Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal 11/2016

Open Access 25-08-2016 | Original Article - E‑Learning

Relationship between atrial septal defects and asthma-like dyspnoea: the impact of transcatheter closure

Auteurs: M. Nassif, C. B. B. C. Heuschen, H. Lu, B. J. Bouma, R. P. van Steenwijk, P. J. Sterk, B. J. M. Mulder, R. J. de Winter

Gepubliceerd in: Netherlands Heart Journal | Uitgave 11/2016

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail
insite
ZOEKEN

Abstract

Background

Patients with atrial septal defects (ASD) are often misdiagnosed as asthma patients and accordingly receive erroneous bronchodilator treatment. In order to characterise their symptoms of dyspnoea to explain this clinical observation, we investigated the prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in patients with secundum ASD who then underwent successful percutaneous closure.

Methods

A total of 80 ASD patients (74 % female, mean age 46.7 ± 16.8 years, median follow-up 3.0 [2.0–5.0] years) retrospectively completed dyspnoea questionnaires determining the presence and extent of cough, wheezing, chest tightness, effort dyspnoea and bronchodilator use on a 7-point scale (0 = none, 6 = maximum) before and after ASD closure. The Mini Asthma Quality of Life (Mini-AQLQ) and Asthma Control Questionnaire with bronchodilator use (ACQ6) were administered.

Results

A total of 48 (60 %) patients reported cough, 27 (34 %) wheezing, 26 (33 %) chest tightness and 62 (78 %) effort dyspnoea. Symptom resolution or reduction was found in 64 (80 %) patients after ASD closure. Asthma symptom scores decreased significantly on the Mini-AQLQ and ACQ6 (both p < 0.001). The number of patients using bronchodilators decreased from 16 (20 %) to 8 (10 %) patients after ASD closure (p = 0.039) with less frequent use of bronchodilators (p = 0.015).

Conclusions

A high prevalence of asthma-like symptoms and bronchodilator use is present in ASD patients, which exceeds the low prevalence of bronchial asthma in this study population. Future prospective research is required to confirm this phenomenon. The presence of an ASD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with asthma-like symptoms, after which significant symptom relief can be achieved by ASD closure.

Introduction

The ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed congenital heart diseases among adults. Patients with ASD usually present with symptoms of dyspnoea, which may develop with increasing age. Due to the epidemiologically more prevalent asthma in the general population, we observed that dyspnoeic ASD patients are often erroneously diagnosed with asthma and receive lengthy bronchodilator treatment. Delay in the correct diagnosis and treatment of ASD leads to complications of long-standing right ventricular volume and eventually pressure overload such as atrial arrhythmias, paradoxical embolism, pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure [1, 2].
Percutaneous ASD closure is the treatment of choice in haemodynamically significant left-to-right shunts with suitable anatomy [3]. Previous studies have already shown dyspnoea to decrease after percutaneous closure, and several have indeed found objective pulmonary function improvement by cardiopulmonary exercise testing [47]. However, to date the characteristics of dyspnoea reported by these ASD patients have not been investigated.
The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in patients with ASD, and investigate whether percutaneous closure of the left-to-right shunt affects asthma-like symptoms both in diagnosed asthma patients and in non-asthmatics.

Methods

Patient population

Between 2005 and 2013 a total of 105 consecutive adult patients underwent percutaneous closure of an ASD in our centre using the Amplatzer Septal Occluder device (AGA Medical, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA). Of the 89 patients with successful percutaneous closure of their ASD (16 converted to surgery), 80 patients were available for follow-up and were therefore included in this study. Follow-up was fully obtained (n = 80). This study was conducted in accordance with all human research regulatory guidelines and the need to obtain informed consent was waived by the institutional ethics committee.

Procedure

Percutaneous ASD closure was performed under general anaesthesia for transoesophageal echocardiography guidance to ensure optimal device placement. Heparin and aspirin were routinely administered at the start of the procedure. Successful ASD closure was defined as correct device position without post-procedural complications.

Follow-up evaluation

Patients were discharged one day post-procedurally after confirming a complete ASD closure on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Aspirin (100 mg daily) and clopidogrel (600 mg loading dose and 75 mg daily) were prescribed for six months along with standard endocarditis prophylaxis. Patients were followed clinically and TTE was performed at least one day and six months after device implantation.

