Introduction
A health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure needs to be valid, reliable, and responsive to be useful as an evaluative tool in the clinical setting [1]. The Chinese Quality of Life Measure (ChQOL) was developed in Mainland China, based on the health concept of the Chinese culture to evaluate the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) [2]. It has been validated and shown to be applicable to Chinese subjects in Mainland China and Hong Kong [2, 3]. The ChQOL was first adapted and pilot tested on 122 Cantonese speaking people in Hong Kong in 2007 [4]. The study supported the construct validity of the ChQOL (HK version) with a 3-domain structure and moderate correlation with the WHOQOL-BREF (HK) scores. It also showed good reliability with intra-class correlations between test–retest scores and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of internal consistency above 0.7 for all facets and domains. However, the generalizability of the results of this study is limited by a small and selective sample, and test–retest reliability was assessed within 2 days. Furthermore, cognitive debriefing on the content of the instrument was not carried out and responsiveness was not assessed.
Cognitive debriefing in our earlier study on content validity of this first Hong Kong version of the ChQOL found some linguistic and interpretation problems in 3 items that were subsequently revised [3]. We wanted to confirm the psychometric properties of the revised Hong Kong version of the ChQOL on a larger representative sample to confirm whether the instrument can be applied to the wider patient population in primary care in Hong Kong [4, 5].
TCM is mostly used as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) [5] in Hong Kong and western countries. More than 84.5% of Chinese population usually consult Western medicine (WM) as their main source of primary care [6], although many people in Hong Kong use both Chinese and western medicine. An important question is whether the ChQOL (HK version) is applicable to the evaluation of Western primary care services. The original ChQoL was intended to be used for the evaluation of the effectiveness of TCM and has never been evaluated among patients in the Western medicine (WM) setting. Theoretically the ChQOL is based on the health concept of the Chinese culture, so it should be applicable to all Chinese culture-based populations irrespective of the type of medicine they use.
Studies have shown significant differences in characteristics in patients consulting TCM from those consulting WM [6, 7]. The health care setting may also affect patients’ interpretation and expectation of health. If it were proven to be valid and psychometrically adequate in both TCM and WM primary care, it can be used for the direct evaluation and comparison of integrated TCM and WM service in our primary care services.
Aim and objectives
Aim
The aim of this study was to determine the validity and other psychometric properties of the ChQOL(HK version) in both TCM and WM primary care settings in Hong Kong.
Objectives
The ChQOL(HK version) was tested in different clinical settings to establish as follow:
1.
The psychometric properties of ChQOL(HK version) in patients consulting TCM primary care for episodic illness.
2.
The psychometric properties of the ChQOL(HK version) in patients consulting WM primary care for episodic or chronic illness.
The relevance and spectrum of HRQOL domains may be different for patients with chronic and acute diseases, which may affect the psychometric performance of a HRQOL measure. Previous validation studies of the ChQOL were on patients with chronic diseases with no data from patients with episodic illness. Therefore, we tested the validity of the instrument separately on patients with episodic illness and chronic diseases in WM primary care.
Methods
Subjects
Three samples of Chinese adult (≥18) patients of either sex were recruited from one TCM and two WM general outpatient clinics from November 2005 to November 2007 in Hong Kong. The first was patients consulting the TCM outpatient clinic for an episodic of illness (sample 1, n = 569), the second was patients consulting either one of two WM outpatient clinics for an episodic illness (sample 2, n = 524). The third sample was patients attending one of two WM outpatient clinic (ALCC) for follow-up of their chronic diseases (sample 3, n = 205). An episodic illness is defined as “a new episode of illness for which the patient was consulting the clinic for the first time.” A chronic disease is defined by the criteria of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics [8], in the ALCGOPC were recruited from June to November, 2007. Table 1 reports the characteristics of the three samples.
