Top

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

05-04-2019 | Original Paper

Racial Discrimination and Psychological Distress among African American Adolescents: Investigating the Social Support Deterioration Model

Auteurs: Shardé McNeil Smith, Ruiwen Sun, Mellissa S. Gordon

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 6/2019

Abstract

Objectives

Despite ample evidence of the negative effects of racial discrimination on African American adolescents’ psychological well-being, less is known about the role of social support as a mechanistic pathway. The purpose of this study was to understand whether lower levels of family social support explained the link between racial discrimination and psychological distress by testing the social support deterioration model.

Methods

A sample of 401 African American adolescents from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods was used for this study. Adolescents self-reported on whether they experienced racial discrimination or worried about racial discrimination across several contexts; their receipt of social support from their family; and measures of psychological distress.

Results

Adolescents experiencing or worrying about racial discrimination in one to three contexts reported lower levels of family social support relative to adolescents not experiencing or worrying about racial discrimination experiences in any context, and in turn associated with higher levels of psychological distress. In contrast, relative to adolescents reporting no racial discrimination experiences or worries, family social support was not a significant mediator for adolescents experiencing or worrying about racial discrimination in more than four contexts.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the path by which racial discrimination is linked to psychological distress varies by the number of contexts by which adolescents experience or worry about racial discrimination. Adolescents experiencing fewer instances of racial discrimination may not receive or perceive the familial support they need to combat the negative mental health effects of racial discrimination.

vorige artikel Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Warm Responsiveness Across the Transition to Parenthood

volgende artikel Children’s Triangulation during Inter-Parental Conflict: Which Role for Maternal and Paternal Parenting Stress?

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families.

Allgood-Merten, B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Hops, H. (1990). Sex differences and adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 55–63. CrossRefPubMed

Almeida, J., Subramanian, S. V., Kawachi, I., & Molnar, B. E. (2011). Is blood thicker than water? Social support, depression and the modifying role of ethnicity/nativity status. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 51–56. CrossRefPubMed

Aneshensel, C. S., & Stone, J. D. (1982). Stress and depression: A test of the buffering model of social support. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1392–1396. CrossRefPubMed

Arshanapally, S., Werner, K. B., Sartor, C. E., & Bucholz, K. K. (2018). The association between racial discrimination and suicidality among African-American adolescents and young adults. Archives of suicide research, 22, 584–595. CrossRefPubMedCentral

Assari, S., Moazen-Zadeh, E., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017). Racial discrimination during adolescence predicts mental health deterioration in adulthood: gender differences among Blacks. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 104. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Assari, S., Gibbons, F., & Simons, R. (2018). Perceived Discrimination among Black Youth: An 18-Year Longitudinal Study. Behavioral Sciences, 8, 44–54. CrossRefPubMedCentral

Ayres, M. M., & Leaper, C. (2013). Adolescent girls’ experiences of discrimination. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28, 479–508. CrossRef

Barrera, M. (1988). Models of social support and life stress: Beyond the buffering hypothesis. In L. H. Cohen (Ed.), Life events and psychological functioning: Theoretical and methodological issues (pp. 211–236). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A. E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. P. (2018). Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: a meta-analytic review. American Psychologist, 73, 855–883. CrossRefPubMed

Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: a five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170–1189. CrossRefPubMed

Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1996). Coparenting, family interactions, and competence among African American youths. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 74, 77–91. CrossRef

Byck, G. R., Bolland, J., Dick, D., Ashbeck, A. W., & Mustanski, B. S. (2013). Prevalence of mental health disorders among low-income African American adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 1555–1567. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Caldwell, C. H., Zimmerman, M. A., Bernat, D. H., Sellers, R. M., & Notaro, P. C. (2002). Racial identity, maternal support, and psychological distress among African American adolescents. Child Development, 73, 1322–1336. CrossRefPubMed

Carter, R. T., & Forsyth, J. (2010). Reactions to racial discrimination: emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2, 183–191. CrossRef

Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. CrossRefPubMed

Cooper, S. M., Brown, C., Metzger, I., Clinton, Y., & Guthrie, B. (2013). Racial discrimination and African American adolescents’ adjustment: gender variation in family and community social support, promotive and protective factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 15–29. CrossRef

Dailey, A. B., Kasl, S. V., Holford, T. R., Lewis, T. T., & Jones, B. A. (2010). Neighborhood-and individual-level socioeconomic variation in perceptions of racial discrimination. Ethnicity & Health, 15(2), 145–163. CrossRef

Docherty, M., Boxer, P., Veysey, B., & Ostermann, M. (2016). Gender differences in prevalence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in a justice-referred sample of youth. Journal of Juvenile Justice, 5, 104–120.

