Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3/2015

01-03-2015 | Original Paper

Reducing the Need for Personal Supports Among Workers with Autism Using an iPod Touch as an Assistive Technology: Delayed Randomized Control Trial

Auteurs: Tony Gentry, Richard Kriner, Adam Sima, Jennifer McDonough, Paul Wehman

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 3/2015

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are versatile task organizers that hold promise as assistive technologies for people with cognitive-behavioral challenges. This delayed randomized controlled trial compared two groups of adult workers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to determine whether the use of an Apple iPod Touch PDA as a vocational support improves work performance and reduces personal support needs on the job. Baseline data were collected on 50 adults with ASD who were beginning a vocational placement supported by a job coach. Participants were randomized to receive training in the use of a PDA as a vocational aid upon starting their job or after working 12 weeks without PDA support. Workers who received PDA training at the beginning of their job placement required significantly less hours of job coaching support (p = 0.013) during their first 12 weeks on the job than those who had not yet received the intervention. Functional performance between the two groups was not significantly different. The significant difference in hours of job coaching support persisted during the subsequent 12 weeks, in which both groups used a PDA (p = 0.017).
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Achmadi, D., Kagohara, D. M., van der Meer, L., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., Sutherland, D., et al. (2012). Teaching advanced operation of an iPod-based speech-generating device to two students with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(4), 1258–1264.CrossRef Achmadi, D., Kagohara, D. M., van der Meer, L., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., Sutherland, D., et al. (2012). Teaching advanced operation of an iPod-based speech-generating device to two students with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(4), 1258–1264.CrossRef
go back to reference Allen, K. D., Wallace, D. P., Renes, D., Bowen, S. L., & Burke, R. V. (2010a). Community-based vocational instruction using videotaped modeling for young adults with autism spectrum disorders performing in air-inflated mascots. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 25(3), 186–192.CrossRef Allen, K. D., Wallace, D. P., Renes, D., Bowen, S. L., & Burke, R. V. (2010a). Community-based vocational instruction using videotaped modeling for young adults with autism spectrum disorders performing in air-inflated mascots. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 25(3), 186–192.CrossRef
go back to reference Allen, K. D., Wallace, D. P., Renes, D., Bowen, S. L., & Burkey, R. V. (2010b). Use of video modeling to teach vocational skills to adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Education and Treatment of Children, 33(3), 339–349.CrossRef Allen, K. D., Wallace, D. P., Renes, D., Bowen, S. L., & Burkey, R. V. (2010b). Use of video modeling to teach vocational skills to adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Education and Treatment of Children, 33(3), 339–349.CrossRef
go back to reference Assistive Technology Act of 1998, as amended, PL 108-364, Section 3, 118 stat 1707 (2004). Assistive Technology Act of 1998, as amended, PL 108-364, Section 3, 118 stat 1707 (2004).
go back to reference Baio, J. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(SS02), 1–21. Baio, J. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(SS02), 1–21.
