Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

28-03-2022 | Original Paper

Regulatory Focus as a Mediator between Perceived Parenting Style and Friendship Intimacy in Chinese Emerging Adulthood

Auteurs: Wei-Wen Chen, Ziying Wang, Yajun Zhang

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 7/2022

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

In this study, we examined the relationship continuity between parent–child relationships and friendships. Based on the theoretical framework of the internal working model, the study aimed to investigate the mediating role of regulatory focus in the relationship between adult children’s perceptions of parenting styles and friendship intimacy in the Chinese cultural context. The sample included 400 emerging adults aged 18–25 years from Taiwan. Using structural equation modeling, we found that both perceived authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles directly contributed to intimacy in emerging adults’ friendships—authoritative parenting contributed to higher levels of friendship intimacy, whereas authoritarian parenting contributed to lower levels of friendship intimacy. Authoritative parenting was positively associated with both promotion and prevention focus, and authoritarian parenting was positively associated with prevention regulatory focus. Only promotion regulatory focus was positively linked to friendship intimacy. Moreover, authoritative parenting was found to indirectly contribute to higher friendship intimacy through the mediating effect of promotion regulatory focus. These results expanded our understanding of regulatory focus theory in the field of intimate relations and explained how regulatory focus plays a role in the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between perceived parenting and emerging adult friendship intimacy.
Literatuur
go back to reference Anderson, A. R., & Fowers, B. J. (2020). An exploratory study of friendship characteristics and their relations with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1), 260–280.CrossRef Anderson, A. R., & Fowers, B. J. (2020). An exploratory study of friendship characteristics and their relations with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1), 260–280.CrossRef
go back to reference Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.PubMedCrossRef Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73.CrossRef Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73.CrossRef
go back to reference Barnhart, C. M., Raval, V. V., Jansari, A., & Raval, P. H. (2013). Perceptions of parenting style among college students in India and the United States. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(5), 684–693.CrossRef Barnhart, C. M., Raval, V. V., Jansari, A., & Raval, P. H. (2013). Perceptions of parenting style among college students in India and the United States. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(5), 684–693.CrossRef
go back to reference Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Batool, S. S., & Lewis, C. A. (2020). Does positive parenting predict pro-social behavior and friendship quality among adolescents? Emotional intelligence as a mediator. Current Psychology, 1–15. Batool, S. S., & Lewis, C. A. (2020). Does positive parenting predict pro-social behavior and friendship quality among adolescents? Emotional intelligence as a mediator. Current Psychology, 1–15.
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95.CrossRef Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95.CrossRef
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (2013). Authoritative parenting revisited: History and current status. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 11–34). American Psychological Association. Baumrind, D. (2013). Authoritative parenting revisited: History and current status. In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 11–34). American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Bedford, O., & Yeh, K. H. (2021). Evolution of the conceptualization of filial piety in the global context: From skin to skeleton. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 995.CrossRef Bedford, O., & Yeh, K. H. (2021). Evolution of the conceptualization of filial piety in the global context: From skin to skeleton. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 995.CrossRef
go back to reference Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.PubMedCrossRef Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.CrossRef Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.CrossRef
go back to reference Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting styles and parent–adolescent relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2187.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting styles and parent–adolescent relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2187.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Boling, M. W., Barry, C. M., Kotchick, B. A., & Lowry, J. (2011). Relations among early adolescents’ parent–adolescent attachment, perceived social competence, and friendship quality. Psychological Reports, 109(3), 819–841.PubMedCrossRef Boling, M. W., Barry, C. M., Kotchick, B. A., & Lowry, J. (2011). Relations among early adolescents’ parent–adolescent attachment, perceived social competence, and friendship quality. Psychological Reports, 109(3), 819–841.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). Basic Books.
go back to reference Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation (Vol. 2). Basi0063 Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation (Vol. 2). Basi0063 Books.
go back to reference Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss: Loss sadness and depression (Vol. 3). Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss: Loss sadness and depression (Vol. 3). Basic Books.
