Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 2/2020

27-06-2018 | Original Article

Quantifying insightful problem solving: a modified compound remote associates paradigm using lexical priming to parametrically modulate different sources of task difficulty

Auteurs: Maxi Becker, Gregor Wiedemann, Simone Kühn

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 2/2020

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Insight problem solving has been conceptualized as a dynamic search through a constrained search space, where a non-obvious solution needs to be found. Multiple sources of task difficulty have been defined that can keep the problem solver from finding the right solution such as an overly large search space or knowledge constraints requiring a change of the problem representation. Up to now, there are very few accounts that focus on different aspects of difficulty within an insight problem-solving context and how they affect task performance as well as the probability of finding a solution that is accompanied by an Aha! experience. In addition, we are not aware of any approaches investigating how knowledge constraints parametrically modulate task performance and the Aha! experience in compound remote associates (CRA) when controlling for other sources of task difficulty. Therefore, we first developed, tested, and externally validated a modified CRA paradigm in combination with lexical priming that is more likely to elicit representational change than the classical CRA tasks. Second, we parametrically estimated the effect of the knowledge constraint together with other sources of difficulty (size of the problem and search space, word length and frequency) using general linear mixed models. The knowledge constraint (and the size of the search space) was operationalized as lexical distance (measured as cosine distances) between different word pairs within this task. Our results indicate that the experimentally induced knowledge constraint still affects task performance and is negatively related to the Aha! experience when controlling for various other types of task difficulties. Finally, we will present the complete stimulus set in German language together with their statistical (i.e., item difficulty and mean solution time) and lexical properties.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Ash, I. K., & Wiley, J. (2006). The nature of restructuring in insight: An individual-differences approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(1), 66–73. Ash, I. K., & Wiley, J. (2006). The nature of restructuring in insight: An individual-differences approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(1), 66–73.
go back to reference Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of memory and language, 59(4), 390–412. Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of memory and language, 59(4), 390–412.
go back to reference Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of memory and language, 68(3), 255–278. Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of memory and language, 68(3), 255–278.
go back to reference Bates, D,, Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.0–6. Bates, D,, Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.0–6.
go back to reference Ben-Zur, H. (1989). Automatic and directed search processes in solving simple semantic-memory problems. Memory & Cognition, 17(5), 617–626. Ben-Zur, H. (1989). Automatic and directed search processes in solving simple semantic-memory problems. Memory & Cognition, 17(5), 617–626.
go back to reference Biemann, C., Heyer, G., Quasthoff, U., & Richter, M. (2007). The Leipzig Corpora Collection—Monolingual corpora of standard size. In Proceedings of corpus linguistics 2007, Birmingham Biemann, C., Heyer, G., Quasthoff, U., & Richter, M. (2007). The Leipzig Corpora Collection—Monolingual corpora of standard size. In Proceedings of corpus linguistics 2007, Birmingham
go back to reference Bowden, E. M. (1997). The effect of reportable and unreportable hints on anagram solution and the aha! experience. Consciousness and cognition, 6(4), 545–573.PubMed Bowden, E. M. (1997). The effect of reportable and unreportable hints on anagram solution and the aha! experience. Consciousness and cognition, 6(4), 545–573.PubMed
go back to reference Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003). Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(4), 634–639. Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003). Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(4), 634–639.
go back to reference Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2007). Methods for investigating the neural components of insight. Methods, 42(1), 87–99.PubMed Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2007). Methods for investigating the neural components of insight. Methods, 42(1), 87–99.PubMed
go back to reference Bowden, E. M., Jung-Beeman, M., Fleck, J., & Kounios, J. (2005). New approaches to demystifying insight. Trends in cognitive sciences, 9(7), 322–328.PubMed Bowden, E. M., Jung-Beeman, M., Fleck, J., & Kounios, J. (2005). New approaches to demystifying insight. Trends in cognitive sciences, 9(7), 322–328.PubMed
go back to reference Bowers, K. S., Regehr, G., Balthazard, C., & Parker, K. (1990). Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive psychology, 22(1), 72–110. Bowers, K. S., Regehr, G., Balthazard, C., & Parker, K. (1990). Intuition in the context of discovery. Cognitive psychology, 22(1), 72–110.
go back to reference Chein, J. M., & Weisberg, R. W. (2014). Working memory and insight in verbal problems: Analysis of compound remote associates. Memory & cognition, 42(1), 67–83. Chein, J. M., & Weisberg, R. W. (2014). Working memory and insight in verbal problems: Analysis of compound remote associates. Memory & cognition, 42(1), 67–83.
go back to reference Chi, M. T., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive science, 5(2), 121–152. Chi, M. T., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive science, 5(2), 121–152.
