Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research 5/2017

31-10-2016

Quality of life, psychological characteristics, and adjustment in parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Auteurs: Emilie Cappe, Mélanie Bolduc, Marie-Caroline Rougé, Marie-Claude Saiag, Richard Delorme

Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research | Uitgave 5/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated quality of life and adjustment mechanisms in parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Method

Ninety parents of children with ADHD completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and self-assessment scales to measure their perceived stress, social support, sense of control, coping strategies and quality of life.

Results

ADHD in children negatively affected parents’ quality of life, especially their psychological well-being and personal fulfillment. Family and couple relationships, as well as daily life activities, were also affected. The severity of the disorder, perceiving the situation as a threat or a loss, feeling guilty and holding on to irrational beliefs were related to emotion-focused coping strategies and to a poorer quality of life. Furthermore, hyperactivity index and stress ratings relative to perceiving the situation as a threat or a loss, and adopting emotion-focused coping strategies, predicted poorer quality of life. In contrast, perceiving the situation as challenging was related to a greater sense of control and personal fulfillment. Moreover, perceiving the situation as challenging and adopting problem-focused coping strategies predicted better quality of life.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the negative effects of ADHD on parent psychological adjustment and underline the need to recommend training programs that improve parenting skills, parents’ perceptions concerning their child’s behavior disorder and parental functioning.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.CrossRef
2.
3.
go back to reference Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94.CrossRefPubMed Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(12), 10–15.PubMed Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(12), 10–15.PubMed
5.
go back to reference de Zeeuw, P., Zwart, F., Schrama, R., Van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2012). Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke or alcohol and cerebellum volume in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e84. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral de Zeeuw, P., Zwart, F., Schrama, R., Van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2012). Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke or alcohol and cerebellum volume in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e84. doi:10.​1038/​tp.​2012.​12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Grizenko, N., Fortier, M. E., Zadorozny, C., Thakur, G., Schmitz, N., Duval, R., et al. (2012). Maternal stress during pregnancy, ADHD symptomatology in children and genotype: Gene–environment interaction. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(1), 9–15.PubMedPubMedCentral Grizenko, N., Fortier, M. E., Zadorozny, C., Thakur, G., Schmitz, N., Duval, R., et al. (2012). Maternal stress during pregnancy, ADHD symptomatology in children and genotype: Gene–environment interaction. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(1), 9–15.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 583–592.CrossRefPubMed Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 583–592.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Anastopoulos, A. D., Shelton, T. L., DuPaul, G. J., & Guevremont, D. C. (1993). Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 581–596.CrossRefPubMed Anastopoulos, A. D., Shelton, T. L., DuPaul, G. J., & Guevremont, D. C. (1993). Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 581–596.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., Shelton, T. L., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992). Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(5), 503–520.CrossRefPubMed Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., Shelton, T. L., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992). Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(5), 503–520.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Barkley, R. A., Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., & Fletcher, K. E. (1992). Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother–adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(3), 263–288.CrossRefPubMed Barkley, R. A., Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., & Fletcher, K. E. (1992). Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother–adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20(3), 263–288.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Solem, M. B., Christophersen, K. A., & Martinussen, M. (2011). Predicting parenting stress: Children’s behavioural problems and parents’ coping. Infant and Child Development, 20(2), 162–180.CrossRef Solem, M. B., Christophersen, K. A., & Martinussen, M. (2011). Predicting parenting stress: Children’s behavioural problems and parents’ coping. Infant and Child Development, 20(2), 162–180.