Based Adolescents

At-Risk Depressive Symptoms and Alcohol Use Trajectories in Adolescence: A Person-Centred Analysis of Co-Occurrence

Mark Regnerus and Jeremy Uecker: Premarital Sex in America: How Young Americans Meet, Mate, and Think About Marrying