Table 1
Characteristics of patients from TCM and WM clinics
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | HK general population (2009) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 569 | 524 | 205 | 7,003,700 |
Age (mean/SD) | 55.7 (14.3) | 49.3 (15.9) | 54.1 (11.4) | 44.7 (16.2)* |
Male, n (%) | 189 (33.2) | 213 (40.7) | 95 (46.3) | 889 (47.1) |
Education level (%) | ||||
Nill | 10.9 | 5.8 | 9.8 | 22.9a
|
Primary | 28.6 | 21.5 | 37.6 | 16.1 |
Secondary | 45.5 | 55.4 | 43.4 | 35.9 |
Tertiary | 14.6 | 17.3 | 9.3 | 25.0 |
Unsure | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 |
Prevalence chronic disease (%) | 45.3 | 33.8 | 83.9 | NA |
Hypertension | 21.6 | 17.6 | 62.0 | |
Diabetes | 4.0 | 1.1 | 12.7 | |
Cardiovascular disease | 4.2 | 3.6 | 1.5 | |
Chronic pain | 3.2 | 0.6 | 2.4 | |
Psychological disorder | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |
Others | 66.2 | 76.7 | 21.2 | |
ChQOL(HK version) physical form (形) (mean/SD)
| 64.07 (15.42) | 67.85 (13.47) | 70.93 (12.90) | NA |
Complexion | 45.46 (18.41) | 47.53 (17.03) | 51.24 (15.29) | |
Sleep | 67.34 (26.77) | 68.21 (22.60) | 71.24 (21.43) | |
Stamina | 58.22 (23.39) | 66.35 (20.19) | 68.25 (18.89) | |
Appetite and digestion | 81.37 (19.77) | 80.61 (15.94) | 82.93 (14.22) | |
Climate adaptation | 67.94 (27.52) | 76.53 (22.28) | 81.26 (21.90) | |
Vitality and spirit (神) | 69.66 (18.50) | 67.60 (15.47) | 69.62 (15.00) | NA |
Consciousness | 79.80 (21.10) | 82.39 (18.19) | 87.40 (17.04) | |
Thinking | 59.02 (21.87) | 58.71 (18.78) | 57.61 (17.57) | |
Spirit of eye | 55.32 (32.29) | 52.49 (25.33) | 52.52 (25.01) | |
Verbal expression | 84.49 (18.66) | 76.83 (17.92) | 81.10 (18.42) | |
Emotion (情志) | 77.32 (17.74) | 77.18 (15.34) | 80.29 (14.60) | NA |
Joy | 67.00 (26.26) | 61.17 (20.50) | 63.66 (19.08) | |
Anger | 71.85 (22.93) | 77.46 (20.24) | 81.35 (20.19) | |
Depress | 81.60 (20.42) | 83.38 (17.72) | 86.36 (16.01) | |
Fear | 88.83 (19.69) | 86.73 (19.04) | 89.80 (17.94) | |
Overall health | 70.35 (14.49) | 70.90 (12.32) | 73.59 (12.40) | NA |
SF-36 | ||||
Physical functioning (PF) | 72.72 (24.09) | 87.37 (16.06) | 84.32 (18.05) | 91.83 (12.89) |
Role limitation due to physical problems (RP) | 44.82 (43.14) | 63.34 (39.15) | 74.27 (38.10) | 90.44 (17.93) |
Bodily pain (BP) | 49.16 (33.04) | 63.15 (28.18) | 72.33 (29.02) | 83.98 (21.89) |
General health (GH) | 50.71 (26.65) | 52.94 (21.74) | 53.57 (22.83) | 55.98 (20.18) |
Vitality (VT) | 58.03 (24.04) | 60.97 (20.95) | 66.08 (20.86) | 59.92 (18.36) |
Social functioning (SF) | 83.28 (25.13) | 85.04 (23.61) | 89.46 (20.71) | 91.19 (15.57) |
Role limitation due to emotional problems (RE) | 71.70 (41.51) | 71.94 (39.73) | 80.23 (35.11) | 87.67 (18.16) |
Mental health (MH) | 74.89 (22.09) | 74.31 (18.81) | 79.67 (17.75) | 71.46 (16.67) |
Physical component summary (PCS) | 33.46 (14.63) | 42.76 (10.76) | 43.38 (12.16) | 50.00 (9.40) |
Mental component summary (MCS) | 55.55 (12.77) | 52.13 (11.05) | 55.62 (9.17) | 50.00 (9.65) |
The sample size estimated to detect an effect size change of 0.3 that corresponded to a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in HRQOL [9, 10] was 278 patients with 80% power by paired t test (samples 1 and 2 for responsiveness). A target minimum of 400 patients was planned for samples 1 and 2 to allow for 30% drop-outs [11]. A minimum sample of 200 was planned for group 3 base on what is generally considered to be sufficient for factor analysis and psychometric testing [12].