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Finzi-Dottan, R., Triwitz, Y. S., & Golubchik, P. (2011). Predictors of stress-related growth in parents of children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 510–519.CrossRefPubMed Finzi-Dottan, R., Triwitz, Y. S., & Golubchik, P. (2011). Predictors of stress-related growth in parents of children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 510–519.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference van Steijn, D. J., Oerlemans, A. M., van Aken, M. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. (2014). The reciprocal relationship of ASD, ADHD, depressive symptoms and stress in parents of children with ASD and/or ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1064–1076.CrossRefPubMed van Steijn, D. J., Oerlemans, A. M., van Aken, M. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. (2014). The reciprocal relationship of ASD, ADHD, depressive symptoms and stress in parents of children with ASD and/or ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1064–1076.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Alizadeh, H., Applequist, K. F., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007). Parental self-confidence, parenting styles, and corporal punishment in families of ADHD children in Iran. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(5), 567–572.CrossRefPubMed Alizadeh, H., Applequist, K. F., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007). Parental self-confidence, parenting styles, and corporal punishment in families of ADHD children in Iran. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(5), 567–572.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Jones, J., & Passey, J. (2005). Family adaptation, coping and resources: Parents of children with developmental disabilities and behaviour problems. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 11(1), 31–46. Jones, J., & Passey, J. (2005). Family adaptation, coping and resources: Parents of children with developmental disabilities and behaviour problems. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 11(1), 31–46.
16.
go back to reference Lange, G., Sheerin, D., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Barton, V., Marshall, D., et al. (2005). Family factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional disorders in children. Journal of Family Therapy, 27(1), 76–96.CrossRef Lange, G., Sheerin, D., Carr, A., Dooley, B., Barton, V., Marshall, D., et al. (2005). Family factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and emotional disorders in children. Journal of Family Therapy, 27(1), 76–96.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Podolski, C. L., & Nigg, J. T. (2001). Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems. Journal of clinical child psychology, 30(4), 503–513.CrossRefPubMed Podolski, C. L., & Nigg, J. T. (2001). Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems. Journal of clinical child psychology, 30(4), 503–513.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Lang, A. R. (1999). Can your children drive you to drink? Stress and parenting in adults interacting with children with ADHD. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(4), 292–298.PubMed Pelham, W. E., Jr., & Lang, A. R. (1999). Can your children drive you to drink? Stress and parenting in adults interacting with children with ADHD. Alcohol Research and Health, 23(4), 292–298.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
20.
go back to reference Lai, W. W., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014). Coping in parents and caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A Review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(3), 207–224. doi:10.1007/s40489-014-0021-x.CrossRef Lai, W. W., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014). Coping in parents and caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A Review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(3), 207–224. doi:10.​1007/​s40489-014-0021-x.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Chronis, A. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Kipp, H. L., Baumann, B. L., & Lee, S. S. (2003). Psychopathology and substance abuse in parents of young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1424–1432.CrossRefPubMed Chronis, A. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Kipp, H. L., Baumann, B. L., & Lee, S. S. (2003). Psychopathology and substance abuse in parents of young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1424–1432.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(3), 183–207.CrossRefPubMed Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(3), 183–207.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Schermerhorn, A. C., D’Onofrio, B. M., Slutske, W. S., Emery, R. E., Turkheimer, E., Harden, K. P., et al. (2012). Offspring ADHD as a risk factor for parental marital problems: Controls for genetic and environmental confounds. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15(06), 700–713.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schermerhorn, A. C., D’Onofrio, B. M., Slutske, W. S., Emery, R. E., Turkheimer, E., Harden, K. P., et al. (2012). Offspring ADHD as a risk factor for parental marital problems: Controls for genetic and environmental confounds. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 15(06), 700–713.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
