Top

Gepubliceerd in:

06-02-2018

Public support for pictorial warnings on cigarette packs: an experimental study of US smokers

Auteurs: Marissa G. Hall, Theresa M. Marteau, Cass R. Sunstein, Kurt M. Ribisl, Seth M. Noar, Elizabeth N. Orlan, Noel T. Brewer

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Uitgave 3/2018

Abstract

Background

Understanding factors that influence public support for “nudging” policies, like pictorial cigarette pack warnings, may offer insight about how to increase such support. We sought to examine factors that influence smokers’ support for requiring pictorial warnings on cigarette packs.

Methods

In 2014 and 2015, we randomly assigned 2149 adult US smokers to receive either pictorial warnings or text-only warnings on their cigarette packs for 4 weeks. The outcome examined in the current study was support for a policy requiring pictorial warnings on cigarette packs in the US.

Results

Support for pictorial warnings was high at baseline (mean: 3.2 out of 4). Exposure to pictorial warnings increased policy support at week 4 (β = .05, p = .03). This effect was explained by increases in perceived message effectiveness (p < .001) and reported conversations about policy support (p < .001). Message reactance (i.e., an oppositional reaction to the warning) partially diminished the impact of pictorial warnings on policy support (p < .001).

Conclusions

Exposing people to a new policy through implementation could increase public support for that policy by increasing perceived effectiveness and by prompting conversations about the policy. Reactance may partially weaken the effect of policy exposure on public support.

vorige artikel The effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on wound healing: a preliminary study

volgende artikel Age differences in physical activity intentions and implementation intention preferences

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.CrossRefPubMed

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.CrossRef

Bos, C., Lans, I. V., Van Rijnsoever, F., & Van Trijp, H. (2015). Consumer acceptance of population-level intervention strategies for healthy food choices: The role of perceived effectiveness and perceived fairness. Nutrients, 7, 7842–7862. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095370 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Brehm, J. W., & Brehm, S. S. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Brewer, N. T., Hall, M. G., Lee, J. G., Peebles, K., Noar, S. M., & Ribisl, K. M. (2015). Testing warning messages on smokers’ cigarette packages: A standardised protocol. Tobacco Control, 25, 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051661 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brewer, N. T., Hall, M. G., Noar, S. M., Parada, H., Stein-Seroussi, A., Bach, L. E., et al. (2016). Effect of pictorial cigarette pack warnings on changes in smoking behavior: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176, 905–912.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Canadian Cancer Society. (2016). Cigarette package health warnings: International status report. Ontario: Canadian Cancer Society.

Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2008). The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 2249–2258.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cooper, J., Borland, R., Yong, H. H., & Hyland, A. (2010). Compliance and support for bans on smoking in licensed venues in Australia: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34, 379–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00570.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Diepeveen, S., Ling, T., Suhrcke, M., Roland, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2013). Public acceptability of government intervention to change health-related behaviours: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Public Health, 13, 756. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-756 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & Steed, L. G. (2011). Does exposure to cigarette health warnings elicit psychological reactance in smokers? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00710.x CrossRef

Hall, M. G., Peebles, K., Bach, L. E., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., & Brewer, N. T. (2015). Social interactions sparked by pictorial warnings on cigarette packs. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 12, 13195–13208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013195 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P., Noar, S. M., Boynton, M. H., Ribisl, K. M., Parada Jr, H.,… Brewer, N. T. (2017a). Negative affect, message reactance, and perceived risk: How do pictorial cigarette pack warnings change quit intentions? Tobacco Control. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053972

Hall, M. G., Sheeran, P., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., Boynton, M. H., & Brewer, N. T. (2017b). A brief measure of reactance to health warnings. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9821-z CrossRefPubMed

Hammond, D. (2011). Health warning messages on tobacco products: A review. Tobacco Control, 20, 327–337.CrossRefPubMed

Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420.CrossRef

Hong, S.-M., & Page, S. (1989). A psychological reactance scale: Development, factor structure and reliability. Psychological Reports, 64, 1323–1326.CrossRef

Jeong, M., & Bae, R. E. (2017). The effect of campaign-generated interpersonal communication on campaign-targeted health outcomes: A meta-analysis. Health Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1331184.

Kamyab, K., Nonnemaker, J. M., & Farrelly, M. C. (2015). Public support for graphic health warning labels in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48, 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.032 CrossRefPubMed

Klein, W. M., Zajac, L. E., & Monin, M. M. (2009). Worry as a moderator of the association between risk perceptions and quitting intentions in young adult and adult smokers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9143-2 CrossRefPubMed

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Kowitt, S. D., Goldstein, A. O., Schmidt, A. M., Hall, M. G., & Brewer, N. T. (2017a). Attitudes toward FDA regulation of newly deemed tobacco products. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 3, 504–515.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kowitt, S. D., Noar, S. M., Ranney, L. M., & Goldstein, A. O. (2017b). Public attitudes toward larger cigarette pack warnings: Results from a nationally representative U.S. sample. PLoS ONE, 12, e0171496. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171496 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kraemer, J. D., & Baig, S. A. (2013). Analysis of legal and scientific issues in court challenges to graphic tobacco warnings. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.004 CrossRefPubMed

LaVoie, N. R., Quick, B. L., Riles, J. M., & Lambert, N. J. (2015). Are graphic cigarette warning labels an effective message strategy? A test of psychological reactance theory and source appraisal. Communic Res, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215609669

MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173–181.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marteau, T. M., Hollands, G. J., & Fletcher, P. C. (2012). Changing human behavior to prevent disease: The importance of targeting automatic processes. Science, 337, 1492–1495. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226918 CrossRefPubMed

Mazzocchi, M., Cagnone, S., Bech-Larsen, T., Niedźwiedzka, B., Saba, A., Shankar, B., et al. (2015). What is the public appetite for healthy eating policies? Evidence from a cross-European survey. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 10, 267–292.CrossRef

Morgan, J. C., Southwell, B. G., Noar, S. M., Ribisl, K. M., Golden, S. D., & Brewer, N. T. (2017). Frequency and content of conversations about pictorial warnings on cigarette packs. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx180

Noar, S. M., Francis, D. B., Bridges, C., Sontag, J. M., Brewer, N. T., & Ribisl, K. M. (2017). Effects of strengthening cigarette pack warnings on attention and message processing: A systematic review. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94, 416–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016674188 CrossRef

Noar, S. M., Francis, D. B., Bridges, C., Sontag, J. M., Ribisl, K. M., & Brewer, N. T. (2016a). The impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings: Systematic review of longitudinal observational studies. Social Science and Medicine, 164, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.011 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribisl, K. M., Pepper, J. K., & Brewer, N. T. (2016b). Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tobacco Control, 25, 341–354.CrossRefPubMed

Parada, H., Jr., Hall, M. G., Boynton, M. H., & Brewer, N. T. (2017). Trajectories of responses to pictorial cigarette pack warnings. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx182

Pechey, R., Burge, P., Mentzakis, E., Suhrcke, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2014). Public acceptability of population-level interventions to reduce alcohol consumption: A discrete choice experiment. Social Science and Medicine, 113, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.010 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Peters, C. L., & Enders, C. (2002). A primer for the estimation of structural equation models in the presence of missing data: Maximum likelihood algorithms. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 11, 81–95.CrossRef

Petrescu, D. C., Hollands, G. J., Couturier, D. L., Ng, Y. L., & Marteau, T. M. (2016). Public acceptability in the UK and USA of nudging to reduce obesity: The example of reducing sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. PLoS ONE, 11, e0155995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155995 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Promberger, M., Dolan, P., & Marteau, T. M. (2012). “Pay them if it works”: Discrete choice experiments on the acceptability of financial incentives to change health related behaviour. Social Science and Medicine, 75, 2509–2514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.033 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company vs United States Food and Drug Administration. (2011). Civil Case No. 11-1482 (RJL).

Rose, S. W., Emery, S. L., Ennett, S., McNaughton Reyes, H. L., Scott, J. C., & Ribisl, K. M. (2015). Public support for family smoking prevention and tobacco control act point-of-sale provisions: Results of a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 105, e60–e67. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302751 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behav Res, 25, 173–180.CrossRefPubMed

Sunstein, C. R. (2016). People prefer system 2 nudges (kind of). Duke Law Journal, 66, 121–168.

Sunstein, C. R., Reisch, L. A., & Rauber, J. (2017). Behavioral insights all over the world? Public attitudes toward nudging in a multi-country study. Preliminary draft. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2921217

Swift, E., Borland, R., Cummings, K. M., Fong, G. T., McNeill, A., Hammond, D., et al. (2015). Australian smokers’ support for plain or standardised packs before and after implementation: Findings from the ITC Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control, 24, 616–621. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051880 CrossRefPubMed

Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Thrasher, J. F., Abad-Vivero, E. N., Huang, L., O’Connor, R. J., Hammond, D., Bansal-Travers, M., et al. (2015). Interpersonal communication about pictorial health warnings on cigarette packages: Policy-related influences and relationships with smoking cessation attempts. Social Science and Medicine, S0277–9536, 00331–00337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.042

Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.CrossRef

Wade, B., Merrill, R. M., & Lindsay, G. B. (2011). Cigarette pack warning labels in Russia: How graphic should they be? The European Journal of Public Health, 21, 366–372.CrossRefPubMed

World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks (9241563877). Switzerland: Retrieved from Geneva.

World Health Organization. (2012). WHO global report: Mortality attributable to tobacco. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Yong, H. H., Borland, R., Thrasher, J. F., Thompson, M. E., Nagelhout, G. E., Fong, G. T., et al. (2014). Mediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts. Health Psychology, 33, 1410–1420. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000056 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Public support for pictorial warnings on cigarette packs: an experimental study of US smokers
Auteurs: Marissa G. Hall
Theresa M. Marteau
Cass R. Sunstein
Kurt M. Ribisl
Seth M. Noar
Elizabeth N. Orlan
Noel T. Brewer
Publicatiedatum: 06-02-2018
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Uitgave 3/2018
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9910-2

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2018

The role of perceived threat during emergency department cardiac evaluation and the age-posttraumatic stress disorder link

Bidirectional mediation of depression and pain intensity on their associations with upper extremity physical function

Demographic, clinical, dispositional, and social-environmental characteristics associated with psychological response to a false positive ovarian cancer screening test: a longitudinal study

Change in health-related quality of life and social cognitive outcomes in obese, older adults in a randomized controlled weight loss trial: Does physical activity behavior matter?

Reactions to online colorectal cancer risk estimates among a nationally representative sample of adults who have never been screened

Attachment and telomere length: more evidence for psychobiological connections between close relationships, health, and aging