Earls, F. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Sampson, R. J. (2007). Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN): Discrimination, wave 3, 2000-2002. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR13692.v1. Accessed on 12 Feb 2017.

Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., Martinez, J., Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2011). The youth self report: applicability and validity across younger and older youths. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40, 338–346. CrossRef

English, D., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014). Longitudinal associations between experienced racial discrimination and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1190–1196. CrossRefPubMed

Ford, K. R., Hurd, N. M., Jagers, R. J., & Sellers, R. M. (2013). Caregiver experiences of discrimination and African American adolescents’ psychological health over time. Child Development, 84, 485–499. CrossRefPubMed

García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914. CrossRefPubMed

Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Ragsdale, B. L., Mandara, J., Richards, M. H., & Petersen, A. C. (2007). Perceived support and internalizing symptoms in African American adolescents: self-esteem and ethnic identity as mediators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 77–88. CrossRef

Ge, X., Kim, I. J., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2003). It’s about timing and change: pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths. Developmental Psychology, 39, 430–439. CrossRefPubMed

Gee, G. C., Walsemann, K. M., & Brondolo, E. (2012). A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 967–974. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gibson, C. L. (2012). An investigation of neighborhood disadvantage, low self-control, and violent victimization among youth. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10, 41–63. CrossRef

Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67, 451–470. CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420. CrossRef

Herda, D. (2016). The specter of discrimination: fear of interpersonal racial discrimination among adolescents in Chicago. Social Science Research, 55, 48–62. CrossRefPubMed

Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Morenoff, J., House, J. S., & Williams, D. R. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence: reconsidering the role of chronic stress. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 117–123. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., & Hing, A. K. (2018). The weight of racism: Vigilance and racial inequalities in weight-related measures. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 157–166. CrossRef

Hoffmann, M., Powlishta, K., & White, K. (2004). An examination of gender differences in adolescent adjustment: the effect of competence on gender role differences in symptoms of psychopathology. Sex Roles, 50, 795–810. CrossRef

Horwitz, A. V., & White, H. R. (1987). Gender role orientations and styles of pathology among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 28, 158–170. CrossRefPubMed

Hudson, D. L., Bullard, K. M., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., Yang, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2012). Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men? Journal of men’s health, 9, 127–136. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Johnson, P. D., & Kliewer, W. (1999). Family and contextual predictors of depressive symptoms in inner-city African American youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8, 181–192. CrossRef

Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. (1993). A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 395–408. CrossRefPubMed

Krieger, N., Smith, K., Naishadham, D., Hartman, C., & Barbeau, E. M. (2005). Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Social Science & Medicine, 6, 1576–1596. CrossRef

LaVeist, T. A., Thorpe, R. J., Pierre, G., Mance, G. A., & Williams, D. R. (2014). The relationships among vigilant coping style, race, and depression. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 241–255. CrossRefPubMed

MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Maimon, D., & Browning, C. R. (2010). Unstructured socializing, collective efficacy, and violent behavior among urban youth. Criminology, 48, 443–474. CrossRef

McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006). Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: implications for youth. Child Development, 77, 1387–1402. CrossRefPubMed

McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 74, 498–515. CrossRefPubMed

McNeil Smith, S., & Fincham, F. (2016). Racial discrimination experiences among black youth: a person-centered approach. Journal of Black Psychology, 42, 300–319. CrossRef

Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Brody, D., Fisher, P. W., Bourdon, K., & Koretz, D. S. (2010). Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001–2004 NHANES. Pediatrics, 125, 75–81. CrossRefPubMed

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus user’s guide. 7th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. 2012.