go back to reference Brassard, A., Perron-Laplante, J., Lachapelle, É., de Pierrepont, C., & Péloquin, K. (2018). Oversexualization among emerging adults: Preliminary associations with romantic attachment and intimacy. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 27(3), 235–247.CrossRef Brassard, A., Perron-Laplante, J., Lachapelle, É., de Pierrepont, C., & Péloquin, K. (2018). Oversexualization among emerging adults: Preliminary associations with romantic attachment and intimacy. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 27(3), 235–247.CrossRef
go back to reference Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110–119.PubMedCrossRef Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110–119.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge Academic. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge Academic.
go back to reference Caron, A., Lafontaine, M. F., Bureau, J. F., Levesque, C., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). Comparisons of close relationships: An evaluation of relationship quality and patterns of attachment to parents, friends, and romantic partners in young adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 44(4), 245–256.CrossRef Caron, A., Lafontaine, M. F., Bureau, J. F., Levesque, C., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). Comparisons of close relationships: An evaluation of relationship quality and patterns of attachment to parents, friends, and romantic partners in young adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 44(4), 245–256.CrossRef
go back to reference Chan, K. W., & Chan, S. M. (2007). Hong Kong teacher education students’ goal orientations and their relationship to perceived parenting styles. Educational Psychology, 27(2), 157–172.CrossRef Chan, K. W., & Chan, S. M. (2007). Hong Kong teacher education students’ goal orientations and their relationship to perceived parenting styles. Educational Psychology, 27(2), 157–172.CrossRef
go back to reference Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111–1119.PubMedCrossRef Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111–1119.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chen, W.-W. (2014). The relationship between perceived parenting style, filial piety, and life satisfaction in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(3), 308–314.PubMedCrossRef Chen, W.-W. (2014). The relationship between perceived parenting style, filial piety, and life satisfaction in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(3), 308–314.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chen, W.-W. (2015). The relations between perceived parenting styles and academic achievement in Hong Kong: The mediating role of students’ goal orientations. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 48–54.CrossRef Chen, W.-W. (2015). The relations between perceived parenting styles and academic achievement in Hong Kong: The mediating role of students’ goal orientations. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 48–54.CrossRef
go back to reference Chen, W.-W., Yuan, H., Yang, X., & Lai, S. K. (2020). Parenting, self-concept, and attitudes about romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 82, 41–49.PubMedCrossRef Chen, W.-W., Yuan, H., Yang, X., & Lai, S. K. (2020). Parenting, self-concept, and attitudes about romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 82, 41–49.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Demir, M., Şimşek, Ö. F., & Procsal, A. D. (2013). I am so happy ‘cause my best friend makes me feel unique: Friendship, personal sense of uniqueness and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1201–1224.CrossRef Demir, M., Şimşek, Ö. F., & Procsal, A. D. (2013). I am so happy ‘cause my best friend makes me feel unique: Friendship, personal sense of uniqueness and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1201–1224.CrossRef
go back to reference Dow, K. E., Wong, J., Jackson, C., & Leitch, R. A. (2008). A comparison of structural equation modeling approaches: The case of user acceptance of information systems. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 48(4), 106–114. Dow, K. E., Wong, J., Jackson, C., & Leitch, R. A. (2008). A comparison of structural equation modeling approaches: The case of user acceptance of information systems. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 48(4), 106–114.
go back to reference Eddington, K. M., Majestic, C., & Silvia, P. J. (2012). Contrasting regulatory focus and reinforcement sensitivity: A daily diary study of goal pursuit and emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 335–340.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eddington, K. M., Majestic, C., & Silvia, P. J. (2012). Contrasting regulatory focus and reinforcement sensitivity: A daily diary study of goal pursuit and emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 335–340.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference ELSamen, A. A. (2011). Examining the construct validity of the lockwood goal orientation scale using the general hierarchal model: An exploratory study. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 12(4), 81–93. ELSamen, A. A. (2011). Examining the construct validity of the lockwood goal orientation scale using the general hierarchal model: An exploratory study. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 12(4), 81–93.