Definition of outcomes

Primary outcomes were the prevalence of asthma-like symptoms, defined as wheeze, chest tightness, cough, effort dyspnoea and bronchodilator use, before and after successful percutaneous ASD closure. Secondary outcome measures were the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire symptom and environmental score (Mini-AQLQ, minimum clinically significant difference =0.5) and asthma control level (Asthma Control Questionnaire with bronchodilator use, ACQ6) [810]. The extent of asthma-like symptoms was quantified using the same score range as the above-mentioned validated questionnaires (range 0–6, lower score indicating less symptoms) as conducted by telephone contact.
The primary and secondary outcomes are defined in the overall group, as well as in the subgroups of asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Asthmatics are defined as patients with a physician’s diagnosis of bronchial asthma by presence of variable expiratory airflow obstruction. Conveniently, symptoms of wheezing, chest tightness, cough and effort dyspnoea are referred to as asthma-like symptoms, even if reported by patients with bronchial asthma.

Statistical analysis

The Mini-AQLQ score was inverted for data analyses to be consistent with a lower score indicating less severity. Dichotomous variables were analysed using the McNemar test and are expressed as frequency (percentage). The continuous, non-parametric variables were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (baseline vs. follow-up) and the Mann-Whitney-U test (asthmatics vs. non-asthmatics) and are expressed as median (25th–75th percentile). A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were made using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

ASD closure

Baseline characteristics of the 80 patients with successful percutaneous closure are shown in Table 1. TTE follow-up at six to nine months post-procedurally was available in all patients and showed a trivial residual shunt in six patients (8 %). No device- or procedure-related complications occurred during clinical follow-up.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of unrepaired ASD patients
 
n = 80
Demographics
Age (years)
46
±16.8
Sex (male)
21
(26 %)
Body mass index (kg/m²)
25.6
±4.6
Former smoker
14
(18 %)
Current smoker
17
(21 %)
Clinical history
COPDa
2
(3 %)
Bronchial asthmaa
6
(8 %)
Atopic constitutionb
14
(18 %)
Pulmonary hypertensionc
5
(6 %)
Myocardial infarction
0
(0 %)
Acute heart failure
7
(9 %)
– Right ventricular
5
(6 %)
Arrhythmia
19
(24 %)
ASD-related characteristics d
SPAP (mm Hg)
35
[30–41]
RVEDV (ml)
239
±117
Qp:Qs ratio
1.8
[1.4–2.0]
Defect size (mm)
17.7
±7.5
Device size (mm)
21.8
±7.4
Closure indication
– Right ventricular overload
71
(89 %)
– Paradoxical embolism
9
(11 %)
Values are in numbers (%), mean ± SD or median [25th–75th percentile]. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure, normally ≤36 mm Hg; RVEDV right ventricular end-diastolic volume, normal range 100–160 ml; Qp Qs ratio pulmonary to systemic shunt fraction
aphysician’s diagnosis by pulmonary function testing; batopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma; cdefined as right ventricular systolic pressure ≥50 mm Hg on echocardiography; dmeasured on echocardiography

Asthma-like symptoms

Of all 80 patients with unrepaired ASD, 48 reported cough (60 %), 27 wheezing (34 %), 26 chest tightness (33 %) and 62 effort dyspnoea (78 %). After successful percutaneous closure, 64 (80 %) reported either complete resolution or symptom reduction (p < 0.001) at a median follow-up of 3.0 (2.0–5.0) years.
Table 2 and 3 show the quantified effect of ASD closure on asthma-like symptoms and in the Mini-AQLQ (symptom and environment domain) and ACQ6 (bronchodilator use separately and within the overall ACQ6 score). Symptom severity significantly decreased from baseline to follow-up in all questionnaire scores. This effect was found in both asthmatics and non-asthmatics, although in the latter a larger change was observed (Fig. 1).
Table 2
Prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in ASD patients with and without asthma and the impact of transcatheter closure
 