Pachter, L. M., Caldwell, C. H., Jackson, J. S., & Bernstein, B. A. (2018). Discrimination and mental health in a representative sample of African-American and Afro-Caribbean youth. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5, 831–837. CrossRefPubMed

Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 241–256. CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. CrossRefPubMed

Prelow, H. M., Mosher, C. E., & Bowman, M. A. (2006). Perceived racial discrimination, social support, and psychological adjustment among African American college students. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 442–454. CrossRef

Punamäki, R. L., Komproe, I., Qouta, S., El-Masri, M., & de Jong, J. T. (2005). The deterioration and mobilization effects of trauma on social support: childhood maltreatment and adulthood military violence in a Palestinian community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 351–373. CrossRef

Riina, E., & McHale, S. (2010). Parents’ experiences of discrimination and family relationship qualities: the role of gender. Family Relations, 59, 283–296. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2017). Discrimination in America: experiences and views of African Americans. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2017/10/discrimination-in-america--experiences-and-views.html. Accessed on 18 Mar 2019.

Scott, L. D. (2003). The relation of racial identity and racial socialization to coping with discrimination among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Studies, 33, 520–538. CrossRef

Scott, L. D. (2004). Correlates of coping with perceived discriminatory experiences among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 123–137. CrossRefPubMed

Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010). An intersectional approach for understanding perceived discrimination and psychological well-being among African American and Caribbean Black youth. Developmental psychology, 46(5), 1372–v1379. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). The prevalence of perceived discrimination among Afrian American and Caribbean Black youth. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1288–1297. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Seawell, A. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (2012). The effects of general social support and social support for racial discrimination on African American Women’s well-being. Journal of Black Psychology, 40, 3–26. CrossRef

Stice, E., Ragan, J., & Randall, P. (2004). Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 155–159. CrossRefPubMed

Sykes, B. L., Piquero, A. R., & Gioviano, J. P. (2017). Adolescent racial discrimination and parental perceptions of safety in American neighborhoods and schools. Sociological Forum, 32, 952–974. CrossRef

Szalacha, L. A., Erkut, S., García Coll, C. G., Alarcón, O., Fields, J. P., & Ceder, I. (2003). Discrimination and Puerto Rican children’s and adolescents’ mental health. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 141–155. CrossRefPubMed

Trask-Tate, A., Cunningham, M., & Lang-DeGrange, L. (2010). The importance of family: how social support moderates the relation between negative life events and depressive symptoms in African American girls. Research on Human Development, 7, 164–182. CrossRef

Turner, R. J., Frankel, B., & Levin, D. (1983). Social support: conceptualization, measurement, and implications for mental health. In J. R. Greenley (Ed.), Research in community and mental health (Vol. 3). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

White-Johnson, R. L., Ford, K. R., & Sellers, R. M. (2010). Parental racial socialization profiles: ssociation with demographic factors, racial discrimination, childhood socialization, and racial identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 237. CrossRefPubMed

Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105–125. CrossRefPubMed

Winer, E. S., Cervone, D., Bryant, J., McKinney, C., Liu, R. T., & Nadorff, M. R. (2016). Distinguishing mediational models and analyses in clinical psychology: atemporal associations do not imply causation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72, 947–955. CrossRefPubMed

Young, R., & Johnson, D. R. (2013). Methods for handling missing secondary respondent data. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 75, 221–234. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 197–206. CrossRef

Titel: Racial Discrimination and Psychological Distress among African American Adolescents: Investigating the Social Support Deterioration Model
Auteurs: Shardé McNeil Smith
Ruiwen Sun
Mellissa S. Gordon
Publicatiedatum: 05-04-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 6/2019
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01397-6

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Racial Discrimination and Psychological Distress among African American Adolescents: Investigating the Social Support Deterioration Model

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Mijn bibliotheek

Shop

Tips voor Mijn BSL

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2019

Examining the Convergent Evidence of a Parent-Completed, Social-Emotional Screening Tool in China

Quality of Life in Immigrant Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparison With Parents From the Host Culture

Examining the Association Between Emotional Availability and Mindful Parenting

Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Warm Responsiveness Across the Transition to Parenthood

Pathways Linking Nonresident Father Involvement and Child Outcomes

When Couples Disagree: Predicting Informant Differences in Adults’ Emotion Regulation