Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

12-07-2018 | Original Article

Reasons for Living Among U.S. Army Personnel Thinking About Suicide

Auteurs: Craig J. Bryan, D. Nicolas Oakey, Julia A. Harris

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2018

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Reasons for living are associated with reduced suicide risk, but have not received much empirical attention among U.S. military personnel, a population with elevated suicide risk. The present study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Brief Reasons for Living Inventory (BRFLI) in a clinical sample of 97 treatment-seeking Army personnel with recent suicide ideation and/or a history of suicide attempts. Results supported a five-factor structure for the BRFLI. Each factor had good internal consistency (ω’s > 0.94) and demonstrated convergent and divergent validity. Survival and coping beliefs and responsibility to family subscale scores were negatively correlated with recent suicidal thinking. Responsibility to family subscale scores were associated with significantly reduced risk of suicide attempts during follow-up. BRFLI subscale scores showed little to no clinical responsivity following intervention. Results suggest survival and coping beliefs and responsibility to family may be protective for high-risk military personnel.
Literatuur
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Berchick, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 190.CrossRef Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Berchick, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 190.CrossRef
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for the beck hopelessness scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for the beck hopelessness scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory—II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory—II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Bryan, C. J. (2011). The clinical utility of a brief measure of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness for the detection of suicidal military personnel. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 981–992.CrossRef Bryan, C. J. (2011). The clinical utility of a brief measure of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness for the detection of suicidal military personnel. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 981–992.CrossRef
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., & Clemans, T. A. (2013). Repetitive traumatic brain injury, psychological symptoms, and suicide risk in a clinical sample of deployed military personnel. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(7), 686–691.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., & Clemans, T. A. (2013). Repetitive traumatic brain injury, psychological symptoms, and suicide risk in a clinical sample of deployed military personnel. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(7), 686–691.CrossRef
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., Cerel, J., & Bryan, A. O. (2017). Exposure to suicide is associated with increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among National Guard military personnel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 12–19.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., Cerel, J., & Bryan, A. O. (2017). Exposure to suicide is associated with increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among National Guard military personnel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 12–19.CrossRef
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., Gonzales, J., Rudd, M. D., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., Ray-Sannerud, B., Wertenberger, E., Leeson, B., Heron, E. A., Morrow, C. E., & Etienne, N. (2015). Depression mediates the relation of insomnia severity with suicide risk in three clinical samples of U.S. Military Personnel. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 647–655. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22383.CrossRefPubMed Bryan, C. J., Gonzales, J., Rudd, M. D., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., Ray-Sannerud, B., Wertenberger, E., Leeson, B., Heron, E. A., Morrow, C. E., & Etienne, N. (2015). Depression mediates the relation of insomnia severity with suicide risk in three clinical samples of U.S. Military Personnel. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 647–655. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​da.​22383.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., Griffith, J. E., Pace, B. T., Hinkson, K., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). Combat exposure and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among military personnel and veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45, 633–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12163.CrossRefPubMed Bryan, C. J., Griffith, J. E., Pace, B. T., Hinkson, K., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). Combat exposure and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among military personnel and veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45, 633–649. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​sltb.​12163.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., Jennings, K. W., & Jobes, D. A. (2012). Understanding and preventing military suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 16, 95–110.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., Jennings, K. W., & Jobes, D. A. (2012). Understanding and preventing military suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 16, 95–110.CrossRef