go back to reference Xiang, Y. T., Luk, E. S., & Lai, K. Y. (2009). Quality of life in parents of children with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder in Hong Kong. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(8), 731–738.CrossRefPubMed Xiang, Y. T., Luk, E. S., & Lai, K. Y. (2009). Quality of life in parents of children with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder in Hong Kong. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(8), 731–738.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., & Boujut, E. (2014). Psychologie de la santé-2e éd: Modèles, concepts et méthodes. Paris: Dunod.CrossRef Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., & Boujut, E. (2014). Psychologie de la santé-2e éd: Modèles, concepts et méthodes. Paris: Dunod.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988.CrossRefPubMed Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U. M. A., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Cappe, E. (2009). Qualité de vie et processus d’adaptation des parents d’un enfant ayant un trouble autistique ou un syndrome d’Asperger. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Paris-Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Cappe, E. (2009). Qualité de vie et processus d’adaptation des parents d’un enfant ayant un trouble autistique ou un syndrome d’Asperger. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Paris-Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
28.
go back to reference Massé, L., Verreault, M., Verret, C., & Lanaris, C. (2011). Mieux vivre avec le TDA/H à la maison: Programme pour aider les parents à mieux composer au quotidien avec le TDA/H de leur enfant. Montréal: Chenelière Éducation. Massé, L., Verreault, M., Verret, C., & Lanaris, C. (2011). Mieux vivre avec le TDA/H à la maison: Programme pour aider les parents à mieux composer au quotidien avec le TDA/H de leur enfant. Montréal: Chenelière Éducation.
29.
go back to reference Dugas, M., & Bouvard, M. (1996). Echelles d’évaluation de Conners. In J. Guelfi (Ed.), L’évaluation clinique standardisée en psychiatrie (Tome II) (pp. 521–534). Boulogne: Éditions médicales Pierre Fabre. Dugas, M., & Bouvard, M. (1996). Echelles d’évaluation de Conners. In J. Guelfi (Ed.), L’évaluation clinique standardisée en psychiatrie (Tome II) (pp. 521–534). Boulogne: Éditions médicales Pierre Fabre.
30.
go back to reference Cappe, E., Wolff, M., Bobet, R., & Adrien, J. L. (2011). Quality of life: A key variable to consider in the evaluation of adjustment in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and in the development of relevant support and assistance programmes. Quality of Life Research, 20(8), 1279–1294.CrossRefPubMed Cappe, E., Wolff, M., Bobet, R., & Adrien, J. L. (2011). Quality of life: A key variable to consider in the evaluation of adjustment in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and in the development of relevant support and assistance programmes. Quality of Life Research, 20(8), 1279–1294.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Ferguson, E., Matthews, G., & Cox, T. (1999). The Appraisal of Life Events (ALE) scale: Reliability and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4(2), 97–116.CrossRef Ferguson, E., Matthews, G., & Cox, T. (1999). The Appraisal of Life Events (ALE) scale: Reliability and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4(2), 97–116.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Cappe, É., Poirier, N., Boujut, É., Nader-Grosbois, N., Dionne, C., & Boulard, A. (in press). Trouble du spectre de l’autisme et évaluation du stress perçu des parents et des professionnels: étude des propriétés psychométriques d’une adaptation francophone de l’Appraisal of Life Event Scale (ALES-vf). L’Encéphale. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.08.001. Cappe, É., Poirier, N., Boujut, É., Nader-Grosbois, N., Dionne, C., & Boulard, A. (in press). Trouble du spectre de l’autisme et évaluation du stress perçu des parents et des professionnels: étude des propriétés psychométriques d’une adaptation francophone de l’Appraisal of Life Event Scale (ALES-vf). L’Encéphale. doi:10.​1016/​j.​encep.​2016.​08.​001.
33.
go back to reference Cousson-Gélie, F., Irachabal, S., Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., Dilhuydy, J. M., & Lakdja, F. (2005). Dimensions of cancer locus of control scale as predictors of psychological adjustment and survival in breast cancer patients. Psychological Reports, 97(3), 699–711.CrossRefPubMed Cousson-Gélie, F., Irachabal, S., Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., Dilhuydy, J. M., & Lakdja, F. (2005). Dimensions of cancer locus of control scale as predictors of psychological adjustment and survival in breast cancer patients. Psychological Reports, 97(3), 699–711.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Pruyn, J. F. A., Van Der Borne, H., De Reuver, R., De Boer, M., Ter Pelkwijk, M., & De Jong, P. (1988). The locus of control scale for cancer patients. Tijdschift Woor Sociales Gezondheidszorj, 66, 404–408. Pruyn, J. F. A., Van Der Borne, H., De Reuver, R., De Boer, M., Ter Pelkwijk, M., & De Jong, P. (1988). The locus of control scale for cancer patients. Tijdschift Woor Sociales Gezondheidszorj, 66, 404–408.