All patients
Values are in numbers (%)
Non-asthmatics
Values are in numbers (%)
Asthmatics
Values are in numbers (%)
n = 80
n = 74
n=6
Baseline symptom prevalence
Cough
48
(60)
43
(58)
5
(83)
Wheezing
27
(34)
21
(28)
6
(100)
Chest tightness
26
(33)
23
(31)
3
(50)
Effort dyspnoea
62
(78)
57
(77)
5
(83)
None
10
(13)
10
(14)
0
(0)
Symptom resolution
Cough
8/48
(17)*
6/43
(14)
2/5
(40)
Wheezing
14/27
(52)**
12/21
(57)
2/6
(33)
Chest tightness
13/26
(50)***
11/23
(48)
2/3
(67)
Effort dyspnoea
14/62
(23)***
13/57
(23)
1/5
(20)
Symptom reduction
Cough
19/48
(40)***
17/43
(40)
2/5
(40)
Wheezing
5/27
(19)***
3/21
(14)
2/6
(33)
Chest tightness
7/26
(27)***
7/23
(30)
0/3
(0)
Effort dyspnoea
38/62
(61)***
34/57
(60)
4/5
(80)
Overall symptom score change
Resolution or reduction
64/80
(80)***
58/74
(78)
6/6
(100)
Any symptom
30/80
(38)
28/74
(38)
2/6
(33)
≥2 symptoms
34/80
(43)
30/74
(41)
4/6
(67)
Equal
16/80
(20)a
15/74
(20)
1/6
(17)
Worsening
1/80
(1)
1/74
(1)
0/6
(0)
Symptom reduction and score change is defined as a ≥ 1 grade change on a 7-point scale; percentages may not sum to 100 % due to rounding; ASD atrial septal defect; *p < 0.05. **p = 0.001; ***p < 0.001 in relation with baseline incidence of symptoms
aincludes all ten asymptomatic patients at baseline
Table 3
Quantification of symptom improvement and bronchodilator use at baseline and follow-up
 
n
Baseline
Follow-up
p value
Symptom score
Cough
48
2.00
[1.00–4.00]
1.00
[1.00–2.00]
p < 0.001
Wheezing
27
2.00
[1.00–2.00]
0.00
[0.00–1.00]
p < 0.001
Chest tightness
26
2.00
[2.00–3.00]
0.50
[0.00–2.00]
p < 0.001
Effort dyspnoea
62
5.00
[3.00–6.00]
2.00
[1.00–3.00]
p < 0.001
Symptom mean score
70
1.50
[0.81–2.50]
0.50
[0.25–1.19]
p < 0.001
Mini-AQLQ
Symptom domain score
80
0.75
[0.25–1.69]
0.25
[0.00–0.75]
p < 0.001
Environment domain score
80
0.00
[0.00–1.00]
0.00
[0.00–0.67]
p = 0.006
ACQ6
ACQ6 mean score
80
0.67
[0.00–1.67]
0.00
[0.00–0.50]
p < 0.001
Bronchodilator use
80
16
(20 %)
8
(10 %)
p = 0.039
Score bronchodilator use
16
3.00
[1.50–3.00]
0.00
[0.00–2.50]
p = 0.015
Values are in median [25th–75th percentile] or in numbers (percentages); all given scores are presented as the questionnaire mean score, range 0 = minimum and 6 = maximum
Mini-AQLQ Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire; ACQ6 Asthma Control Questionnaire with bronchodilator use

Bronchodilator use

Of all 80 patients, 16 patients (20 %) reported current bronchodilator use, which decreased to eight patients (10 %) after closure (p = 0.039). The prevalence and frequency of use is shown in Fig. 2. In contrast with the significantly reduced frequency in non-asthmatics, asthmatic ASD patients continued to use bronchodilators and in the same frequency as before closure. One asthmatic patient had no current bronchodilator use at baseline but started using them in the period after closure, making up a total of eight patients (10 %) with current bronchodilator use at follow-up.

