Top

Gepubliceerd in:

25-10-2023 | Original Paper

Reciprocal Associations between Maternal Behaviors and Children’s Self-Regulation during the Transition from Early to Middle Childhood

Auteurs: Qingyang Liu, Gabriel J. Merrin, Rachel A. Razza

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2024

Abstract

Developmental systems theories highlight the importance of understanding the bidirectional associations between parenting behaviors and children’s development. The current study examined the longitudinal and reciprocal links between two key parenting processes (i.e., maternal warmth and maternal harshness) and children’s self-regulation across early and middle childhood. Data were drawn from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study when the children were ages 3, 5, and 9. Participants included 3,821 mother-child dyads from socioeconomic and racially/ethnically diverse backgrounds (50.45% African American, 26.21% Hispanic American, 20.09% White, and 3.25% other race/ethnicity). Latent Cross-Lagged Panel Models using the weighted least squares means and variance adjusted estimator were conducted across three waves. Results demonstrated significant bidirectional associations in middle childhood, such that maternal warmth at age 5 predicted children’s self-regulation at age 9, and children’s self-regulation at age 5 predicted maternal warmth at age 9. Child-driven effects were detected in early childhood, such that children’s lower levels of self-regulation at age 3 were associated with lower levels of maternal warmth and higher levels of maternal harsh parenting at age 5. The child-driven effect was also found in middle childhood for maternal harsh parenting. Findings support the transactional framework, suggesting a reciprocal association between parenting and child behaviors between early and middle childhood. Implications for holistic parental educational intervention programs are discussed.

vorige artikel Maternal Processes Contributing to Child Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Comparing Military, Two-parent, and Single-parent Families

volgende artikel Meta-Emotion and Emotion Socialization by Mothers of Preschoolers During Storytelling Tasks

Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Ratings of relations between DSM-IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL/6-18, TRF, and YSR. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, 1–9

Ametti, M. R., Crehan, E. T., O’Loughlin, K., Schreck, M. C., Dube, S. L., Potter, A. S., Sigmon, S. C., & Althoff, R. R. (2022). Frustration, cognition, and psychophysiology in dysregulated children: a research domain criteria approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(6), 796–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.033.CrossRef

Awada, S. R., & Shelleby, E. C. (2021). Bidirectional Associations between Child Conduct Problems and Parenting Practices in Early Childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(11), 2705–2717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02104-0.CrossRef

Baron, A., & Malmberg, L.-E. (2019). A vicious or auspicious cycle: The reciprocal relation between harsh parental discipline and children’s self-regulation. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16(3), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1399875.CrossRef

Bendel-Stenzel, L. C., An, D., & Kochanska, G. (2022). Infants’ attachment security and children’s self-regulation within and outside the parent–child relationship at kindergarten age: Distinct paths for children varying in anger proneness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105433.

Bendheim-Thoman Center for Research and Wellbeing & Columbia Population Research Center. (2018). User’s Guide for the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Public Data, Year 3. Princeton: Office of Population Research, Princeton University. https://ffcws.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf4356/files/documents/year_3_guide_0.pdf.

Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., Carlson, S. M., & Lalonde, G. (2015). A secure base from which to regulate: Attachment security in toddlerhood as a predictor of executive functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1177–1189. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000032.CrossRefPubMed

Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015). School readiness and self-regulation: a developmental psychobiological approach. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 711–731. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221.CrossRefPubMed

Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007). Relating Effortful Control, Executive Function, and False Belief Understanding to Emerging Math and Literacy Ability in Kindergarten. Child Development, 78(2), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x.CrossRefPubMed

Bohlmann, N. L., Maier, M. F., & Palacios, N. (2015). Bidirectionality in self‐regulation and expressive vocabulary: Comparisons between monolingual and dual language learners in preschool. Child Development, 86(4), 1094–1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12375.CrossRefPubMed

Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. M. (1977). Home observation for measurement of the environment: A validation study of screening efficiency. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 81(5), 417–420.PubMed

Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. M. (1979). Home observation for measurement of the environment: A revision of the preschool scale. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84(3), 235–244.PubMed

Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. M. (1984). The HOME Inventory and family demographics. Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.315.CrossRef

Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., McAdoo, H. P., & Garcia Coll, C. (2001). The Home Environments of Children in the United States Part I: Variations by Age, Ethnicity, and Poverty Status. Child Development, 72(6), 1844–1867. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00382.CrossRefPubMed

Bridgett, D. J., Ganiban, J. M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2018). Contributions of mothers’ and fathers’ parenting to children’s self-regulation: Evidence from an adoption study. Developmental Science, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12692.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical Models of Human Development (pp. 993–1028). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Calkins, S., & Leerkes, E. (2004). Early attachment processes and the development of emotional self-regulation. In K. D. Vohs & R. F. Baumeister. (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (pp. 324–339).

Cecil, C. A. M., Barker, E. D., Jaffee, S. R., & Viding, E. (2012). Association between maladaptive parenting and child self-control over time: Cross-lagged study using a monozygotic twin difference design. British Journal of Psychiatry, 201(4), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107581.CrossRef

Choi, J., & Becher, E. H. (2019). Supportive coparenting, parenting stress, harsh parenting, and child behavior problems in nonmarital families. Family Process, 58(2), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12373.CrossRefPubMed

Colman, R. A., Hardy, S. A., Albert, M., Raffaelli, M., & Crockett, L. (2006). Early predictors of self-regulation in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 15(4), 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.469.CrossRef

Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x.CrossRefPubMed

Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., Way, E., Mincic, M., Zinsser, K., & Graling, K. (2012). Preschoolers’ emotion knowledge: Self-regulatory foundations, and predictions of early school success. Cognition & Emotion, 26(4), 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.602049.CrossRef

Deutz, M. H. F., Vossen, H. G. M., De Haan, A. D., Deković, M., Van Baar, A. L., & Prinzie, P. (2018). Normative development of the Child Behavior Checklist Dysregulation Profile from early childhood to adolescence: Associations with personality pathology. Development and Psychopathology, 30(2), 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000955.CrossRefPubMed

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.CrossRefPubMed

Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t15145-000.

Eiden, R. D., Edwards, E. P., & Leonard, K. E. (2007). A conceptual model for the development of externalizing behavior problems among kindergarten children of alcoholic families: Role of parenting and children’s self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1187–1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1187.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions: longitudinal relations to quality of children’s social functioning. Child Development, 70(2), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00037.CrossRefPubMed

Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., & Cumberland, A. (2003). The relations of parenting, effortful control, and ego control to children’s emotional expressivity. Child Development, 74(3), 875–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00573.CrossRefPubMed

Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three‐wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76(5), 1055–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00897.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Feng, X., Shaw, D. S., Kovacs, M., Lane, T., O’Rourke, F. E., & Alarcon, J. H. (2007). Emotion regulation in preschoolers: The roles of behavioral inhibition, maternal affective behavior, and maternal depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(2), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01828.x.CrossRef

Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889.CrossRefPubMed

Hong, Y. R., & Park, J. S. (2012). Impact of attachment, temperament and parenting on human development. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 55(12), 449 https://doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2012.55.12.449.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H.-U. (1998). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview short-form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 7(4), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.47.CrossRef

Klein, M. R., Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F., Moran, L., Ruberry, E. J., Kiff, C., & Zalewski, M. (2018). Bidirectional relations between temperament and parenting predicting preschool-age children’s adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1169537.CrossRef

Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199.CrossRef

Lam, C. B., Chung, K. K. H., & Li, X. (2018). Parental Warmth and Hostility and Child Executive Function Problems: A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Families. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1063 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01063.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lerner, R. M. (1996). Relative plasticity, integration, temporality, and diversity in human development: A developmental contextual perspective about theory, process, and method. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 781–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.781.CrossRef