go back to reference Chronicle, E. P., MacGregor, J. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2004). What makes an insight problem? The roles of heuristics, goal conception, and solution recoding in knowledge-lean problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, 30(1), 14.PubMed Chronicle, E. P., MacGregor, J. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2004). What makes an insight problem? The roles of heuristics, goal conception, and solution recoding in knowledge-lean problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, 30(1), 14.PubMed
go back to reference Chronicle, E. P., Ormerod, T. C., & MacGregor, J. N. (2001). When insight just won’t come: The failure of visual cues in the nine-dot problem. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A(3), 903–919. Chronicle, E. P., Ormerod, T. C., & MacGregor, J. N. (2001). When insight just won’t come: The failure of visual cues in the nine-dot problem. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A(3), 903–919.
go back to reference Cunnings, I. (2012). An overview of mixed-effects statistical models for second language researchers. Second Language Research, 28(3), 369–382. Cunnings, I. (2012). An overview of mixed-effects statistical models for second language researchers. Second Language Research, 28(3), 369–382.
go back to reference Danek, A. H., Wiley, J., & Öllinger, M. (2016). Solving classical insight problems without aha! experience: 9 dot, 8 coin, and matchstick arithmetic problems. The Journal of Problem Solving, 9(1), 47–57. Danek, A. H., Wiley, J., & Öllinger, M. (2016). Solving classical insight problems without aha! experience: 9 dot, 8 coin, and matchstick arithmetic problems. The Journal of Problem Solving, 9(1), 47–57.
go back to reference De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M., Wolsink, I., & Roskes, M. (2012). Working memory benefits creative insight, musical improvisation, and original ideation through maintained task-focused attention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 656–669.PubMed De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M., Wolsink, I., & Roskes, M. (2012). Working memory benefits creative insight, musical improvisation, and original ideation through maintained task-focused attention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 656–669.PubMed
go back to reference Dow, G. T., & Mayer, R. E. (2004). Teaching students to solve insight problems: Evidence for domain specificity in creativity training. Creativity Research Journal, 16(4), 389–398. Dow, G. T., & Mayer, R. E. (2004). Teaching students to solve insight problems: Evidence for domain specificity in creativity training. Creativity Research Journal, 16(4), 389–398.
go back to reference Fleck, J. I., & Weisberg, R. W. (2004). The use of verbal protocols as data: An analysis of insight in the candle problem. Memory & Cognition, 32(6), 990–1006. Fleck, J. I., & Weisberg, R. W. (2004). The use of verbal protocols as data: An analysis of insight in the candle problem. Memory & Cognition, 32(6), 990–1006.
go back to reference Gardner, W., Mulvey, E. P., & Shaw, E. C. (1995). Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 392–404.PubMed Gardner, W., Mulvey, E. P., & Shaw, E. C. (1995). Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 392–404.PubMed
go back to reference Gilhooly, K. J., & Fioratou, E. (2009). Executive functions in insight versus non-insight problem solving: An individual differences approach. Thinking & Reasoning, 15(4), 355–376. Gilhooly, K. J., & Fioratou, E. (2009). Executive functions in insight versus non-insight problem solving: An individual differences approach. Thinking & Reasoning, 15(4), 355–376.
go back to reference Gilhooly, K. J., Fioratou, E., & Henretty, N. (2010). Verbalization and problem solving: Insight and spatial factors. British Journal of Psychology, 101(1), 81–93.PubMed Gilhooly, K. J., Fioratou, E., & Henretty, N. (2010). Verbalization and problem solving: Insight and spatial factors. British Journal of Psychology, 101(1), 81–93.PubMed
go back to reference Gilhooly, K. J., & Murphy, P. (2005). Differentiating insight from non-insight problems. Thinking & Reasoning, 11(3), 279–302. Gilhooly, K. J., & Murphy, P. (2005). Differentiating insight from non-insight problems. Thinking & Reasoning, 11(3), 279–302.
go back to reference Goel, V. (2014). Creative brains: designing in the real world. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(241), 1–14. Goel, V. (2014). Creative brains: designing in the real world. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(241), 1–14.
go back to reference Hoey, M. (2005). Lexical priming: A new theory of words and language. London: Psychology Press. Hoey, M. (2005). Lexical priming: A new theory of words and language. London: Psychology Press.
go back to reference Jones, M. N., Kintsch, W., & Mewhort, D. J. (2006). High-dimensional semantic space accounts of priming. Journal of memory and language, 55(4), 534–552. Jones, M. N., Kintsch, W., & Mewhort, D. J. (2006). High-dimensional semantic space accounts of priming. Journal of memory and language, 55(4), 534–552.