Discussion

The results of our observational study show a high prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in yet unrepaired ASD patients: 70 of 80 patients (88 %) reported cough, wheezing, chest tightness and/or effort dyspnoea. This cannot be accounted for by the low prevalence of either the number of diagnosed asthma patients in this study population (8 %) or the prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity in the general Dutch population (maximum 25 % including asymptomatic patients) [11]. Percutaneous ASD closure results in symptom resolution or significant reduction (≥1 grade on a 7-point scale) in the majority of patients (80 %, p < 0.001), both in non-asthmatics and asthmatics alike.
Bronchial asthma is characterised by variable airflow limitation and by airway hyperreactivity, which represents an exaggerated contractile response of the airway smooth muscle to various stimuli [12]. Atopy is the strongest identifiable risk factor for the development of asthma. Pulmonary congestion by congenital heart disease has been suggested to increase the risk of atopic asthma in genetically predisposed children, and most reports of coexisting asthma in congenital heart disease attributed this to the presence of pulmonary hypertension [1315]. In our patient population, however, only a small percentage of atopic constitution (18 %) and a very low Mini-AQLQ environment domain score (median 0.00 [0.00–1.00]) was present. Similarly, pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed using echocardiography in only five patients (6 %), albeit in the absence of dynamic stress echocardiography to potentially detect latent pulmonary hypertension [16, 17]. Furthermore, in this study ASD patients with diagnosed bronchial asthma showed symptom reduction similar to the non-asthmatics. The reported asthma-like symptoms are therefore unlikely fully the result of the bronchial asthma itself, but rather due to a related mechanism common in all ASD patients.
Alternatively, the left-to-right shunt in ASD patients might contribute to any of the inflammatory, physiological, and structural factors in the pathogenesis of asthma or in the initiation of bronchial hyperreactivity. Several experimental studies have suggested an association between bronchial hyperreactivity and impaired left ventricular function, chronic elevation in left atrial pressure, and precapillary pulmonary hypertension due to aorto-caval shunts [1820]. In clinical studies, bronchial hyperreactivity has been reported in patients with lung congestion secondary to mitral valve disease, ischaemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure [2124]. The proposed mechanisms are interstitial and/or airway wall oedema, bronchial wall muscle hypertrophy [25], or reflex bronchoconstriction, all due to pulmonary or bronchial vascular engorgement [21, 2426]. In normal subjects, increased cardiac output by rapid saline infusion actuated bronchial hyperreactivity, supposedly by mechanical impingement of the airway lumen by increased mucosal thickness [27]. Also, when prohibiting deep breaths in normal subjects, loss of smooth muscle relaxation led to acute airway narrowing and bronchial hyperreactivity, implying that asthma-like symptoms can be imitated in case of impaired deep inspiration [28, 29]. In support of these findings, left-to-right shunting in ASD patients might similarly augment bronchial hyperreactivity, resulting in asthma-like symptomatology.
Whichever pathophysiological mechanism is responsible, asthma-like symptoms in ASD patients decrease significantly after closure of the defect. The possibility exists of wrongly diagnosing asthma in such patients while they should be recognised as potential ASD patients; however, as of yet we cannot differentiate between bronchial asthma and ASD patients with asthma-like symptoms. Currently the only way to obviate asthma misdiagnosis is to optimise awareness that ASD is included in the differential diagnosis of bronchial asthma, especially when bronchodilation appears insufficient. More insight into the pathophysiology of these asthma-like symptoms is required to provide an attainable tool for distinguishing ASD patients from the large pool of asthmatics. Also, further studies are needed to objectify these asthma-like symptoms, e. g. by bronchoprovocation testing.
Several limitations must be noted. This study had a retrospective design, therefore the questionnaire results relied on patients’ recollection of symptoms. Although paired testing was performed to provide for per-patient changes, as of now the Mini-AQLQ and ACQ6 questionnaires are validated in asthmatics only. Questions on dyspnoea and wheezing are acceptably sensitive and specific for detecting bronchial hyperreactivity in the general population, but patient-reported outcomes remain subjective. Statistical analysis of group differences between non-asthmatics and asthmatics could not be performed due to the small number of asthmatics in this patient cohort; therefore, only frequency comparisons were made.

Conclusions

A high prevalence of patient-reported cough, wheezing, chest tightness and effort dyspnoea is present in patients with unrepaired ASD. Percutaneous ASD closure leads to significant symptom resolution or reduction in the majority of these patients (80 %, p < 0.001). The prevalence and pathophysiology of asthma-like symptoms in this patient population remains to be further investigated in prospective studies.

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

M. Nassif, C.B.B.C. Heuschen, H. Lu, B.J. Bouma, R.P. van Steenwijk, P.J. Sterk, B.J.M. Mulder and R. J. de Winter state that they have no competing interest.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Onze productaanbevelingen

Netherlands Heart Journal

Het Netherlands Heart Journal wordt uitgegeven in samenwerking met de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Cardiologie en de Nederlandse Hartstichting. Het tijdschrift is Engelstalig en wordt gratis beschikbaa ...

Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Webb G, Gatzoulis MA. Atrial septal defects in the adult: recent progress and overview. Circulation. 2006;114:1645–53.CrossRefPubMed Webb G, Gatzoulis MA. Atrial septal defects in the adult: recent progress and overview. Circulation. 2006;114:1645–53.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
go back to reference Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:e143–263.CrossRefPubMed Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines on the management of adults with congenital heart disease). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:e143–263.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Altindag T, Roos-Hesselink JW, Cuypers JA, et al. Transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects in patients aged 40 years and older. Neth Heart J. 2010;18:537–42.CrossRefPubMed Altindag T, Roos-Hesselink JW, Cuypers JA, et al. Transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects in patients aged 40 years and older. Neth Heart J. 2010;18:537–42.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Helber U, Baumann R, Seboldt H, et al. Atrial septal defect in adults: cardiopulmonary exercise capacity before and 4 months and 10 years after defect closure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1345–50.CrossRefPubMed Helber U, Baumann R, Seboldt H, et al. Atrial septal defect in adults: cardiopulmonary exercise capacity before and 4 months and 10 years after defect closure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1345–50.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Brochu MC, Baril JF, Dore A, et al. Improvement in exercise capacity in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic adults after atrial septal defect percutaneous closure. Circulation. 2002;106:1821–6.CrossRefPubMed Brochu MC, Baril JF, Dore A, et al. Improvement in exercise capacity in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic adults after atrial septal defect percutaneous closure. Circulation. 2002;106:1821–6.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Giardini A, Donti A, Formigari R, et al. Determinants of cardiopulmonary functional improvement after transcatheter atrial septal defect closure in asymptomatic adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1886–91.CrossRefPubMed Giardini A, Donti A, Formigari R, et al. Determinants of cardiopulmonary functional improvement after transcatheter atrial septal defect closure in asymptomatic adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1886–91.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Willan A, Griffith LE. Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:81–7.CrossRefPubMed Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Willan A, Griffith LE. Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:81–7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Juniper EF, O’Byrne PM, Guyatt GH, et al. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:902–7.CrossRefPubMed Juniper EF, O’Byrne PM, Guyatt GH, et al. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:902–7.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Juniper EF, O’Byrne PM, Roberts JN. Measuring asthma control in group studies: Do we need airway calibre and rescue beta2-agonist use? Respir Med. 2001;95:319–23.CrossRefPubMed Juniper EF, O’Byrne PM, Roberts JN. Measuring asthma control in group studies: Do we need airway calibre and rescue beta2-agonist use? Respir Med. 2001;95:319–23.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Rijcken B, Schouten JP, Weiss ST, et al. The relationship between airway responsiveness to histamine and pulmonary function level in a random population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137:826–32.CrossRefPubMed Rijcken B, Schouten JP, Weiss ST, et al. The relationship between airway responsiveness to histamine and pulmonary function level in a random population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137:826–32.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Sterk PJ, Fabbri LM, Quanjer PH, et al. Airway responsiveness. Standardized challenge testing with pharmacological, physical and sensitizing stimuli in adults. Report working party standardization of lung function tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993;16:53–83.CrossRefPubMed Sterk PJ, Fabbri LM, Quanjer PH, et al. Airway responsiveness. Standardized challenge testing with pharmacological, physical and sensitizing stimuli in adults. Report working party standardization of lung function tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993;16:53–83.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Matsuoka S, Tatara K, Ushiroguchi Y, et al. Development of atopic asthma in infants with pulmonary congestion caused by congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 1994;124:597–9.CrossRefPubMed Matsuoka S, Tatara K, Ushiroguchi Y, et al. Development of atopic asthma in infants with pulmonary congestion caused by congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 1994;124:597–9.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Rothman A, Kulik TJ. Pulmonary hypertension and asthma in two patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:977–9.PubMed Rothman A, Kulik TJ. Pulmonary hypertension and asthma in two patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:977–9.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Matsuoka S, Tatara K, Usiroguchi Y, et al. Contribution of pulmonary hemodynamics on manifestation of allergic asthma in patients with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1993;35:508–12.CrossRefPubMed Matsuoka S, Tatara K, Usiroguchi Y, et al. Contribution of pulmonary hemodynamics on manifestation of allergic asthma in patients with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1993;35:508–12.