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., Kanzler, K. E., Grieser, E., Martinez, A., Allison, S., & McGeary, D. (2017). A shortened version of the Suicide Cognitions Scale for identifying chronic pain patients at risk for suicide. Pain Practice, 17, 371–381.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., Kanzler, K. E., Grieser, E., Martinez, A., Allison, S., & McGeary, D. (2017). A shortened version of the Suicide Cognitions Scale for identifying chronic pain patients at risk for suicide. Pain Practice, 17, 371–381.CrossRef
go back to reference Bryan, C. J., Rudd, M. D., Wertenberger, E., Etienne, N., Ray-Sannerud, B. N., Morrow, C. E., Peterson, A. L., & Young-McCaughon, S. (2014). Improving the detection and prediction of suicidal behavior among military personnel by measuring suicidal beliefs: An evaluation of the Suicide Cognitions Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 15–22.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., Rudd, M. D., Wertenberger, E., Etienne, N., Ray-Sannerud, B. N., Morrow, C. E., Peterson, A. L., & Young-McCaughon, S. (2014). Improving the detection and prediction of suicidal behavior among military personnel by measuring suicidal beliefs: An evaluation of the Suicide Cognitions Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 15–22.CrossRef
go back to reference de Winter, J. D., Dodou, D. I. M. I. T. R. A., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181.CrossRef de Winter, J. D., Dodou, D. I. M. I. T. R. A., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181.CrossRef
go back to reference Ellis, T. E., & Rufino, K. A. (2015). A psychometric study of the Suicide Cognitions Scale with psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 27, 82–89.CrossRef Ellis, T. E., & Rufino, K. A. (2015). A psychometric study of the Suicide Cognitions Scale with psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 27, 82–89.CrossRef
go back to reference Ivanoff, A., Jang, S. J., Smyth, N. J., & Linehan, M. M. (1994). Fewer reasons for staying alivev when you are thinking of killing yourself: The brief reasons for living inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 1–13.CrossRef Ivanoff, A., Jang, S. J., Smyth, N. J., & Linehan, M. M. (1994). Fewer reasons for staying alivev when you are thinking of killing yourself: The brief reasons for living inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 1–13.CrossRef
go back to reference Jobes, D. A. (2016). Managing suicidal risk: A collaborative approach. New York: Guilford Publications. Jobes, D. A. (2016). Managing suicidal risk: A collaborative approach. New York: Guilford Publications.
go back to reference Joiner, T. E., Pfaff, J. J., & Acres, J. G. (2002). A brief screening tool for suicidal symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general health settings: Reliability and validity data from the Australian National General Practice Youth Suicide Prevention Project. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 471–481.CrossRef Joiner, T. E., Pfaff, J. J., & Acres, J. G. (2002). A brief screening tool for suicidal symptoms in adolescents and young adults in general health settings: Reliability and validity data from the Australian National General Practice Youth Suicide Prevention Project. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 471–481.CrossRef
go back to reference Joiner, T. E., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). The interpersonal theory of suicide: Guidance for working with suicidal clients. Worcester: American Psychological Association.CrossRef Joiner, T. E., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., & Rudd, M. D. (2009). The interpersonal theory of suicide: Guidance for working with suicidal clients. Worcester: American Psychological Association.CrossRef
go back to reference Keen, S. M., Kutter, C. J., Niles, B. L., & Krinsley, K. E. (2008). Psychometric properties of PTSD Checklist in a sample of male veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45, 465–474.CrossRef Keen, S. M., Kutter, C. J., Niles, B. L., & Krinsley, K. E. (2008). Psychometric properties of PTSD Checklist in a sample of male veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 45, 465–474.CrossRef
go back to reference Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A five-item measure for use in epidemiological studies. Religions, 1, 78–85.CrossRef Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A five-item measure for use in epidemiological studies. Religions, 1, 78–85.CrossRef
go back to reference Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). The wish to die and the wish to live in attempted suicides. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 361–365.CrossRef Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). The wish to die and the wish to live in attempted suicides. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 361–365.CrossRef
go back to reference Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202–220.CrossRef Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202–220.CrossRef
go back to reference Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 276–286.CrossRef Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 276–286.CrossRef
go back to reference MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analysis: The role of model error. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36(4), 611–637.CrossRef MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001). Sample size in factor analysis: The role of model error. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36(4), 611–637.CrossRef
go back to reference MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84.CrossRef MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84.CrossRef