Lobo, F. M., & Lunkenheimer, E. (2020). Understanding the parent-child coregulation patterns shaping child self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 56(6), 1121–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000926.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Low, S. M., & Stocker, C. (2005). Family functioning and children’s adjustment: associations among parents’ depressed mood, marital hostility, parent-child hostility, and children’s adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(3), 394–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.3.394.CrossRefPubMed

Lucassen, N., Kok, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., Lambregtse-Van Den Berg, M. P., & Tiemeier, H. (2015). Executive functions in early childhood: The role of maternal and paternal parenting practices. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12112.CrossRefPubMed

Lunkenheimer, E., Kemp, C. J., Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Cole, P. M., & Albrecht, E. C. (2017). Assessing biobehavioural self-regulation and coregulation in early childhood: the parent-child challenge task: the parent-child challenge task. Infant and Child Development, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1965.CrossRef

MacKenzie, M. J., Nicklas, E., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2012). Corporal punishment and child behavioural and cognitive outcomes through 5 years of age: Evidence from a contemporary urban birth cohort study. Infant and Child Development, 21(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.758.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McClelland, M. M., & Cameron, C. E. (2011). Self-regulation and academic achievement in elementary school children. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 133, 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.302.CrossRef

McClelland, M., Ponitz, C. C., Messersmith, E. E., & Tominey, S. (2010). Self-regulation: Integration of cognition and emotion. In W. F. Overton & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), The Handbook of Life-Span Development, Vol. 1. Cognition, Biology, and Methods (pp. 509–553). John Wiley & Sons

Merz, E. C., Landry, S. H., Montroy, J. J., & Williams, J. M. (2017). Bidirectional associations between parental responsiveness and executive function during early childhood: parenting and executive function. Social Development, 26(3), 591–609. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12204.CrossRefPubMed

Moilanen, K. L., Rasmussen, K. E., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Bidirectional associations between self-regulation and parenting styles in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12125.CrossRef

Morawska, A., Dittman, C. K., & Rusby, J. C. (2019). Promoting self-regulation in young children: the role of parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00281-5.CrossRefPubMed

Mulder, J. D., & Hamaker, E. L. (2021). Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(4), 638–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2020.1784738.CrossRef

Neppl, T. K., Jeon, S., Diggs, O., & Donnellan, M. B. (2020). Positive parenting, effortful control, and developmental outcomes across early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 444–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000874.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Olson, S. L., & Lunkenheimer, E. (2009). Expanding concepts of self-regulation to social relationships: Transactional processes in the development of early behavioral adjustment. In A. J. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (1st ed, pp. 55–76). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11877-004

Pallini, S., Chirumbolo, A., Morelli, M., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Eisenberg, N. (2018). The relation of attachment security status to effortful self-regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 144(5), 501–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000134.CrossRefPubMed

Parke, R. D.(2002). Punishment Revisited—Science, values, and the right question: comment on gershoff. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 596–601..

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 12(3), 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400003096.CrossRef

Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2009). Toward a physical basis of attention and self-regulation. Physics of Life Reviews, 6(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2009.02.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Priel, A., Zeev-Wolf, M., Djalovski, A., & Feldman, R. (2020). Maternal depression impairs child emotion understanding and executive functions: The role of dysregulated maternal care across the first decade of life. Emotion, 20(6), 1042–1058. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000614.CrossRefPubMed

Putnam, S., Sanson, A. V., & Rothbart, M. K. (2002). Child Temperament and Parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting: Volume I: Children and Parenting. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Ravindran, N., McElwain, N. L., Berry, D., & Kramer, L. (2022). Dynamic fluctuations in maternal cardiac vagal tone moderate moment-to-moment associations between children’s negative behavior and maternal emotional support. Developmental Psychology, 58(2), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001299.CrossRefPubMed