go back to reference Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2016). Gender-differentiated parenting revisited: Meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159193.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2016). Gender-differentiated parenting revisited: Meta-analysis reveals very few differences in parental control of boys and girls. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159193.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Fagan, J., Day, R., Lamb, M. E., & Cabrera, N. J. (2014). Should researchers conceptualize differently the dimensions of parenting for fathers and mothers? Journal of Family Theory and Review, 6(4), 390–405. Fagan, J., Day, R., Lamb, M. E., & Cabrera, N. J. (2014). Should researchers conceptualize differently the dimensions of parenting for fathers and mothers? Journal of Family Theory and Review, 6(4), 390–405.
go back to reference Filus, A., Schwarz, B., Mylonas, K., Sam, D. L., & Boski, P. (2019). Parenting and late adolescents’ well-being in Greece, Norway, Poland and Switzerland: Associations with individuation from parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(2), 560–576.CrossRef Filus, A., Schwarz, B., Mylonas, K., Sam, D. L., & Boski, P. (2019). Parenting and late adolescents’ well-being in Greece, Norway, Poland and Switzerland: Associations with individuation from parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(2), 560–576.CrossRef
go back to reference Frieswijk, N., & Hagedoorn, M. (2009). Being needy versus being needed: The role of self‐regulatory focus in the experience of breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1), 69–81.PubMedCrossRef Frieswijk, N., & Hagedoorn, M. (2009). Being needy versus being needed: The role of self‐regulatory focus in the experience of breast cancer. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1), 69–81.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gao, Q., Bian, R., Liu, R., He, Y., & Oei, T.-P. (2017). Conflict resolution in Chinese adolescents’ friendship: Links with regulatory focus and friendship satisfaction. The Journal of Psychology, 151(3), 268–281.PubMedCrossRef Gao, Q., Bian, R., Liu, R., He, Y., & Oei, T.-P. (2017). Conflict resolution in Chinese adolescents’ friendship: Links with regulatory focus and friendship satisfaction. The Journal of Psychology, 151(3), 268–281.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gomez, P., Borges, A., & Pechmann, C. C. (2013). Avoiding poor health or approaching good health: Does it matter? The conceptualization, measurement, and consequences of health regulatory focus. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 23(4), 451–463.CrossRef Gomez, P., Borges, A., & Pechmann, C. C. (2013). Avoiding poor health or approaching good health: Does it matter? The conceptualization, measurement, and consequences of health regulatory focus. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 23(4), 451–463.CrossRef
go back to reference Gorman, C. A., Meriac, J. P., Overstreet, B. L., Apodaca, S., McIntyre, A. L., Park, P., & Godbey, J. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of the regulatory focus nomological network: Work-related antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 160–172.CrossRef Gorman, C. A., Meriac, J. P., Overstreet, B. L., Apodaca, S., McIntyre, A. L., Park, P., & Godbey, J. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of the regulatory focus nomological network: Work-related antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 160–172.CrossRef
go back to reference Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Adolescent romance and the parent–child relationships: A contextual perspective. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 235–265). Cambridge University Press. Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Adolescent romance and the parent–child relationships: A contextual perspective. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown, & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 235–265). Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Guo, X. (2015). Relationship between parenting style and peer problems: Theory of mind as a mediator and moderator. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 786–790. Guo, X. (2015). Relationship between parenting style and peer problems: Theory of mind as a mediator and moderator. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 786–790.
go back to reference Hare, A. L., Szwedo, D. E., Schad, M. M., & Allen, J. P. (2015). Undermining adolescent autonomy with parents and peers: The enduring implications of psychologically controlling parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(4), 739–752.PubMedCrossRef Hare, A. L., Szwedo, D. E., Schad, M. M., & Allen, J. P. (2015). Undermining adolescent autonomy with parents and peers: The enduring implications of psychologically controlling parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(4), 739–752.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(4), 627–660.PubMedCrossRef Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). Quantifying and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(4), 627–660.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30(2), 1–46. Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30(2), 1–46.