go back to reference Jones, M. N., Willits, J., Dennis, S., & Jones, M. (2015). Models of semantic memory. In Busemeyer, J. R., Wang, Z., Townsend, J. T., & Eidels, A. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of computational and mathematical psychology (pp. 232–254). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, M. N., Willits, J., Dennis, S., & Jones, M. (2015). Models of semantic memory. In Busemeyer, J. R., Wang, Z., Townsend, J. T., & Eidels, A. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of computational and mathematical psychology (pp. 232–254). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J. L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., Kounios, J. (2004). Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biol, 2(4), e97.PubMedPubMedCentral Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J. L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., Kounios, J. (2004). Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biol, 2(4), e97.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Kershaw, T. C., & Ohlsson, S. (2004). Multiple causes of difficulty in insight: the case of the nine-dot problem. Journal of experimental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition, 30(1), 3.PubMed Kershaw, T. C., & Ohlsson, S. (2004). Multiple causes of difficulty in insight: the case of the nine-dot problem. Journal of experimental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition, 30(1), 3.PubMed
go back to reference Kliegl, R., Masson, M. E., & Richter, E. M. (2010). A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming. Visual Cognition, 18(5), 655–681. Kliegl, R., Masson, M. E., & Richter, E. M. (2010). A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming. Visual Cognition, 18(5), 655–681.
go back to reference Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., Haider, H., & Rhenius, D. (1999). Constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(6), 1534. Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., Haider, H., & Rhenius, D. (1999). Constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(6), 1534.
go back to reference Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., & Raney, G. E. (2001). An eye movement study of insight problem solving. Memory & cognition, 29(7), 1000–1009. Knoblich, G., Ohlsson, S., & Raney, G. E. (2001). An eye movement study of insight problem solving. Memory & cognition, 29(7), 1000–1009.
go back to reference Kounios, J., & Beeman, M. (2014). The cognitive science of insight. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 71–93.PubMed Kounios, J., & Beeman, M. (2014). The cognitive science of insight. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 71–93.PubMed
go back to reference Levy, O., & Goldberg, Y. (2014a). Dependency-based word embeddings. In Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (pp. 302–308). Baltimore: ACL. Levy, O., & Goldberg, Y. (2014a). Dependency-based word embeddings. In Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (pp. 302–308). Baltimore: ACL.
go back to reference Levy, O., & Goldberg, Y. (2014b). Linguistic regularities in sparse and explicit word representations. In Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on computational natural language learning (pp. 171–180). Baltimore: ACL. Levy, O., & Goldberg, Y. (2014b). Linguistic regularities in sparse and explicit word representations. In Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on computational natural language learning (pp. 171–180). Baltimore: ACL.
go back to reference Luo, J., & Knoblich, G. (2007). Studying insight problem solving with neuroscientific methods. Methods, 42(1), 77–86.PubMed Luo, J., & Knoblich, G. (2007). Studying insight problem solving with neuroscientific methods. Methods, 42(1), 77–86.PubMed
go back to reference Luo, J., & Niki, K. (2003). Function of hippocampus in “insight” of problem solving. Hippocampus, 13(3), 316–323.PubMed Luo, J., & Niki, K. (2003). Function of hippocampus in “insight” of problem solving. Hippocampus, 13(3), 316–323.PubMed
go back to reference MacGregor, J. N., Ormerod, T. C., & Chronicle, E. P. (2001). Information processing and insight: a process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(1), 176.PubMed MacGregor, J. N., Ormerod, T. C., & Chronicle, E. P. (2001). Information processing and insight: a process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(1), 176.PubMed
go back to reference McNamara, T. P. (2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York: Psychology Press. McNamara, T. P. (2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York: Psychology Press.
go back to reference Metcalfe, J., & Wiebe, D. (1987). Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving. Memory & cognition, 15(3), 238–246. Metcalfe, J., & Wiebe, D. (1987). Intuition in insight and noninsight problem solving. Memory & cognition, 15(3), 238–246.
go back to reference Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234.PubMed Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234.PubMed
go back to reference Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013a). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space, pp. 1–12. arXiv:1301.3781. Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013a). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space, pp. 1–12. arXiv:​1301.​3781.
go back to reference Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S., & Dean, J. (2013b). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 3111–3119). Lake Tahoe: NIPS. Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G. S., & Dean, J. (2013b). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 3111–3119). Lake Tahoe: NIPS.
go back to reference Nęcka, E., Żak, P., & Gruszka, A. (2016). Insightful imagery is related to working memory updating. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1664–1078. Nęcka, E., Żak, P., & Gruszka, A. (2016). Insightful imagery is related to working memory updating. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1664–1078.
go back to reference Ohlsson, S. (1992). Information-processing explanations of insight and related phenomena. Advances in the psychology of thinking, 1, 1–44. Ohlsson, S. (1992). Information-processing explanations of insight and related phenomena. Advances in the psychology of thinking, 1, 1–44.