35.
go back to reference Koleck, M. (2000). Rôle de certains facteurs psychosociaux dans l’évolution des lombalgies communes: Une étude semi-prospective en psychologie de la santé. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France. Koleck, M. (2000). Rôle de certains facteurs psychosociaux dans l’évolution des lombalgies communes: Une étude semi-prospective en psychologie de la santé. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
36.
go back to reference Cousson, F., Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., Quintard, B., Nuissier, J., & Rascle, N. (1996). Analyse multidimensionnelle d’une échelle de coping: validation française de la WCC (Ways of Coping Checklist). Psychologie Française, 41(2), 155–164. Cousson, F., Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., Quintard, B., Nuissier, J., & Rascle, N. (1996). Analyse multidimensionnelle d’une échelle de coping: validation française de la WCC (Ways of Coping Checklist). Psychologie Française, 41(2), 155–164.
37.
go back to reference Vitaliano, P. P., Russo, J., Carr, J. E., Maiuro, R. D., & Becker, J. (1985). The ways of coping checklist: Revision and psychometric properties. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 20(1), 3–26.CrossRefPubMed Vitaliano, P. P., Russo, J., Carr, J. E., Maiuro, R. D., & Becker, J. (1985). The ways of coping checklist: Revision and psychometric properties. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 20(1), 3–26.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Gupta, V. B. (2007). Comparison of parenting stress in different developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 417–425.CrossRef Gupta, V. B. (2007). Comparison of parenting stress in different developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 417–425.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Andrade, E. M., Geha, L. M., Duran, P., Suwwan, R., Machado, F., & do Rosário, M. C. (2016). Quality of life in caregivers of ADHD children and diabetes patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7(127). doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00127. Andrade, E. M., Geha, L. M., Duran, P., Suwwan, R., Machado, F., & do Rosário, M. C. (2016). Quality of life in caregivers of ADHD children and diabetes patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7(127). doi:10.​3389/​fpsyt.​2016.​00127.
40.
go back to reference Purper-Ouakil, D., Wohl, M., Cortese, S., Michel, G., & Mouren, M. C. (2006). Le trouble déficitaire de l’attention–hyperactivité (TDAH) de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique, 164(1), 63–72.CrossRef Purper-Ouakil, D., Wohl, M., Cortese, S., Michel, G., & Mouren, M. C. (2006). Le trouble déficitaire de l’attention–hyperactivité (TDAH) de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique, 164(1), 63–72.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Haute Autorité de Santé. (2012). Conduite à tenir devant un enfant ou un adolescent ayant un déficit de l’attention et/ou problème d’agitation (Note de cadrage). Saint-Denis: HAS. Haute Autorité de Santé. (2012). Conduite à tenir devant un enfant ou un adolescent ayant un déficit de l’attention et/ou problème d’agitation (Note de cadrage). Saint-Denis: HAS.
42.
go back to reference Barkley, R. A., Shelton, T. L., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K., Barrett, S., et al. (2000). Multi-method psycho-educational intervention for preschool children with disruptive behavior: Preliminary results at post-treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(03), 319–332.CrossRefPubMed Barkley, R. A., Shelton, T. L., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K., Barrett, S., et al. (2000). Multi-method psycho-educational intervention for preschool children with disruptive behavior: Preliminary results at post-treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(03), 319–332.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Hauth-Charlier, S., & Clément, C. (2009). Programmes de formation aux habiletés parentales pour les parents d’enfant avec un TDA/H: considérations pratiques et implications cliniques. Pratiques Psychologiques, 15(4), 457–472.CrossRef Hauth-Charlier, S., & Clément, C. (2009). Programmes de formation aux habiletés parentales pour les parents d’enfant avec un TDA/H: considérations pratiques et implications cliniques. Pratiques Psychologiques, 15(4), 457–472.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Quality of life, psychological characteristics, and adjustment in parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Auteurs
Emilie Cappe
Mélanie Bolduc
Marie-Caroline Rougé
Marie-Claude Saiag
Richard Delorme
Publicatiedatum
31-10-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer International Publishing
Gepubliceerd in
Quality of Life Research / Uitgave 5/2017
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1446-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2017

Quality of Life Research 5/2017 Naar de uitgave