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Synaptogenesis and Synapse Elimination

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Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

Abstract

Formation of excess synaptic connections at perinatal stage and subsequent elimination of redundant synapses and strengthening of the surviving ones are crucial steps for functional neural circuit formation in developing nervous system. Shortly after birth, excitatory synapses are formed on the somata of Purkinje cells (PCs) from climbing fibers (CFs) that originate from neurons in the inferior olive of the contralateral medulla oblongata. At this developmental stage, each PC is innervated by multiple (around five) CFs with equal strengths. Subsequently, a single CF is selectively strengthened relative to other CFs during the first postnatal week. Then, around postnatal day 9 (P9), only the strongest CF (“winner” CF) starts to extend its innervation to PC dendrites. On the other hand, synapses of the weaker CFs (“loser” CFs) remain on the soma and the most proximal portion of the dendrite, and they are eliminated progressively during the second and the third postnatal weeks. From P6 to P11, the elimination proceeds independently of the formation of the synapses on PC dendrites from parallel fibers (PFs), the other excitatory inputs to PCs. From P12 and thereafter, the elimination of weaker CFs requires normal PF-PC synapse formation and is presumably dependent on the PF synaptic inputs that activate type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) and its downstream signaling in PCs. Most PCs become mono-innervated by single CFs in the third postnatal week. This chapter integrates the current knowledge of synaptogenesis and subsequent synapse elimination at CF to PC connections during postnatal cerebellar development.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported in part by the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences (Development of Biomarker Candidates for Social Behavior), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 21220006 (M.K.) and 19100005 (M.W.), and the Global COE Program (Integrative Life Science Based on the Study of Biosignaling Mechanisms) from MEXT, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan

    Prof. Masanobu Kano M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan

    Dr. Masahiko Watanabe

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  1. Prof. Masanobu Kano M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Dr. Masahiko Watanabe
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Correspondence to Masanobu Kano M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Unité d'Etude du Mouvement (UEM), FNRS, Neurologie ULB Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Mario Manto

  2. Ataxia Unit, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  3. Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy

    Ferdinando Rossi

  4. Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND), The Scripps Research Institute, California, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  5. Department of Integrative Physiolgy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

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Kano, M., Watanabe, M. (2013). Synaptogenesis and Synapse Elimination. In: Manto, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Rossi, F., Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N. (eds) Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_14

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