Data collection
The aim, procedures, and prospective longitudinal nature of the study were explained, and written consent was obtained from each subject. Each subject completed the ChQOL(HK version), the Chinese (Hong Kong) SF-36 Health Survey, a structured questionnaire on socio-demography, morbidity, and health service utilization at recruitment before the consultation with either the Chinese Medicine Practitioners (CMP) or the WM doctors. The CMP or WM doctors, blinded to the results of the interview, completed an evaluation on the severity of the subject’s illness at the end of the consultation. All subjects were followed up 2 weeks after the initial consultation either by face-to-face or telephone interview. The same survey instruments and a global rating on change scale (GRS) were administered at the same time.
Study instruments
Chinese quality of life instrument
The ChQOL (HK version) and the Chinese (Hong Kong) SF-36 Health Survey were used to measure HRQOL in this study. The ChQOL (HK version) 2008 consists of 50 items in three specific domains: physical form (20 items), vitality and spirit (12 items), and emotion (18 items) [2‐4]. The physical form domains contain facets of complexion, sleep, stamina, appetite and digestion, and climate adaptation. The vitality and spirit domains contain facets of consciousness, thinking, spirit of eye, and verbal expression. The emotion domains contain the facets of joy, anger, depress, and fear and anxiety. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale with items, facets, and domains score transformed to 0–100. Higher scores indicate better HRQOL.
The SF-36 health survey
The Chinese (Hong Kong) SF-36 Health Survey was adapted from the MOS 36-item Short-form Health Survey [13]. It is the most commonly used generic HRQOL measure consisting of 36 items measuring 8 domains: physical functioning (PF); role limitation due to physical problems (RP); bodily pain (BP); general health (GH); vitality (VT); social functioning (SF); role limitation due to emotional problems (RE); and mental health (MH). The domain scores can be summarized into two component summary scores, namely physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS) scores. Each item is rated on a 2–5 point Likert scale, and the scale scores are transformed to a range from 0 to 100. The Chinese (Hong Kong) SF-36 Health Survey has shown to be reliable, valid, sensitive, and responsive in the local Chinese population [14, 15], and the acute version was used.
The global rating on change scale
The GRS asked the subjects to rate on the change in his/her own illness condition since the initial TCM/WM consultations. The response was given a score of zero for no change, +1, 2, or 3 for different degrees of improvement, and −1, 2, and 3 for different degrees of deterioration [16, 17].
Data analysis
The algorithms used in the original version ChQOL was followed in this study [2]. Floor and ceiling effects were considered significant if >15% of participants had a minimal or maximum baseline score [18], which might imply the scale is unable to detect an improvement or decline. Scaling assumptions were tested on item-facet, facet-domain correlations, and scaling success based on the hypothesized structure that consisted of 50 items, 13 facets, 3 domains, and 1 overall health dimension [19, 20]. All correlations were corrected for overlap [21].
Exploratory factor analysis was performed to test the hypothesized structure [2]. Principal components with eigenvalue >1 were extracted, and Varimax rotation was applied.