Razza, R. A., Martin, A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Associations among family environment, sustained attention, and school readiness for low-income children. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1528–1542. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020389.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reichman, N. E., Teitler, J. O., Garfinkel, I., & McLanahan, S. S. (2001). Fragile families: Sample and design. Children and Youth Services Review, 23(4–5), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-7409(01)00141-4.CrossRef

Rothbart, M., & Bates, J. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 3: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (pp. 99–166). Wiley

Sameroff, A. (1975). Transactional models in early social relations. Human Development, 18, 65–79.CrossRef

Sameroff, A. (2009a). The transactional model. In A. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other. (pp. 3–21). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11877-001

Sameroff, A. J. (2009b). Conceptual issues in studying the development of self-regulation. In S. L. Olson & A. J. Sameroff (Eds.), Biopsychosocial Regulatory Processes in the Development of Childhood Behavioral Problems (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575877

Sameroff, A., & Mackenzie, M. J. (2003). Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible. Development and Psychopathology, 15(3), 613–640. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579403000312.CrossRefPubMed

Slot, P. L., & Von Suchodoletz, A. (2018). Bidirectionality in preschool children’s executive functions and language skills: Is one developing skill the better predictor of the other? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 42, 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.10.005

Spiegel, J. A., Lonigan, C. J., & Phillips, B. M. (2017). Factor structure and utility of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool Version. Psychological Assessment, 29(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000324.CrossRefPubMed

Svetina, D., Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2020). Multiple-group invariance with categorical outcomes using updated guidelines: an illustration using M plus and the lavaan/semTools Packages. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1602776.CrossRef

Totsika, V., & Sylva, K. (2004). The home observation for measurement of the environment revisited. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-357X.2003.00073.x.CrossRefPubMed

Von Suchodoletz, A., Trommsdorff, G., & Heikamp, T. (2011). Linking maternal warmth and responsiveness to children’s self‐regulation. Social Development, 20(3), 486–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00588.x.CrossRef

Waller, R., Gardner, F., Viding, E., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Hyde, L. W. (2014). Bidirectional associations between parental warmth, callous unemotional behavior, and behavior problems in high-risk preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(8), 1275–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9871-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Watters, E. R., & Wojciak, A. S. (2020). Childhood abuse and internalizing symptoms: Exploring mediating & moderating role of attachment, competency, and self-regulation. Children and Youth Services Review, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105305

Williams, K. E., & Berthelsen, D. (2017). The development of prosocial behaviour in early childhood: contributions of early parenting and self-regulation. International Journal of Early Childhood, 49(1), 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-017-0185-5.CrossRef

Wu, H., & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika, 81(4), 1014–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-016-9506-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012). Commonalities and differences in the research on children’s effortful control and executive function: A call for an integrated model of self‐regulation. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x.CrossRef

Titel: Reciprocal Associations between Maternal Behaviors and Children’s Self-Regulation during the Transition from Early to Middle Childhood
Auteurs: Qingyang Liu
Gabriel J. Merrin
Rachel A. Razza
Publicatiedatum: 25-10-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2024
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02703-z

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2024

Maternal Processes Contributing to Child Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: Comparing Military, Two-parent, and Single-parent Families

Original Paper

Knowing Your Child’s Mind and Its Relationship with Theory of Mind Acquisition

Original Paper

Meta-Emotion and Emotion Socialization by Mothers of Preschoolers During Storytelling Tasks

Original Paper

The Impact of COVID on Early Intervention Parenting Support for Mothers in Recovery from Substance Use Disorder

Original Paper

Maternal Subjective Wellbeing and the Cognitive and Socioemotional Outcomes of 3- to 4-Year-Old Children in Nigeria

Original Paper

Author Correction: Differential Effects of an Early Childhood Care Preventive Intervention Program on Behavior and Emotional Problems

Open Access
Author Correction