Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-06-2006

Racial Socialization Experiences and Symptoms of Depression among Black Youth

Auteurs: Gwendolyn Y. Davis, Ph.D., Howard C. Stevenson, Ph.D.

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 3/2006

Abstract

Ecological barriers like racism and discrimination can weigh heavily on the shifting emotions of adolescents. We investigated the relationship of racial socialization experiences to the depression symptoms of 160 Black adolescents, including lethargy, low self-esteem, cognitive difficulties, social introversion, irritability, guilt, pessimism, sad mood, instrumental helplessness, and overall depression. Cultural pride socialization was inversely related to adolescent reports of lethargy and low self-esteem while alertness to discrimination socialization was positively related to instrumental helplessness and gender differences were found. Multiple regression findings showed that racial socialization experiences add significantly more predictability of depression symptoms over and above gender, neighborhood risk and resources. Recommendations for the family, mental health professionals and for the development of culturally relevant social interventions are provided.

vorige artikel Investigating the Impact of Strength-Based Assessment on Youth with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

volgende artikel Adolescent perceptions of overall family system functioning and parental behaviors

Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 279–285.PubMed

Allen-Meares, P., Colarossi, L., Oyserman, D., & DeRoos, Y. (2003). Assessing depression in childhood and adolescence: A guide for social work practice. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 20, 5–20.CrossRef

Baker, F. M., & Bell, C. (1999). Issues in the psychiatric treatment of African Americans. Psychiatric Services, 50, 362–368.PubMed

Berndt, D. J. (1986). Inventories and scales. In B. B. Wolman & G. Stricker (Eds.), Depressive disorders: Facts, theories, and treatment methods (pp. 255–274). New York: Wiley.

Bowman, P., & Howard, C. (1985). Race related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of Black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 134–141.PubMedCrossRef

Cassidy, E. F., Davis, G. Y. & Stevenson, Jr., H. C. (2003). “If we must die:” CPR for managing Catch-33, cultural alienation, and hypervulnerability. In H. C. Stevenson (Ed.) Playing with anger: Teaching coping skills to African American boys through athletics and culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Caughy, M. O., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, C. R. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73, 1611–1625.PubMedCrossRef

Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805–816.PubMedCrossRef

Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L., Henderson, A., & Harwell, J. (1998). Validation of depression and anxiety measures in White and Black youths: Multitrait-multimethod analyses. Psychological Assessment, 10, 261–276.CrossRef

Constantine, M., & Blackmon, S. (2002). Black adolescents’ racial socialization experiences: Their relations to home, school, and peer self-esteem. Journal of Black Studies, 32, 322–335.CrossRef

Darity, W. A. (2003). Employment discrimination, segregation, and health. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 226–231.PubMedCrossRef

Delahanty, J., Ram, R., Postrado, L., Balis, T., Green-Paden, L., & Dixon, L. (2001). Differences in rates of depression in schizophrenia by race. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 29–38.PubMed

Eamon, M. K. (2002). Influences and mediators of the effect of poverty on young adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 231–242.CrossRef

Fellin, P. (1989). Perspectives on depression among Black Americans. Health and Social Work, 14, 245–252.PubMed

Fitzpatrick, K. M. (1993). Exposure to violence & presence of depression among low-income, African-American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 528–531.PubMedCrossRef

Fuller, T. (1992). Masked depression in maladaptive Black adolescents. School Counselor, 40, 24–31.

Garber, J., Quiggle, N. L., Panak, W., & Dodge, K. A. (1991). Aggression and depression in children: Comorbidity, specificity, and social cognitive processing. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction: Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 225–264). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Go, C. G. & Cupertino, P. (August 2001). Cultural context of adolescent well-being: Our Kids Project, Oakland Youth Survey. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association conference, San Francisco, CA.

Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 42–57.PubMed

Hawkins, W. E., Hawkins, M. J., Sabatino, C., & Ley, S. (1998). Relationship of perceived future opportunity to depressive symptomatology of inner-city African-American adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review. Special consequences and strategies for youth involvement, 20 (9–10), 757–764.

Mason, W. A., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lengua, L. J., & McCauley, E. (2004). Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 307–315.PubMedCrossRef

McCreary, M. L., Slavin, L. A., & Berry, E. J. (1998). Predicting problem behavior and self-esteem among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11, 216–234.

Nyborg, V. M., & Curry, J. F. (2003). The impact of perceived racism: Psychological symptoms of African American boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 258–266.PubMedCrossRef

Overstreet, S., Dempsey, M., Graham, D., & Moely, B. (1999). Availability of family support as moderator of exposure to community violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 151–159.

Paradis, C. M., Hatch, M., & Friedman, S. (1994). Anxiety disorders in African Americans: An update. Journal of the National Medical Association, 86, 609–612.PubMed

Porter, S. C., Fein, J. A., & Ginsburg, K. R. (1997). Depression screening in adolescents with somatic complaints presenting to the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 29, 141–145.PubMedCrossRef

Sanders, M. G. (1997). Overcoming obstacles: Academic achievement as a response to racism and discrimination. Journal of Negro Education, 66, 83–93.CrossRef

Stevenson, H. C. (1997a). Managing Anger: Protective, proactive, or adaptive racial socialization identity profiles and manhood development. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 16, 35–61.CrossRef

Stevenson, H. C. (1997b). “Missed, Dissed, & Pissed”: Making meaning of neighborhood risk, fear and anger management in Black youth. Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 3, 37–52.PubMedCrossRef

Stevenson, H. C. (2003). Playing with anger: Teaching emotional coping skills to African American boys via athletics and culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Stevenson, H. C., & Davis, G. Y. (2004). Racial socialization. In R. Jones (Ed.), Black Psychology (4th ed.) Hampton, VA, Cobb & Henry.

Stevenson, Jr., H. C., Davis, G. Y. Herrero-Taylor, T., & Morris, R. (2003). Boys, not men: Hypervulnerability in African American adolescent youth. In H. C. Stevenson (Ed.), Playing with anger: Teaching coping skills to African American boys through athletics and culture (pp. 3–20). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Stevenson, H. C., Reed, J., Bodison, P., & Bishop, A. (1997). Racism stress management: Racial socialization beliefs and the experience of depression and anger for African American adolescents. Youth and Society, 29, 197–222.

Sue, S., Fujino, D. C., Hu, L., Takeuchi, T., & Zane, N. W. S. (1991). Community mental health services for ethnic minority groups: A test of the cultural responsiveness hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 533–540.PubMedCrossRef

The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health Final Report (2003). Achieving the Promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Washington, DC: Author.

Wright, H. H., Scott, H. R., Pierre-Paul, R., & Gore, T. A. (1984). Psychiatric diagnosis and the Black patient. Psychiatric Forum, 12, 65–71.

Titel: Racial Socialization Experiences and Symptoms of Depression among Black Youth
Auteurs: Gwendolyn Y. Davis, Ph.D.
Howard C. Stevenson, Ph.D.
Publicatiedatum: 01-06-2006
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 3/2006
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9039-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2006

Eliana Gil and Athena A. Drewes (Eds), Cultural Issues in Play Therapy. The Guilford Press, New York, 2005

Investigating the Impact of Strength-Based Assessment on Youth with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

Adolescent perceptions of overall family system functioning and parental behaviors

The Role of Attachment Representation in the Relationship Between Depressive Symptomatology and Social Withdrawal in Middle Childhood

Family Factors Predicting Categories of Suicide Risk

Religious Activity and Pastoral Counseling Among Protestant Youth with SED