To evaluate concurrent construct validity, Spearman correlations between the domain scores of the ChQOL(HK version) and SF-36 scores were used. The ChQOL found that the physical form and vitality and spirit domain score correlated mostly with the GH and VT scores of the SF-36; emotion score correlated mostly with VT and MH scores of the SF-36. The overall health score correlated mostly with the GH and MH scores of the SF-36. Moderate to strong correlations (>0.3) were expected between corresponding domain scores. The changes in ChQOL scores were correlated with the changes in SF-36 scores and the GRS, based on the hypothesis that they should correlate whether they measure similar constructs of HRQOL.
Internal consistency was assessed as good when Cronbach’s alpha >0.7 [22]. The test–retest reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation (ICC) between the ChQOL(HK version) scores of patients with chronic diseases, and in those reporting no change on GRS at 2 weeks interval. An ICC >0.75 is considered as excellent, 0.59–0.75 good, 0.40–0.58 fair, and <0.4 poor reliability [23]. The changes in the ChQOL(HK version) scores of patients, consulting either the TCM or WM clinics, for episodic illness were used to determine the responsiveness.
Responsiveness was measured by the Cohen’s effect size [24], and change >0.3 was considered clinically significant [9, 10, 24]. The change in scores was further tested by Wilcoxon signed rank test, and P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The changes in ChQOL were correlated with the changes in SF-36 scores and the GRS to evaluate the validity of the change. The discriminatory power of the ChQOL(HK version) was tested by known group comparison of scores between patients with different levels of illness severity classified by CMP or WM doctors, and demographic groups. It was hypothesized that patients with more severe illnesses, older or female would have lower ChQOL scores [15, 25]. All data analyses were carried out with the SPSS 17.0 version.
Results
Subjects
A total of 3,548 patients were approached and 1,735 subjects were excluded: (1) unable to communicate in Chinese, (2) too ill to complete the interview, and (3) age ≤ 18. A total of 515 eligible subjects refused to participate resulting in a response rate of 71.6%. A total of 984 subjects were followed up either at the clinic or telephone with follow-up rate of 75.8%.
The characteristics of the 3 samples are shown and compared to the Hong Kong general population (2009) (Table 1). Subjects were generally older than the general population (mean age 56, 49, 54 vs. 45 years). The episodic health problems presented were mostly physical problems related to the respiratory system and musculoskeletal system (>60%). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoarthritis accounted for >80% of the chronic diseases presented. Very few (<5%) patients had psychological problems. As expected, the SF-36 PCS and physical health-related scores (PF, RP, BP, GH, and VT) of our patient sample were much lower than those of the population norm. The mean SF-36 MCS score of the study subjects were higher than the general population mean, probably because of the older age of the study subjects as age has been found to be associated with better mental health-related quality of life [15].
Score distribution
All the items of the ChQOL(HK version) were answered with no missing data (Table 1). Patients with chronic illnesses generally had higher quality of life scores. There were few floor effects, only the facets complexion, stamina, and joy in which the proportions exceeded the standard 15% (Table 2). However, ceiling effects were found in all domains and most facet scores. WM chronic patients had the highest proportion of ceiling in most facets except those on thinking, spirit of eye, and joy; highest ceiling effects of the latter three facets were found in the TCM sample. Ceiling and floor effects were also found in several SF-36 scores especially in the RP and RE scales.