go back to reference Öllinger, M., Jones, G., Faber, A. H., & Knoblich, G. (2013). Cognitive mechanisms of insight: the role of heuristics and representational change in solving the eight-coin problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(3), 931.PubMed Öllinger, M., Jones, G., Faber, A. H., & Knoblich, G. (2013). Cognitive mechanisms of insight: the role of heuristics and representational change in solving the eight-coin problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(3), 931.PubMed
go back to reference Öllinger, M., Jones, G., & Knoblich, G. (2014). The dynamics of search, impasse, and representational change provide a coherent explanation of difficulty in the nine-dot problem. Psychological research, 78(2), 266–275.PubMed Öllinger, M., Jones, G., & Knoblich, G. (2014). The dynamics of search, impasse, and representational change provide a coherent explanation of difficulty in the nine-dot problem. Psychological research, 78(2), 266–275.PubMed
go back to reference Olteţeanu, A. M., & Falomir, Z. (2015). comRAT-C: a computational compound Remote Associates Test solver based on language data and its comparison to human performance. Pattern Recognition Letters, 67, 81–90. Olteţeanu, A. M., & Falomir, Z. (2015). comRAT-C: a computational compound Remote Associates Test solver based on language data and its comparison to human performance. Pattern Recognition Letters, 67, 81–90.
go back to reference Ormerod, T. C., MacGregor, J. N., & Chronicle, E. P. (2002). Dynamics and constraints in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), 791.PubMed Ormerod, T. C., MacGregor, J. N., & Chronicle, E. P. (2002). Dynamics and constraints in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), 791.PubMed
go back to reference Paulewicz, B., Chuderski, A., & Nęcka, E. (2007). Insight problem solving, fluid intelligence, and executive control: A structural equation modeling approach. In Proceedings of the 2nd European cognitive science conference (pp. 586–591). Hove: Erlbaum. Paulewicz, B., Chuderski, A., & Nęcka, E. (2007). Insight problem solving, fluid intelligence, and executive control: A structural equation modeling approach. In Proceedings of the 2nd European cognitive science conference (pp. 586–591). Hove: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1983). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales (Sect. 4, Advanced Progressive Matrices). London: H. K. Lewis. Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1983). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales (Sect. 4, Advanced Progressive Matrices). London: H. K. Lewis.
go back to reference Reed, S. K. (2016). The structure of ill-structured (and well-structured) problems revisited. Educational Psychology Review, 28(4), 691–716. Reed, S. K. (2016). The structure of ill-structured (and well-structured) problems revisited. Educational Psychology Review, 28(4), 691–716.
go back to reference Simon, H. A. (1973). The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4, 181–201. Simon, H. A. (1973). The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4, 181–201.
go back to reference Sloane, P., & MacHale, D. (1994). Great lateral thinking puzzles. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. Sloane, P., & MacHale, D. (1994). Great lateral thinking puzzles. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.
go back to reference Sternberg, R. J., & Davidson, J. E. (1995). The nature of insight. Cambridge: MIT Press. Sternberg, R. J., & Davidson, J. E. (1995). The nature of insight. Cambridge: MIT Press.
go back to reference Webb, M. E., Little, D. R., & Cropper, S. J. (2016). Insight is not in the problem: Investigating insight in problem solving across task types. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1424.PubMedPubMedCentral Webb, M. E., Little, D. R., & Cropper, S. J. (2016). Insight is not in the problem: Investigating insight in problem solving across task types. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1424.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Weisberg, R. W., & Alba, J. W. (1981). An examination of the alleged role of “fixation” in the solution of several “insight” problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110(2), 169. Weisberg, R. W., & Alba, J. W. (1981). An examination of the alleged role of “fixation” in the solution of several “insight” problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110(2), 169.
go back to reference Wu, L., Knoblich, G., & Luo, J. (2013). The role of chunk tightness and chunk familiarity in problem solving: evidence from ERPs and fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 34(5), 1173–1186.PubMed Wu, L., Knoblich, G., & Luo, J. (2013). The role of chunk tightness and chunk familiarity in problem solving: evidence from ERPs and fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 34(5), 1173–1186.PubMed
go back to reference Wu, L., Knoblich, G., Wei, G., & Luo, J. (2009). How perceptual processes help to generate new meaning: An EEG study of chunk decomposition in Chinese characters. Brain research, 1296, 104–112.PubMed Wu, L., Knoblich, G., Wei, G., & Luo, J. (2009). How perceptual processes help to generate new meaning: An EEG study of chunk decomposition in Chinese characters. Brain research, 1296, 104–112.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Quantifying insightful problem solving: a modified compound remote associates paradigm using lexical priming to parametrically modulate different sources of task difficulty
Auteurs
Maxi Becker
Gregor Wiedemann
Simone Kühn
Publicatiedatum
27-06-2018
Uitgeverij
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 2/2020
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-1042-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2020

Psychological Research 2/2020 Naar de uitgave