go back to reference Barnhill, G. P. (2007). Outcomes in adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 116–126.CrossRef Barnhill, G. P. (2007). Outcomes in adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 116–126.CrossRef
go back to reference Bellini, S., & Akullian, J. (2007). A meta-analysis of video modeling and video self-modeling interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 73(3), 264–287.CrossRef Bellini, S., & Akullian, J. (2007). A meta-analysis of video modeling and video self-modeling interventions for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 73(3), 264–287.CrossRef
go back to reference Bereznak, S., Ayres, K. M., Mechling, L., & Alexander, J. L. (2012). Video self-prompting and mobile technology to increase daily living and vocational independence for students with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 269–285.CrossRef Bereznak, S., Ayres, K. M., Mechling, L., & Alexander, J. L. (2012). Video self-prompting and mobile technology to increase daily living and vocational independence for students with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 269–285.CrossRef
go back to reference Bolte, S., Golan, O., Goodwin, M. S., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2010). What can innovative technologies do for autism spectrum disorders? Autism, 14(3), 155–159.CrossRefPubMed Bolte, S., Golan, O., Goodwin, M. S., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2010). What can innovative technologies do for autism spectrum disorders? Autism, 14(3), 155–159.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Borg, J., Larrson, S., & Ostergren, P. (2011). The right to assistive technology: For whom, for what, and by whom? Disability & Society, 26(2), 151–167.CrossRef Borg, J., Larrson, S., & Ostergren, P. (2011). The right to assistive technology: For whom, for what, and by whom? Disability & Society, 26(2), 151–167.CrossRef
go back to reference Boyd, B. A., McDonough, S. G., & Bodfish, J. W. (2012). Evidence-based behavioral interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1236–1248.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Boyd, B. A., McDonough, S. G., & Bodfish, J. W. (2012). Evidence-based behavioral interventions for repetitive behaviors in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1236–1248.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Burke, V. B., Allen, K. D., Howard, M. R., Downey, D., Matz, M. G., & Bowen, S. L. (2013). Tablet-based video modeling and prompting in the workplace for individuals with autism. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 38(1), 1–14. Burke, V. B., Allen, K. D., Howard, M. R., Downey, D., Matz, M. G., & Bowen, S. L. (2013). Tablet-based video modeling and prompting in the workplace for individuals with autism. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 38(1), 1–14.
go back to reference Capo, L. C. (2001). Autism, employment and the role of occupational therapy. A Journal of Prevention, Assessment, and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 201–207. Capo, L. C. (2001). Autism, employment and the role of occupational therapy. A Journal of Prevention, Assessment, and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 201–207.
go back to reference Chen, S. H. A., & Bernard-Optiz, V. (1993). Comparison of personal and computer-assisted instruction for children with autism. Mental Retardation, 31, 368–376.PubMed Chen, S. H. A., & Bernard-Optiz, V. (1993). Comparison of personal and computer-assisted instruction for children with autism. Mental Retardation, 31, 368–376.PubMed
go back to reference Cihak, D. F., Fahrenkrog, C., Ayres, K. M., & Smith, C. (2010). The use of video modeling via a video iPod and a system of least prompts to improve transitional behaviors for students with autism spectrum disorders in the general education classroom. Journal of Positive Behavior Intervention, 12(2), 103–115.CrossRef Cihak, D. F., Fahrenkrog, C., Ayres, K. M., & Smith, C. (2010). The use of video modeling via a video iPod and a system of least prompts to improve transitional behaviors for students with autism spectrum disorders in the general education classroom. Journal of Positive Behavior Intervention, 12(2), 103–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Cihak, D. F., Kessler, & Alberto, P. (2008). Use of a handheld prompting system to transition independently through vocational tasks for students with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43(1), 102–110. Cihak, D. F., Kessler, & Alberto, P. (2008). Use of a handheld prompting system to transition independently through vocational tasks for students with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43(1), 102–110.
go back to reference Cimera, R. E. (2012). The economics of supported employment: What new data tells us. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37(2), 109–117. Cimera, R. E. (2012). The economics of supported employment: What new data tells us. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37(2), 109–117.
go back to reference Cimera, R. E., & Cowan, R. J. (2009). The costs of services and employment outcomes achieved by adults with autism in the U.S. Autism, 13(3), 285–302.CrossRefPubMed Cimera, R. E., & Cowan, R. J. (2009). The costs of services and employment outcomes achieved by adults with autism in the U.S. Autism, 13(3), 285–302.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cook, A. M., & Polgar, J. M. (2008). Cook and Hussey’s assistive technologies: Principles and practice (pp. 34–52). St. Louis: Mosby. Cook, A. M., & Polgar, J. M. (2008). Cook and Hussey’s assistive technologies: Principles and practice (pp. 34–52). St. Louis: Mosby.
go back to reference Dijkers, M. (1991). Scoring CHART: Survey and sensitivity analysis. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, 14, 85–86. Dijkers, M. (1991). Scoring CHART: Survey and sensitivity analysis. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, 14, 85–86.