Table 2
Floor and ceiling of ChQOL(HK version) and SF-36 Scores
% Floor | % Ceiling | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | |
n
| 569 | 524 | 205 | 569 | 524 | 205 |
ChQOL physical form | 12.09 | 5.58 | 4.24 | 35.21 | 36.66 | 40.73 |
Complexion | 16.52 | 12.22 | 6.83 | 6.11 | 1.48 | 2.27 |
Sleep | 11.42 | 3.64 | 3.09 | 35.90 | 35.81 | 40.16 |
Stamina | 19.92 | 7.25 | 7.32 | 27.96 | 36.56 | 39.76 |
Appetite and digestion | 9.74 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 50.33 | 55.25 | 58.54 |
Climate adaptation | 2.87 | 3.39 | 3.25 | 55.77 | 54.18 | 62.93 |
Vitality and spirit | 7.34 | 5.60 | 5.21 | 42.85 | 26.50 | 35.81 |
Consciousness | 10.19 | 1.04 | 0.65 | 49.17 | 50.61 | 69.92 |
Thinking | 7.93 | 6.20 | 7.02 | 52.31 | 11.68 | 11.61 |
Spirit of eye | 6.15 | 14.14 | 12.68 | 32.40 | 9.57 | 9.51 |
Verbal expression | 5.10 | 1.04 | 0.49 | 37.52 | 34.13 | 52.20 |
Emotion | 12.18 | 2.72 | 1.94 | 37.56 | 49.84 | 54.67 |
Joy | 19.80 | 6.03 | 4.02 | 21.65 | 11.42 | 12.80 |
Anger | 7.82 | 2.75 | 2.34 | 48.52 | 53.27 | 59.71 |
Depress | 8.37 | 0.90 | 0.41 | 33.66 | 62.81 | 68.29 |
Fear and anxiety | 12.71 | 1.20 | 0.98 | 46.40 | 71.86 | 77.89 |
Overall health | 1.30 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 14.80 | 10.80 | 13.60 |
SF-36 (%floor/%ceiling of the general population) | ||||||
PF (0.20/46.0) | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.49 | 13.71 | 34.84 | 22.93 |
RP (0.60/64.40) | 39.19 | 18.27 | 15.12 | 31.46 | 45.29 | 62.44 |
BP (0.50/54.70) | 13.18 | 2.17 | 1.47 | 17.22 | 27.31 | 10.78 |
GH (1.00/0.50) | 4.22 | 0.47 | 0.98 | 0.35 | 0.75 | 0.49 |
VT (0.20/1.70) | 1.76 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 4.57 | 2.26 | 4.90 |
SF (0.10/70.80) | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.49 | 57.47 | 64.22 | 72.55 |
RE (0.30/55.40) | 21.97 | 16.95 | 12.25 | 64.15 | 63.94 | 71.57 |
MH (0.00/4.50) | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 10.72 | 6.12 | 11.27 |
Scaling assumptions
The item-facet correlations between an item and its hypothesized facet score were >0.4 and similar in all except 10 items (Table 3) in all patients groups. Most of these had correlations of greater than 0.3, which is acceptable. Item 6 of the facet of sleep (do dreams affect your quality of sleep?) had item-facet correlation of 0.35–0.37 in all three samples. In the facet of appetite and digestion, item 15 (do you often have digestion problem?), 16 (is you quantity of diet normal?), and 17(do you have a good appetite?) had low correlations with the facet score (0.27–0.39) in both groups of WM patients. In the facet of climate adaptation, item 20 (do the changes of time in a day (e.g., day and night) cause any effect in your illness?) had weak item-facet correlations (0.24–0.25) in episodic patients of both TCM and WM clinics. The scaling success rate (higher correlation with hypothesized scale than others) at the facet levels were greater than 85%. The facet-domain correlations were all moderate to high with 100% scaling success in all three samples (Table 4). All facets scores also moderately correlated to the overall health score (r = 0.45–0.71).
