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Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

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01-01-2015

Reinforcement Enhances Vigilance Among Children With ADHD: Comparisons to Typically Developing Children and to the Effects of Methylphenidate

Auteurs: Michelle G. Bubnik, Larry W. Hawk Jr., William E. Pelham Jr., James G. Waxmonsky, Keri S. Rosch

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 1/2015

Abstract

Sustained attention and reinforcement are posited as causal mechanisms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but their interaction has received little empirical study. In two studies, we examined the impact of performance-based reinforcement on sustained attention over time, or vigilance, among 9- to 12-year-old children. Study 1 demonstrated the expected vigilance deficit among children with ADHD (n = 25; 12 % female) compared to typically developing (TD) controls (n = 33; 22 % female) on a standard continuous performance task (CPT). During a subsequent visit, reinforcement improved attention more among children with ADHD than controls. Study 2 examined the separate and combined effects of reinforcement and acute methylphenidate (MPH) on CPT performance in children with ADHD (n = 19; 21 % female). Both reinforcement and MPH enhanced overall target detection and attenuated the vigilance decrement that occurred in no-reinforcement, placebo condition. Cross-study comparisons suggested that the combination of MPH and reinforcement eliminated the vigilance deficit in children with ADHD, normalizing sustained attention. This work highlights the clinically and theoretically interesting intersection of reinforcement and sustained attention.

vorige artikel Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Mediate the Association between Deficits in Executive Functioning and Social Impairment in Children

volgende artikel Bidirectional Influences of Anxiety and Depression in Young Children

Although a1500-ms response window is typical (e.g., Halperin et al. 1991; Huang-Pollock et al. 2006), the vast majority of hits occur within the first 1 000 ms (e.g., 98 % in Study 1 Baseline CPT), suggesting that the response window change did not have a major impact on the data.

For fully within-sujects comparisons, d = d ₃’√2, where d₃’ = (mean-0)/standard deviation (Cohen 1988).

Finally, false alarm rates were higher, on average, among children with ADHD that received reinforcement first compared to children with ADHD that received the reinforcement second (means [SDs] = 1.80 [1.28] and 1.09 [.90], respectively, p = .03), whereas reinforcement order did not affect the false alarm rate in controls (p = .55); Group × Reinforcement Order, F (1, 54) = 4.5, p = .04; all other reinforcement order effect ps > .18).

At the request of a reviewer, we compared the two subsamples in supplemental analyses. Hit rates were comparable during the baseline condition of Study 2 (no reinforcement + placebo condition, p = .20).

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Titel: Reinforcement Enhances Vigilance Among Children With ADHD: Comparisons to Typically Developing Children and to the Effects of Methylphenidate
Auteurs: Michelle G. Bubnik
Larry W. Hawk Jr.
William E. Pelham Jr.
James G. Waxmonsky
Keri S. Rosch
Publicatiedatum: 01-01-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 1/2015
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9891-8

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