go back to reference Furniss, F., Ward, A., Lancioni, G., Rocha, N., Cunha, B., Seedhouse, P., et al. (1999). A palmtop-based job aid for workers with severe intellectual disabilities. Technology and Disability, 10(1), 53–67. Furniss, F., Ward, A., Lancioni, G., Rocha, N., Cunha, B., Seedhouse, P., et al. (1999). A palmtop-based job aid for workers with severe intellectual disabilities. Technology and Disability, 10(1), 53–67.
go back to reference Gentry, T. (2008). Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for people with multiple sclerosis. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(1), 18–27.CrossRefPubMed Gentry, T. (2008). Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for people with multiple sclerosis. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(1), 18–27.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., & Kriner, R. (2012). The Apple iPod Touch as a vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37, 75–85. Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., & Kriner, R. (2012). The Apple iPod Touch as a vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37, 75–85.
go back to reference Gentry, T., Wallace, J., Kvarfordt, C., & Lynch, K. B. (2008). Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for individuals with severe traumatic brain injury: A community-based trial. Brain Injury, 22(1), 19–24.CrossRefPubMed Gentry, T., Wallace, J., Kvarfordt, C., & Lynch, K. B. (2008). Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for individuals with severe traumatic brain injury: A community-based trial. Brain Injury, 22(1), 19–24.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gentry, T., Wallace, J., Kvarfordt, C., & Lynch, K. B. (2010). Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for high school students with autism: Results of a community-based trial. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 101–107. Gentry, T., Wallace, J., Kvarfordt, C., & Lynch, K. B. (2010). Personal digital assistants as cognitive aids for high school students with autism: Results of a community-based trial. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 101–107.
go back to reference Hall, K. M., Dijkers, M., Whiteneck, G. G., Brooks, C. A., & Krause, J. S. (1998). The Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique (CHART): Metric properties and scoring. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 4(1), 16–30.CrossRef Hall, K. M., Dijkers, M., Whiteneck, G. G., Brooks, C. A., & Krause, J. S. (1998). The Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique (CHART): Metric properties and scoring. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 4(1), 16–30.CrossRef
go back to reference Hendricks, D. R., & Wehman, P. (2009). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Review and recommendations. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 24(2), 77–88.CrossRef Hendricks, D. R., & Wehman, P. (2009). Transition from school to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Review and recommendations. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 24(2), 77–88.CrossRef
go back to reference Hurlbutt, K., & Chalmers, L. (2004). Employment and adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(4), 215–222.CrossRef Hurlbutt, K., & Chalmers, L. (2004). Employment and adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(4), 215–222.CrossRef
go back to reference Jaeger, P. T. (2012). Disability and the internet: Confronting a digital divide (pp. 12–14). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Jaeger, P. T. (2012). Disability and the internet: Confronting a digital divide (pp. 12–14). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
go back to reference Kellems, R. O., & Morningstar, M. E. (2012). Using video modeling delivered through iPods to teach vocational tasks to young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 35(3), 155–167.CrossRef Kellems, R. O., & Morningstar, M. E. (2012). Using video modeling delivered through iPods to teach vocational tasks to young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 35(3), 155–167.CrossRef
go back to reference Kuppens, S., Bossaert, G., Buntinx, W., Molleman, C., Van den Abbeele, A., & Maes, B. (2010). Factorial validity of the supports intensity scale (SIS). American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(4), 327–339.CrossRefPubMed Kuppens, S., Bossaert, G., Buntinx, W., Molleman, C., Van den Abbeele, A., & Maes, B. (2010). Factorial validity of the supports intensity scale (SIS). American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(4), 327–339.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Macdonald, S. J., & Clayton, J. (2013). Back to the future: Disability and the digital divide. Disability & Society, 28(5), 25–37.CrossRef Macdonald, S. J., & Clayton, J. (2013). Back to the future: Disability and the digital divide. Disability & Society, 28(5), 25–37.CrossRef
go back to reference Matson, J. L., & Rivet, T. T. (2008). Characteristics of challenging behaviors in adults with autistic disorder. PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 33(4), 323–329.CrossRef Matson, J. L., & Rivet, T. T. (2008). Characteristics of challenging behaviors in adults with autistic disorder. PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 33(4), 323–329.CrossRef
go back to reference McDonough, J. T., & Revell, G. (2010). Accessing employment supports in the adult system for transitioning youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 89–100. McDonough, J. T., & Revell, G. (2010). Accessing employment supports in the adult system for transitioning youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 89–100.