Table 3
Spearman item-facet correlations of the ChQOL(HK version)
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 569 | 524 | 205 | ||||
Domains | Facets | Correlations* | Scaling success rate† (%) | Correlations | Scaling success rate† (%) | Correlations | Scaling success rate† (%) |
Physical form | Complexion | 0.31–0.51 | 100 | 0.43–0.53 | 100 | 0.49–0.56 | 100 |
Sleep | 0.37–0.75 | 100 | 0.35–0.60 | 100 | 0.37–0.60 | 100 | |
Stamina | 0.41–0.58 | 100 | 0.38–0.62 | 100 | 0.44–0.55 | 100 | |
Appetite and digestion | 0.45–0.60 | 100 | 0.35–0.39 | 100 | 0.27–0.50 | 87.50 | |
Climate adaptation | 0.25–0.47 | 100 | 0.24–0.51 | 100 | 0.42–0.53 | 100 | |
Vitality and spirit | Consciousness | 0.58–0.59 | 100 | 0.63–0.66 | 100 | 0.52–0.56 | 100 |
Thinking | 0.46–0.67 | 95 | 0.52–0.67 | 100 | 0.42–0.55 | 98.33 | |
Spirit of eye | 0.54 | 100 | 0.48 | 100 | 0.54 | 100 | |
Verbal expression | 0.37 | 91.67 | 0.43 | 100 | 0.42 | 91.67 | |
Emotion | Joy | 0.63–0.87 | 100 | 0.59–0.75 | 100 | 0.52–0.74 | 100 |
Anger | 0.40–0.67 | 96.67 | 0.42–0.65 | 100 | 0.48–0.64 | 100 | |
Depress | 0.48–0.77 | 100 | 0.53–0.73 | 100 | 0.47–0.68 | 98.61 | |
Fear and anxiety | 0.54–0.59 | 100 | 0.52–0.64 | 100 | 0.54–0.69 | 97.22 | |
Table 4
Spearman facet-domain correlations of the ChQOL(HK version)
Clinic | TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 569 | 524 | 205 | |||||||||
Domains | Physical form | Vitality and spirit | Emotion | Overall health | Physical form | Vitality and spirit | Emotion | Overall health | Physical form | Vitality and spirit | Emotion | Overall health |
Facets | ||||||||||||
Complexion | 0.42*,†
| 0.32* | 0.35* | 0.49* | 0.42*,†
| 0.36* | 0.35* | 0.53* | 0.45*,†
| 0.37* | 0.38* | 0.53* |
Sleep | 0.39*,†
| 0.33* | 0.43* | 0.56* | 0.45*,†
| 0.31* | 0.38* | 0.56* | 0.43*,†
| 0.41* | 0.42* | 0.57* |
Stamina | 0.51*,†
| 0.52* | 0.47* | 0.67* | 0.57*,†
| 0.49* | 0.50* | 0.71* | 0.57*,†
| 0.56* | 0.50* | 0.70* |
Appetite and digestion | 0.44*,†
| 0.41* | 0.44* | 0.57* | 0.51*,†
| 0.31* | 0.46* | 0.56* | 0.47*,†
| 0.30* | 0.45* | 0.50* |
Climate adaptation | 0.37*,†
| 0.32* | 0.21* | 0.46* | 0.42*,†
| 0.27* | 0.33* | 0.51* | 0.43*,†
| 0.40* | 0.41* | 0.57* |
Consciousness | 0.53* | 0.64*,†
| 0.47* | 0.71* | 0.43* | 0.57*,†
| 0.38* | 0.63* | 0.53* | 0.59*,†
| 0.52* | 0.71* |
Thinking | 0.43* | 0.67*,†
| 0.37* | 0.66* | 0.41* | 0.64*,†
| 0.41* | 0.66* | 0.42* | 0.57*,†
| 0.36* | 0.60* |
Spirit of eye | 0.49* | 0.53*,†
| 0.39* | 0.70* | 0.46* | 0.53*,†
| 0.36* | 0.66* | 0.46* | 0.48*,†
| 0.46* | 0.67* |
Verbal expression | 0.34* | 0.53*,†
| 0.33* | 0.55* | 0.22* | 0.45*,†
| 0.25* | 0.45* | 0.38* | 0.49*,†
| 0.42* | 0.59* |
Joy | 0.51* | 0.47* | 0.62*,†
| 0.71* | 0.43* | 0.43* | 0.46*,†
| 0.63* | 0.48* | 0.46* | 0.54*,†
| 0.66* |
Anger | 0.40* | 0.36* | 0.58*,†
| 0.60* | 0.43* | 0.31* | 0.59*,†
| 0.61* | 0.44* | 0.44* | 0.59*,†
| 0.64* |
Depress | 0.46* | 0.43* | 0.73*,†
| 0.68* | 0.49* | 0.32* | 0.69*,†
| 0.65* | 0.53* | 0.42* | 0.67*,†
| 0.66* |
Fear and anxiety | 0.39* | 0.31* | 0.48*,†
| 0.51* | 0.48* | 0.38* | 0.58*,†
| 0.64* | 0.48* | 0.44* | 0.53*,†
| 0.61* |
Factor structure