go back to reference Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.CrossRef Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.CrossRef
go back to reference Huang, C. Y., Cheah, C. S., Lamb, M. E., & Zhou, N. (2017). Associations between parenting styles and perceived child effortful control within Chinese families in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(6), 795–812.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Huang, C. Y., Cheah, C. S., Lamb, M. E., & Zhou, N. (2017). Associations between parenting styles and perceived child effortful control within Chinese families in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(6), 795–812.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Huang, G. H. C., & Gove, M. (2015). Confucianism, Chinese families, and academic achievement: Exploring how Confucianism and Asian descendant parenting practices influence children’s academic achievement. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Science education in East Asia (pp. 41–66). Springer. Huang, G. H. C., & Gove, M. (2015). Confucianism, Chinese families, and academic achievement: Exploring how Confucianism and Asian descendant parenting practices influence children’s academic achievement. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Science education in East Asia (pp. 41–66). Springer.
go back to reference Jia, H., Wang, Y., Ge, L., Shi, G., & Yao, S. (2012). Asymmetric effects of regulatory focus on expected desirability and feasibility of embracing self‐service technologies. Psychology and Marketing, 29(4), 209–225.CrossRef Jia, H., Wang, Y., Ge, L., Shi, G., & Yao, S. (2012). Asymmetric effects of regulatory focus on expected desirability and feasibility of embracing self‐service technologies. Psychology and Marketing, 29(4), 209–225.CrossRef
go back to reference Juang, L. P., Qin, D. B., & Park, I. J. K. (2013). Deconstructing the myth of the “tiger mother”: An introduction to the special issue on tiger parenting, Asian-heritage families, and child/adolescent well-being. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 1–6.CrossRef Juang, L. P., Qin, D. B., & Park, I. J. K. (2013). Deconstructing the myth of the “tiger mother”: An introduction to the special issue on tiger parenting, Asian-heritage families, and child/adolescent well-being. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 1–6.CrossRef
go back to reference Keller, J. (2008). On the development of regulatory focus: The role of parenting styles. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 354–364.CrossRef Keller, J. (2008). On the development of regulatory focus: The role of parenting styles. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 354–364.CrossRef
go back to reference Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., Min, K. B., Lee, T. J., & Yoo, S. (2018). Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents’ smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0190896.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., Min, K. B., Lee, T. J., & Yoo, S. (2018). Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents’ smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0190896.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Kocayörük, E., Altıntas, E., & İçbay, M. A. (2015). The perceived parental support, autonomous-self and well-being of adolescents: A cluster-analysis approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1819–1828.CrossRef Kocayörük, E., Altıntas, E., & İçbay, M. A. (2015). The perceived parental support, autonomous-self and well-being of adolescents: A cluster-analysis approach. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 1819–1828.CrossRef
go back to reference Kochendorfer, L. B., & Kerns, K. A. (2017). Perceptions of parent–child attachment relationships and friendship qualities: Predictors of romantic relationship involvement and quality in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(5), 1009–1021.PubMedCrossRef Kochendorfer, L. B., & Kerns, K. A. (2017). Perceptions of parent–child attachment relationships and friendship qualities: Predictors of romantic relationship involvement and quality in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(5), 1009–1021.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Komissarouk, S., & Nadler, A. (2014). “I” seek autonomy, “we” rely on each other: Self-construal and regulatory focus as determinants of autonomy-and dependency-oriented help-seeking behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6), 726–738.PubMedCrossRef Komissarouk, S., & Nadler, A. (2014). “I” seek autonomy, “we” rely on each other: Self-construal and regulatory focus as determinants of autonomy-and dependency-oriented help-seeking behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6), 726–738.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Koopmann, J., Lanaj, K., Bono, J., & Campana, K. (2016). Daily shifts in regulatory focus: The influence of work events and implications for employee well‐being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(8), 1293–1316.CrossRef Koopmann, J., Lanaj, K., Bono, J., & Campana, K. (2016). Daily shifts in regulatory focus: The influence of work events and implications for employee well‐being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(8), 1293–1316.CrossRef
go back to reference Kuo, T. Y. (2011). Similar vs. complementary: The effect of regulatory fit in interpersonal domains [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taiwan University. Kuo, T. Y. (2011). Similar vs. complementary: The effect of regulatory fit in interpersonal domains [Unpublished master’s thesis]. National Taiwan University.
