42. Pulmonary Arteriography and IVC Filter Placement

Although still considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, pulmonary arteriography has largely been supplanted by pulmonary CT scan angiography (CTAP). Nevertheless, pulmonary arteriography may still be indicated in patients with a high clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism and A low probability or indeterminate V/Q scan or CTAP. An indeterminate V/Q or CTAP and contraindication to anticoagulation.