Factor analysis on the item scores (data not shown) showed item 6, and item 20 had strong loadings (>0.7) on the hypothesized facets although they had low item-facet correlations; therefore, they were not excluded in the further factor analysis. Table 5 shows the results of exploratory factor analysis on the facet scores. Two factors were extracted, contrary from the three hypothesized for the three-domain structure of the original version of ChQOL [2]. Examination of the scree plots showed that the total variance was increased by a modest 7–10% by the inclusion of the next factor (Eigenvalue < 1), so it might not be appropriate to include this third factor. The physical form facets tended to merge with emotion facets in both WM patient groups but loaded on two factors in TCM patients. A one-factor structure was obtained when the domain scores loaded by patient groups, which matched the hypothesized structure for the physical form, vitality and spirit, and emotion domain scores to be summarized into the overall health dimension score.
Table 5
Exploratory factor analysis of facets and domains scores of the ChQOL(HK version)
Domains of ChQOL | Facets of ChQOL | TCM episodic patients (n = 569) | WM episodic patients (n = 524) | WM chronic patients (n = 205) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | % variance | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | % variance | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | % variance | ||
Factor loadings | 49.74 | Factor loadings | 49.85 | Factor loadings | 52.16 | |||||
Physical form | Complexion | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.37 | |||
Sleep | 0.56 | 0.2 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.24 | ||||
Stamina | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.54 | ||||
Appetite and digestion | 0.55 | 0.3 | 0.61 | 0.21 | 0.69 | 0.21 | ||||
Climate adaptation | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.29 | ||||
Vitality and spirit | Consciousness | 0.24 | 0.81 | 0.26 | 0.73 | 0.3 | 0.73 | |||
Thinking | 0.16 | 0.83 | 0.25 | 0.78 | 0.13 | 0.85 | ||||
Spirit of eye | 0.31 | 0.61 | 0.25 | 0.70 | 0.37 | 0.56 | ||||
Verbal expression | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.22 | 0.69 | ||||
Emotion | Joy | 0.74 | 0.27 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 0.6 | 0.35 | |||
Anger | 0.69 | 0.15 | 0.75 | 0.06 | 0.68 | 0.29 | ||||
Depress | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.85 | 0.16 | ||||
Fear and anxiety | 0.66 | 0.18 | 0.75 | 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.19 | ||||
Dimension | Domain of ChQOL | Factor 1 | % variance | Factor 1 | % variance | Factor 1 | % variance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall health | Physical form | 0.86 | 70.84 | 0.86 | 69.15 | 0.89 | 76.19 |
Emotion | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.88 | ||||
Vitality and spirit | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.85 |
Convergent construct validity
The correlations between the domain scores of the ChQOL (HK version) and the eight domain and two summary scores of the Chinese (HK) SF-36 Health Survey among the 3 patient groups are shown in Table 6. Scores of the physical form domain and vitality and spirit domains of the ChQOL (HK version) were most highly correlated with those of the GH and VT domains of the SF-36 (r = 0.42–0.64) while the score of the emotion domain was most highly correlated with the MH and RR domains of SF-36 (r = 0.43–0.76) in all the 3 patient samples. All ChQOL domains except emotion scores had moderate correlations with the SF-36 PSC, and the emotion domain score had moderate correlation with the SF-36 MCS.