go back to reference Kurman, J., & Hui, C. (2011). Promotion, prevention or both: Regulatory focus and culture revisited. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 5(3), 1–16.CrossRef Kurman, J., & Hui, C. (2011). Promotion, prevention or both: Regulatory focus and culture revisited. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 5(3), 1–16.CrossRef
go back to reference Langens, T. A. (2007). Regulatory focus and illusions of control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 226–237.PubMedCrossRef Langens, T. A. (2007). Regulatory focus and illusions of control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 226–237.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lee, E. H., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & Wang, Y. (2013). Bidirectional relations between temperament and parenting styles in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(1), 57–67.PubMedCrossRef Lee, E. H., Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., & Wang, Y. (2013). Bidirectional relations between temperament and parenting styles in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37(1), 57–67.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Li, X., Huang, C. Y. S., & Shen, A. C. T. (2019). Romantic involvement and adolescents’ academic and psychosocial functioning in Chinese societies. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 108–117.CrossRef Li, X., Huang, C. Y. S., & Shen, A. C. T. (2019). Romantic involvement and adolescents’ academic and psychosocial functioning in Chinese societies. Children and Youth Services Review, 96, 108–117.CrossRef
go back to reference Li, Z. H., Connolly, J., Jiang, D., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2010). Adolescent romantic relationships in China and Canada: A cross-national comparison. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(2), 113–120.CrossRef Li, Z. H., Connolly, J., Jiang, D., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2010). Adolescent romantic relationships in China and Canada: A cross-national comparison. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(2), 113–120.CrossRef
go back to reference Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173.CrossRef Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173.CrossRef
go back to reference Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive and negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 854–864.PubMedCrossRef Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive and negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 854–864.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Luo, R., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Song, L. (2013). Chinese parents’ goals and practices in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(4), 843–857.CrossRef Luo, R., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Song, L. (2013). Chinese parents’ goals and practices in early childhood. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(4), 843–857.CrossRef
go back to reference Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). Wiley. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). Wiley.
go back to reference Marshall, T. C. (2008). Cultural differences in intimacy: The influence of gender-role ideology and individualism—collectivism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(1), 143–168.CrossRef Marshall, T. C. (2008). Cultural differences in intimacy: The influence of gender-role ideology and individualism—collectivism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(1), 143–168.CrossRef
go back to reference Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der Graaff, J., Deković, M., Meeus, W. H., & Branje, S. J. (2019). Coming closer in adolescence: Convergence in mother, father, and adolescent reports of parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(4), 846–862.PubMedCrossRef Mastrotheodoros, S., Van der Graaff, J., Deković, M., Meeus, W. H., & Branje, S. J. (2019). Coming closer in adolescence: Convergence in mother, father, and adolescent reports of parenting. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(4), 846–862.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McElhaney, K. B., & Allen, J. P. (2012). Sociocultural perspectives on adolescent autonomy. In P. Kerig, M. Shulz, & S. T. Hauser (Eds.), Adolescence and beyond (pp. 161–176). Oxford University Press. McElhaney, K. B., & Allen, J. P. (2012). Sociocultural perspectives on adolescent autonomy. In P. Kerig, M. Shulz, & S. T. Hauser (Eds.), Adolescence and beyond (pp. 161–176). Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Miller, A. L., Lambert, A. D., & Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2012). Parenting style, perfectionism, and creativity in high-ability and high-achieving young adults. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 35(4), 344–365.CrossRef Miller, A. L., Lambert, A. D., & Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2012). Parenting style, perfectionism, and creativity in high-ability and high-achieving young adults. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 35(4), 344–365.CrossRef
go back to reference Moore, R. L. (1998). Love and limerence with Chinese characteristics: Student romance in PRC. In V. C. de Munck (Ed.), Romantic love and sexual behaviour: Perspectives from the social sciences (pp. 251–283). Praeger. Moore, R. L. (1998). Love and limerence with Chinese characteristics: Student romance in PRC. In V. C. de Munck (Ed.), Romantic love and sexual behaviour: Perspectives from the social sciences (pp. 251–283). Praeger.