go back to reference McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1997). The hopelessness depression symptom questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 359–384.CrossRef Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1997). The hopelessness depression symptom questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 359–384.CrossRef
go back to reference Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus User’s Guide. 6th ed., Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen. Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus User’s Guide. 6th ed., Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
go back to reference Nock, M. K., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). Prediction of suicide ideation and attempts among adolescents using a brief performance-based test. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 75, 707–715.CrossRef Nock, M. K., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). Prediction of suicide ideation and attempts among adolescents using a brief performance-based test. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 75, 707–715.CrossRef
go back to reference Nock, M. K., Ursano, R. J., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Jain, S., Raman, R., Sun, X., Chiu, W. T., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., Gilman, S. E., Hwang, I., Naifeh, J. A., Rosellini, A. J., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). Mental disorders, comorbidity and pre-enlistment suicidal behavior among new soldiers in the US Army: Results from the army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS). Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45, 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12153.CrossRefPubMed Nock, M. K., Ursano, R. J., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Jain, S., Raman, R., Sun, X., Chiu, W. T., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., Gilman, S. E., Hwang, I., Naifeh, J. A., Rosellini, A. J., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). Mental disorders, comorbidity and pre-enlistment suicidal behavior among new soldiers in the US Army: Results from the army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS). Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45, 588–599. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​sltb.​12153.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference O’Connor, S.S., Jobes, D.A., Yeargin, M.K., Fitzgerald, M.E., Rodriguez, V.M., Conrad, A. K., & Lineberry, T.W. (2012). A crosssectional investigation of the suicidal spectrum: Typologies of suicidality based on ambivalence about living and dying. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 461–467.CrossRef O’Connor, S.S., Jobes, D.A., Yeargin, M.K., Fitzgerald, M.E., Rodriguez, V.M., Conrad, A. K., & Lineberry, T.W. (2012). A crosssectional investigation of the suicidal spectrum: Typologies of suicidality based on ambivalence about living and dying. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 461–467.CrossRef
go back to reference Osman, A., Downs, W. R., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Baker, M. T., Osman, J. R., et al. (1998). The reasons for living inventory for adolescents (RFL-A): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(8), 1063–1078.CrossRef Osman, A., Downs, W. R., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Baker, M. T., Osman, J. R., et al. (1998). The reasons for living inventory for adolescents (RFL-A): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(8), 1063–1078.CrossRef
go back to reference Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., Besett, T., & Linehan, M. M. (1996). The brief reasons for living inventory for adolescents (BRFL-A). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 433–443.CrossRef Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., Besett, T., & Linehan, M. M. (1996). The brief reasons for living inventory for adolescents (BRFL-A). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 433–443.CrossRef
go back to reference Pruitt, L. D., Smolenski, D. J., Bush, N. E., Skopp, N. A., Hoyt, T. V., & Grady, B. J. (2016). DoDSER: Department of defense suicide event report: Calendar year 2015 annual report. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. Pruitt, L. D., Smolenski, D. J., Bush, N. E., Skopp, N. A., Hoyt, T. V., & Grady, B. J. (2016). DoDSER: Department of defense suicide event report: Calendar year 2015 annual report. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
go back to reference Reist, C., Mee, S., Fujimoto, K., Rajani, V., Bunney, W. E., & Bunney, B. G. (2017). Assessment of psychological pain in suicidal veterans. PLoS ONE, 12, e0177974.CrossRef Reist, C., Mee, S., Fujimoto, K., Rajani, V., Bunney, W. E., & Bunney, B. G. (2017). Assessment of psychological pain in suicidal veterans. PLoS ONE, 12, e0177974.CrossRef
go back to reference Ribeiro, J. D., Pease, J. L., Guttierrez, P. M., Silva, C., Bernert, R. A., Rudd, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Sleep problems outperform depression and hopelessness as a cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of suicidal ideation and behaviorin young adults in the military. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.049.CrossRefPubMed Ribeiro, J. D., Pease, J. L., Guttierrez, P. M., Silva, C., Bernert, R. A., Rudd, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Sleep problems outperform depression and hopelessness as a cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of suicidal ideation and behaviorin young adults in the military. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 743–750. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jad.​2011.​09.​049.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.CrossRef Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.CrossRef