go back to reference Mechling, L. C., Gast, D. L., & Seid, N. H. (2009). Using a personal digital assistant to increase task completion by students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(10), 1420–1434.CrossRefPubMed Mechling, L. C., Gast, D. L., & Seid, N. H. (2009). Using a personal digital assistant to increase task completion by students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(10), 1420–1434.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Myles, B. S., Ferguson, H., & Hagiwara, T. (2007). Using a personal digital assistant to improve the recording of homework assignments by an adolescent with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 96–99.CrossRef Myles, B. S., Ferguson, H., & Hagiwara, T. (2007). Using a personal digital assistant to improve the recording of homework assignments by an adolescent with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 96–99.CrossRef
go back to reference Oriani, M., Moniz-Cook, E., Binetti, G., Zanieri, G., Frisoni, G. B., & Geroldi, C. (2003). An electronic memory aid to support prospective memory in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease: A pilot study. Aging Mental Health, 7(1), 22–27.CrossRefPubMed Oriani, M., Moniz-Cook, E., Binetti, G., Zanieri, G., Frisoni, G. B., & Geroldi, C. (2003). An electronic memory aid to support prospective memory in patients in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease: A pilot study. Aging Mental Health, 7(1), 22–27.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. A. (2008). Teaching students with autism spectrum disorders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. A. (2008). Teaching students with autism spectrum disorders. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
go back to reference Ploog, B. O., Scharf, A., Nelson, D., & Brooks, P. J. (2013). Use of computer-assisted technologies (CAT) to enhance social, communicative, and language development in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 301–322.CrossRefPubMed Ploog, B. O., Scharf, A., Nelson, D., & Brooks, P. J. (2013). Use of computer-assisted technologies (CAT) to enhance social, communicative, and language development in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 301–322.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Segal, M. E., & Schall, R. R. (1995). Assessing handicap of stroke survivors: A validation study of the Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74(4), 276–286.CrossRefPubMed Segal, M. E., & Schall, R. R. (1995). Assessing handicap of stroke survivors: A validation study of the Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 74(4), 276–286.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Shattuck, P. T., Narendorf, S. C., Cooper, B., Sterzing, P. R., Wagner, M., & Taylor, J. L. (2012). Postsecondary education and employment among youth with an autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 129(6), 1042–1049.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Shattuck, P. T., Narendorf, S. C., Cooper, B., Sterzing, P. R., Wagner, M., & Taylor, J. L. (2012). Postsecondary education and employment among youth with an autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 129(6), 1042–1049.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Simons, D., & Gentry, T. (2012). A pilot study of the Apple iPod Touch as a cognitive-behavioral aid for adults with mental illness. Virginia Occupational Therapy Conference, Wintergreen, VA. Simons, D., & Gentry, T. (2012). A pilot study of the Apple iPod Touch as a cognitive-behavioral aid for adults with mental illness. Virginia Occupational Therapy Conference, Wintergreen, VA.