go back to reference Moore, S. M., & Leung, C. (2001). Romantic beliefs, styles, and relationships among young people from Chinese, Southern European, and Anglo‐Australian backgrounds. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4(1), 53–68.CrossRef Moore, S. M., & Leung, C. (2001). Romantic beliefs, styles, and relationships among young people from Chinese, Southern European, and Anglo‐Australian backgrounds. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4(1), 53–68.CrossRef
go back to reference Newman, J., Gozu, H., Guan, S., Lee, J. E., Li, X., & Sasaki, Y. (2015). Relationship between maternal parenting style and high school achievement and self–esteem in China, Turkey and USA. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 46(2), 265–288.CrossRef Newman, J., Gozu, H., Guan, S., Lee, J. E., Li, X., & Sasaki, Y. (2015). Relationship between maternal parenting style and high school achievement and self–esteem in China, Turkey and USA. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 46(2), 265–288.CrossRef
go back to reference Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72.PubMedCrossRef Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Quach, A. S., Epstein, N. B., Riley, P. J., Falconier, M. K., & Fang, X. (2015). Effects of parental warmth and academic pressure on anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(1), 106–116.CrossRef Quach, A. S., Epstein, N. B., Riley, P. J., Falconier, M. K., & Fang, X. (2015). Effects of parental warmth and academic pressure on anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(1), 106–116.CrossRef
go back to reference Raboteg-Saric, Z., & Sakic, M. (2014). Relations of parenting styles and friendship quality to self-esteem, life satisfaction and happiness in adolescents. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 749–765.CrossRef Raboteg-Saric, Z., & Sakic, M. (2014). Relations of parenting styles and friendship quality to self-esteem, life satisfaction and happiness in adolescents. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 749–765.CrossRef
go back to reference Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Rubin, M., & Kelly, B. M. (2015). A cross-sectional investigation of parenting style and friendship as mediators of the relation between social class and mental health in a university community. International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1), 1–11.CrossRef Rubin, M., & Kelly, B. M. (2015). A cross-sectional investigation of parenting style and friendship as mediators of the relation between social class and mental health in a university community. International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1), 1–11.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Autonomy and autonomy disturbance in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 385–438). Cambridge University Press. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Autonomy and autonomy disturbance in self-development and psychopathology: Research on motivation, attachment, and clinical process. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 385–438). Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Schaefer, M. T., & Olson, D. H. (1981). Assessing intimacy: The PAIR inventory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7(1), 47–60.CrossRef Schaefer, M. T., & Olson, D. H. (1981). Assessing intimacy: The PAIR inventory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7(1), 47–60.CrossRef
go back to reference Schokker, M. C., Links, T. P., Luttik, M. L., & Hagedoorn, M. (2010). The association between regulatory focus and distress in patients with a chronic disease: The moderating role of partner support. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(1), 63–78.PubMedCrossRef Schokker, M. C., Links, T. P., Luttik, M. L., & Hagedoorn, M. (2010). The association between regulatory focus and distress in patients with a chronic disease: The moderating role of partner support. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(1), 63–78.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Shek, D. T. (2002). The relation of parental quality to psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior in Chinese adolescents with economic disadvantage. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30, 215–230.CrossRef Shek, D. T. (2002). The relation of parental quality to psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior in Chinese adolescents with economic disadvantage. American Journal of Family Therapy, 30, 215–230.CrossRef
go back to reference Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312.CrossRef Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312.CrossRef
go back to reference Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (2017). Autonomy in adolescent development: Towards conceptual clarity. Routledge. Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Van Petegem, S. (2017). Autonomy in adolescent development: Towards conceptual clarity. Routledge.