go back to reference Shelef, L., Fruchter, E., Hassidim, A., & Zalsman, G. (2015). Emotional regulation of mental pain as moderator of suicidal ideation in military settings. European Psychiatry, 30, 765–769.CrossRef Shelef, L., Fruchter, E., Hassidim, A., & Zalsman, G. (2015). Emotional regulation of mental pain as moderator of suicidal ideation in military settings. European Psychiatry, 30, 765–769.CrossRef
go back to reference Shneidman, E. S. (1964). Suicide, sleep, and death: Some possible interrelations among cessation, interruption, and continuous phenomena. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 95–106.CrossRef Shneidman, E. S. (1964). Suicide, sleep, and death: Some possible interrelations among cessation, interruption, and continuous phenomena. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 95–106.CrossRef
go back to reference Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80–93.CrossRef Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80–93.CrossRef
go back to reference Stone, D. M., Simon, T. R., Fowler, K. A., et al. (2018). Vital signs: Trends in state suicide rates—United States, 1999–2016 and circumstances contributing to suicide—27 states, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67, 617–624.CrossRef Stone, D. M., Simon, T. R., Fowler, K. A., et al. (2018). Vital signs: Trends in state suicide rates—United States, 1999–2016 and circumstances contributing to suicide—27 states, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67, 617–624.CrossRef
go back to reference Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W., Heidgerken, A. D., Storch, J. B., Lewin, A. B., Killiany, E. M., … Geffken, G. R. (2004). The duke religion index: A psychometric investigation. Pastoral Psychology, 53, 175–181.CrossRef Storch, E. A., Roberti, J. W., Heidgerken, A. D., Storch, J. B., Lewin, A. B., Killiany, E. M., … Geffken, G. R. (2004). The duke religion index: A psychometric investigation. Pastoral Psychology, 53, 175–181.CrossRef
go back to reference Storch, E. A., Strawser, M. S., & Storch, J. B. (2004). Two-week test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index. Psychological Reports, 94, 993–994.CrossRef Storch, E. A., Strawser, M. S., & Storch, J. B. (2004). Two-week test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index. Psychological Reports, 94, 993–994.CrossRef
go back to reference Taasoobshirazi, G., & Wang, S. (2016). The performance of the SRMR, RMSEA, CFI, and TLI: An examination of sample size, path size, and degrees of freedom. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 11, 31–39. Taasoobshirazi, G., & Wang, S. (2016). The performance of the SRMR, RMSEA, CFI, and TLI: An examination of sample size, path size, and degrees of freedom. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 11, 31–39.
go back to reference Ursano, R. J., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Jain, S., Raman, R., Sun, X., Chiu, W. T., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., Gilman, S. E., Hwang, I., Naifeh, J. A., Nock, M. K., Rosellini, A. J., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among new Soldiers in the U.S. Army: Results from the army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS). Depression and Anxiety, 32, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22317.CrossRefPubMed Ursano, R. J., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Jain, S., Raman, R., Sun, X., Chiu, W. T., Colpe, L. J., Fullerton, C. S., Gilman, S. E., Hwang, I., Naifeh, J. A., Nock, M. K., Rosellini, A. J., Sampson, N. A., Schoenbaum, M., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behavior among new Soldiers in the U.S. Army: Results from the army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS). Depression and Anxiety, 32, 3–12. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​da.​22317.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ursano, R. J., Kessler, R. C., Naifeh, J. A. S., Heberman-Mash, H., Fullerton, C. S., Bliese, P. D., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ng, T. H. H., Aliaga, P. A., Wynn, G. H., Dinh, H. M., McCarroll, J. E., Sampson, N. A., Kao, T. C., Schoenbaum, M., Heeringa, S. G., & Stein, M. B. (2017). Risk of suicide attempt among soldiers in army units with a history of suicide attempts. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 924–931. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1925.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ursano, R. J., Kessler, R. C., Naifeh, J. A. S., Heberman-Mash, H., Fullerton, C. S., Bliese, P. D., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ng, T. H. H., Aliaga, P. A., Wynn, G. H., Dinh, H. M., McCarroll, J. E., Sampson, N. A., Kao, T. C., Schoenbaum, M., Heeringa, S. G., & Stein, M. B. (2017). Risk of suicide attempt among soldiers in army units with a history of suicide attempts. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 924–931. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1001/​jamapsychiatry.​2017.​1925.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 72–83.CrossRef Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 72–83.CrossRef
go back to reference Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Metagegevens
Titel
Reasons for Living Among U.S. Army Personnel Thinking About Suicide
Auteurs
Craig J. Bryan
D. Nicolas Oakey
Julia A. Harris
Publicatiedatum
12-07-2018
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2018
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9932-7