go back to reference Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566–574.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566–574.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
go back to reference Thompson, J. R., Bryant, B. R., Campbell, E. M., Craig, E. M., Campbell, E. M., Hughes, C., et al. (2004). Supports intensity scale. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation. Thompson, J. R., Bryant, B. R., Campbell, E. M., Craig, E. M., Campbell, E. M., Hughes, C., et al. (2004). Supports intensity scale. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
go back to reference Thompson, J. R., Tasse, M. J., & McLaughlin, C. A. (2008). Interrater reliability of the supports intensity scale. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 113(3), 231–237.CrossRefPubMed Thompson, J. R., Tasse, M. J., & McLaughlin, C. A. (2008). Interrater reliability of the supports intensity scale. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 113(3), 231–237.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Virginia Department of Aging and Rehabilitative Services. (2009). Employee performance evaluation report. Richmond, VA: VDARS. Virginia Department of Aging and Rehabilitative Services. (2009). Employee performance evaluation report. Richmond, VA: VDARS.
go back to reference Wehman, P., Schall, C., McDonough, J., Molinelli, A., Riehle, E., Ham, W., et al. (2013). Project SEARCH for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Increasing competitive employment on transition from high school. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(3), 144–155.CrossRef Wehman, P., Schall, C., McDonough, J., Molinelli, A., Riehle, E., Ham, W., et al. (2013). Project SEARCH for youth with autism spectrum disorders: Increasing competitive employment on transition from high school. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(3), 144–155.CrossRef
go back to reference Wehmeyer, M., Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R., & Tasse, M. J. (2009). Efficacy of the supports intensity scale (SIS) to predict extraordinary support needs. American Journal on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 114(1), 3–14.CrossRef Wehmeyer, M., Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R., & Tasse, M. J. (2009). Efficacy of the supports intensity scale (SIS) to predict extraordinary support needs. American Journal on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 114(1), 3–14.CrossRef
go back to reference Wehmeyer, M. L., & Webb, K. W. (2012). Handbook of adolescent transition education for youth with disabilities. New York: Routledge. Wehmeyer, M. L., & Webb, K. W. (2012). Handbook of adolescent transition education for youth with disabilities. New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Weiss, J. A., Lunsky, Y., Tasse, M. J., & Durbin, J. (2009). Support for the construct validity of the supports intensity scale based on clinician ranking of need. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(5), 933–941.CrossRefPubMed Weiss, J. A., Lunsky, Y., Tasse, M. J., & Durbin, J. (2009). Support for the construct validity of the supports intensity scale based on clinician ranking of need. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(5), 933–941.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Whiteneck, G. G., Brooks, C. A., Charlifue, S., Gerhart, K. A., Melick, D., & Overholser, D. (1992a). Guide for the use of the CHART: Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique. Englewood, CO: Craig Hospital. Whiteneck, G. G., Brooks, C. A., Charlifue, S., Gerhart, K. A., Melick, D., & Overholser, D. (1992a). Guide for the use of the CHART: Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique. Englewood, CO: Craig Hospital.
go back to reference Whiteneck, G. G., Charlifue, S., Gerhart, K. A., Overholser, D., & Richardson, G. N. (1992b). Quantifying handicap: A new measure of long-term rehabilitation outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(6), 519–526.PubMed Whiteneck, G. G., Charlifue, S., Gerhart, K. A., Overholser, D., & Richardson, G. N. (1992b). Quantifying handicap: A new measure of long-term rehabilitation outcomes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(6), 519–526.PubMed
go back to reference Williams, C., Wright, B., Callaghan, G., & Coughlan, B. (2002). Do children with autism learn to read more readily by computer assisted instruction or traditional book methods? Autism, 6(1), 71–91.CrossRefPubMed Williams, C., Wright, B., Callaghan, G., & Coughlan, B. (2002). Do children with autism learn to read more readily by computer assisted instruction or traditional book methods? Autism, 6(1), 71–91.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Metagegevens
Titel
Reducing the Need for Personal Supports Among Workers with Autism Using an iPod Touch as an Assistive Technology: Delayed Randomized Control Trial
Auteurs
Tony Gentry
Richard Kriner
Adam Sima
Jennifer McDonough
Paul Wehman
Publicatiedatum
01-03-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 3/2015
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2221-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2015

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3/2015 Naar de uitgave