go back to reference Sorkhabi, N. (2005). Applicability of Baumrind’s parent typology to collective cultures: Analysis of cultural explanations of parent socialization effects. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(6), 552–563.CrossRef Sorkhabi, N. (2005). Applicability of Baumrind’s parent typology to collective cultures: Analysis of cultural explanations of parent socialization effects. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(6), 552–563.CrossRef
go back to reference Sorkhabi, N., & Mandara, J. (2013). Are the effects of Baumrind’s parenting styles culturally specific or culturally equivalent? In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 113–135). American Psychological Association. Sorkhabi, N., & Mandara, J. (2013). Are the effects of Baumrind’s parenting styles culturally specific or culturally equivalent? In R. E. Larzelere, A. S. Morris, & A. W. Harrist (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 113–135). American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Summerville, A., & Roese, N. J. (2008). Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus: A cautionary note. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 247–254.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Summerville, A., & Roese, N. J. (2008). Self-report measures of individual differences in regulatory focus: A cautionary note. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 247–254.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Tan, J. B., & Yates, S. (2011). Academic expectations as sources of stress in Asian students. Social Psychology of Education, 14(3), 389–407.CrossRef Tan, J. B., & Yates, S. (2011). Academic expectations as sources of stress in Asian students. Social Psychology of Education, 14(3), 389–407.CrossRef
go back to reference Tang, J., Li, N., Sandoval, J. R., & Liu, Y. (2018). Parenting styles and academic motivation: A sample from Chinese high schools. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3395–3401.CrossRef Tang, J., Li, N., Sandoval, J. R., & Liu, Y. (2018). Parenting styles and academic motivation: A sample from Chinese high schools. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3395–3401.CrossRef
go back to reference Thériault, J., Otis, J., Hébert, M., Gurreri, S., & Lambert, J. (2019). Exploring the mediating and moderating roles of body-related concerns and social interactions on the association between early puberty and psychological distress in young adult women. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110(5), 606–615.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Thériault, J., Otis, J., Hébert, M., Gurreri, S., & Lambert, J. (2019). Exploring the mediating and moderating roles of body-related concerns and social interactions on the association between early puberty and psychological distress in young adult women. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110(5), 606–615.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Van Vianen, A. E., Klehe, U. C., Koen, J., & Dries, N. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale—Netherlands form: Psychometric properties and relationships to ability, personality, and regulatory focus. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 716–724.CrossRef Van Vianen, A. E., Klehe, U. C., Koen, J., & Dries, N. (2012). Career adapt-abilities scale—Netherlands form: Psychometric properties and relationships to ability, personality, and regulatory focus. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 716–724.CrossRef
go back to reference Waters, T. E. A., Raby, K. L., Ruiz, S. K., Martin, J., & Roisman, G. I. (2018). Adult attachment representations and the quality of romantic and parent–child relationships: An examination of the contributions of coherence of discourse and secure base script knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 54(12), 2371–2381.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Waters, T. E. A., Raby, K. L., Ruiz, S. K., Martin, J., & Roisman, G. I. (2018). Adult attachment representations and the quality of romantic and parent–child relationships: An examination of the contributions of coherence of discourse and secure base script knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 54(12), 2371–2381.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Weijters, B., & Baumgartner, H. (2022). On the use of balanced item parceling to counter acquiescence bias in structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 25(1), 170–180.CrossRef Weijters, B., & Baumgartner, H. (2022). On the use of balanced item parceling to counter acquiescence bias in structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 25(1), 170–180.CrossRef
go back to reference Williams, K. E., & Ciarrochi, J. (2020). Perceived parenting styles and values development: A longitudinal study of adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(2), 541–558.PubMedCrossRef Williams, K. E., & Ciarrochi, J. (2020). Perceived parenting styles and values development: A longitudinal study of adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(2), 541–558.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wu, C.-W., Chen, W.-W., & Jen, C.-H. (2021). Emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parenting and subjective well-being. Journal of Adult Development, 28(2), 106–115.CrossRef Wu, C.-W., Chen, W.-W., & Jen, C.-H. (2021). Emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parenting and subjective well-being. Journal of Adult Development, 28(2), 106–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Xie, Q., Fan, W., Wong, P., & Cheung, F. M. (2016). Personality and parenting style as predictors of life satisfaction among Chinese secondary students. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(3), 423–432.CrossRef Xie, Q., Fan, W., Wong, P., & Cheung, F. M. (2016). Personality and parenting style as predictors of life satisfaction among Chinese secondary students. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(3), 423–432.CrossRef
go back to reference Xu, A., DeFrain, J., & Liu, W. (2016). The Chinese family today. Routledge. Xu, A., DeFrain, J., & Liu, W. (2016). The Chinese family today. Routledge.
