Gait impairment manifestations can vary greatly amongst hemiplegic patients, so it is difficult to derive a single parameter to summarize impairment severity. In a separate study we found that the variance-normalized integrated difference amongst center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories was positively correlated with gait impairment severity. The purpose of this study was to test whether this COP trajectory difference parameter could also differentiate involved from uninvolved limbs in hemiplegia.
Methods
In-shoe COP trajectories were collected from (a) eight healthy students during treadmill walking, and (b) six hemiplegic patients during level-ground walking. Ten time-normalized COP trajectories per subject were analyzed. Each subject was compared to the mean Control trajectory by first computing the Hotelling’s T2 statistic at each point in time (Eqn.1), then integrating over stance phase (Eqn.2):
(1)
(2)
Here n=10 is the number of footsteps, is the instantaneous position difference between a subject’s mean COP and the mean Control COP, and W is its covariance (Figure 1a).
Figure 1
(a) Depiction of instantaneous vector difference with covariance ellipses. (b) Example Control T2 trajectory depicting COP trajectory differences in time. (c) Example Hemiplegic T2 trajectory.
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Results
Control subjects’ COP trajectories were qualitatively more similar to the Control mean than were those of Hemiplegic subjects. Compared to Controls (9.4 ± 4.3) (Figure 1b), hemiplegic subjects exhibited greater T2 integrals in both the involved (123.7 ± 117.3) (p=0.016) and uninvolved limbs (30.2 ± 14.4) (p=0.002) (Figure 1c). The T2 integral also tended to be greater in the involved vs. uninvolved limbs within-subjects (+252.2% ± 200.0%) (p=0.048).
Discussion
These results suggest that the T2 integral appears to be useful metric for summarizing stance-phase foot use differences both within- and between-subjects. A broader range of clinical conditions are currently under investigation.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by an ASTEP grant from the Japan Science and Technology Agency.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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is the instantaneous position difference between a subject’s mean COP and the mean Control COP, and W is its covariance (Figure 1a).