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Lange SA, Braun MU, Schoen SP, Strasser RH. Latent pulmonary hypertension in atrial septal defect: Dynamic stress echocardiography reveals unapparent pulmonary hypertension and confirms rapid normalisation after ASD closure. Neth Heart J. 2013;21:333–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lange SA, Braun MU, Schoen SP, Strasser RH. Latent pulmonary hypertension in atrial septal defect: Dynamic stress echocardiography reveals unapparent pulmonary hypertension and confirms rapid normalisation after ASD closure. Neth Heart J. 2013;21:333–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Brown RH, Zerhouni EA, Mitzner W. Airway edema potentiates airway reactivity. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:1242–8.PubMed Brown RH, Zerhouni EA, Mitzner W. Airway edema potentiates airway reactivity. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:1242–8.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Albu G, Petak F, Fontao F, et al. Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness after coronary ischemia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2008;162:176–83.CrossRefPubMed Albu G, Petak F, Fontao F, et al. Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness after coronary ischemia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2008;162:176–83.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Habre W, Regli A, et al. Precapillary pulmonary hypertension leads to reversible bronchial hyperreactivity in rats. Exp Lung Res. 2010;36:129–39.CrossRef von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Habre W, Regli A, et al. Precapillary pulmonary hypertension leads to reversible bronchial hyperreactivity in rats. Exp Lung Res. 2010;36:129–39.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Rolla G, Bucca C, Caria E, et al. Bronchial responsiveness in patients with mitral valve disease. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:127–31.PubMed Rolla G, Bucca C, Caria E, et al. Bronchial responsiveness in patients with mitral valve disease. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:127–31.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Nishimura Y, Maeda H, Yokoyama M, Fukuzaki H. Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with mitral valve disease. Chest. 1990;98:1085–90.CrossRefPubMed Nishimura Y, Maeda H, Yokoyama M, Fukuzaki H. Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with mitral valve disease. Chest. 1990;98:1085–90.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Cabanes LR, Weber SN, Matran R, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in patients with impaired left ventricular function. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1317–22.CrossRefPubMed Cabanes LR, Weber SN, Matran R, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in patients with impaired left ventricular function. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1317–22.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Sasaki F, Ishizaki T, Mifune J, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Chest. 1990;97:534–8.CrossRefPubMed Sasaki F, Ishizaki T, Mifune J, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Chest. 1990;97:534–8.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Okazawa M, Muller N, McNamara AE, et al. Human airway narrowing measured using high resolution computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1557–62.CrossRefPubMed Okazawa M, Muller N, McNamara AE, et al. Human airway narrowing measured using high resolution computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1557–62.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Snashall PD, Chung KF. Airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in left ventricular failure and mitral stenosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:945–56.CrossRefPubMed Snashall PD, Chung KF. Airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in left ventricular failure and mitral stenosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:945–56.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Pellegrino R, Dellaca R, Macklem PT, et al. Effects of rapid saline infusion on lung mechanics and airway responsiveness in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2003(95):728–34. Pellegrino R, Dellaca R, Macklem PT, et al. Effects of rapid saline infusion on lung mechanics and airway responsiveness in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2003(95):728–34.
28.
go back to reference Skloot G, Permutt S, Togias A. Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: a problem of limited smooth muscle relaxation with inspiration. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:2393–403.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Skloot G, Permutt S, Togias A. Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: a problem of limited smooth muscle relaxation with inspiration. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:2393–403.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Brown RH, Croisille P, Mudge B, et al. Airway narrowing in healthy humans inhaling methacholine without deep inspirations demonstrated by HRCT. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1256–63.CrossRefPubMed Brown RH, Croisille P, Mudge B, et al. Airway narrowing in healthy humans inhaling methacholine without deep inspirations demonstrated by HRCT. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1256–63.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Relationship between atrial septal defects and asthma-like dyspnoea: the impact of transcatheter closure
Auteurs
M. Nassif
C. B. B. C. Heuschen
H. Lu
B. J. Bouma
R. P. van Steenwijk
P. J. Sterk
B. J. M. Mulder
R. J. de Winter
Publicatiedatum
25-08-2016
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Netherlands Heart Journal / Uitgave 11/2016
Print ISSN: 1568-5888
Elektronisch ISSN: 1876-6250
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-016-0879-6

Andere artikelen Uitgave 11/2016

Netherlands Heart Journal 11/2016 Naar de uitgave