go back to reference Yeh, K. H., Yi, C. C., Tsao, W. C., & Wan, P. S. (2013). Filial piety in contemporary Chinese societies: A comparative study of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China. International Sociology, 28(3), 277–296.CrossRef Yeh, K. H., Yi, C. C., Tsao, W. C., & Wan, P. S. (2013). Filial piety in contemporary Chinese societies: A comparative study of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China. International Sociology, 28(3), 277–296.CrossRef
go back to reference Zhai, Y., Liu, K., Zhang, L., Gao, H., Chen, Z., Du, S., Zhang, L., & Guo, Y. (2015). The relationship between post-traumatic symptoms, parenting style, and resilience among adolescents in Liaoning, China: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0141102.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhai, Y., Liu, K., Zhang, L., Gao, H., Chen, Z., Du, S., Zhang, L., & Guo, Y. (2015). The relationship between post-traumatic symptoms, parenting style, and resilience among adolescents in Liaoning, China: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0141102.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Zhang, G., Liang, M., & Liang, Z. (2021). A longitudinal study of the influence of parenting styles on social adjustment of preschool children: Mediating effects of self-control. Psychological Development and Education, 37(6), 800–807. Zhang, G., Liang, M., & Liang, Z. (2021). A longitudinal study of the influence of parenting styles on social adjustment of preschool children: Mediating effects of self-control. Psychological Development and Education, 37(6), 800–807.
go back to reference Zhang, W., Wei, X., Ji, L., Chen, L., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2017). Reconsidering parenting in Chinese culture: Subtypes, stability, and change of maternal parenting style during early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(5), 1117–1136.PubMedCrossRef Zhang, W., Wei, X., Ji, L., Chen, L., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2017). Reconsidering parenting in Chinese culture: Subtypes, stability, and change of maternal parenting style during early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(5), 1117–1136.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ng, T. W., & Lam, S. S. (2019). Promotion- and prevention-focused coping: A meta-analytic examination of regulatory strategies in the work stress process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(10), 1296–1323.PubMedCrossRef Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ng, T. W., & Lam, S. S. (2019). Promotion- and prevention-focused coping: A meta-analytic examination of regulatory strategies in the work stress process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(10), 1296–1323.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zhao, J., & Wang, M. (2010). Relationships among mother’s parenting style and preschoolers’ behavior problems, peer interaction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(5), 664–666. Zhao, J., & Wang, M. (2010). Relationships among mother’s parenting style and preschoolers’ behavior problems, peer interaction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(5), 664–666.
Metagegevens
Titel
Regulatory Focus as a Mediator between Perceived Parenting Style and Friendship Intimacy in Chinese Emerging Adulthood
Auteurs
Wei-Wen Chen
Ziying Wang
Yajun Zhang
Publicatiedatum
28-03-2022
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 7/2022
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02261-w