Table 6
Correlations between the domain scores of the ChQOL(HK version) and the Chinese (HK) SF-36 health survey
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 569 | 524 | 205 | |||||||||
Domains of ChQOL | Physical form | Vitality and spirit | Emotion | Overall health | Physical form | Vitality and spirit | Emotion | Overall health | Physical form | Vitality and spirit | Emotion | Overall health |
Domain of SF-36 | ||||||||||||
PCS | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.53 |
MCS | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.6 | 0.52 |
PF | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.53 |
RP | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.3 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.43 |
BP | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.45 |
GH | 0.64 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.68 |
VT | 0.64 | 0.5 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.5 | 0.54 | 0.63 |
SF | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.33 |
RE | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.49 |
MH | 0.55 | 0.43 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.72 | 0.66 |
Table 7 shows the correlations between the Chinese Medicine Practitioners (CMP) or doctors’ rating on the severity of illnesses of patients and the HRQOL scores at presentation. A negative correlation was expected because higher severity score indicated more severe illness. There were significant but weak correlations between the CMP and Western medicine doctors’ ratings and the ChQOL physical form score among episodic patients of TCM and WM clinics, but no significant correlation was found among chronic patients.
Table 7
Spearman correlation between practitioner ratings and HRQOL scores
Rating of Chinese medicine practitioners | Rating of Western medicine doctors | ||
|---|---|---|---|
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | |
n = 569 |
n = 524 |
n = 205 | |
ChQOL(HK version) physical form | −0.12* | −0.06 | −0.07 |
Complexion | −0.06 | −0.05 | 0.01 |
Sleep | −0.09* | −0.02 | 0.00 |
Stamina | −0.10* | −0.08* | −0.13 |
Appetite and digestion | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.03 |
Climate adaptation | −0.11* | 0.00 | −0.09 |
Vitality and spirit | 0.01 | −0.13* | −0.10 |
Consciousness | 0.00 | −0.12* | −0.13 |
Thinking | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.05 |
Spirit of eye | −0.01 | −0.10* | −0.08 |
Verbal expression | 0.01 | −0.10* | −0.03 |
Emotion | −0.03 | −0.05 | −0.06 |
Joy | −0.12* | −0.09* | −0.07 |
Anger | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.03 |
Depress | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.03 |
Fear and anxiety | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
Overall health | −0.05 | −0.09* | −0.08 |
Component summary score of SF-36 | |||
PCS | −0.16* | −0.12* | −0.13 |
MCS | −0.13* | −0.02 | −0.05 |
Domains of SF-36 | |||
PF | −0.09* | −0.12* | −0.12 |
RP | −0.19* | −0.07* | −0.21* |
BP | −0.11* | −0.11* | −0.03 |
GH | −0.20* | −0.09* | −0.15 |
VT | −0.15* | −0.06 | −0.05 |
SF | −0.19* | −0.02 | −0.21 |
RE | −0.10* | −0.04 | −0.02 |
MH | −0.12* | −0.08* | −0.08 |
Table 8 shows the correlations between the change in HRQOL (ChQOL and SF-36) scores and GRS score. Only very weak correlations were found between subjects’ GRS score and the changes in ChQOL physical form or SF-36 scores in WM episodic patients. There were no significant correlations between the changes in ChQOL or SF-36 scores and GRS score except a very weak correlation between ChQOL physical form score and GRS in TCM patients.
Table 8
Spearman’s correlations between change in ChQOL and SF-36 scores and global rating on change scale (GRS) score
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | All patients | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 569 | 524 | 1,093 | ||||||
Patients’ GRS at 2 weeks | Change in PCS | Change in MCS | Change in physical form | Change in spirit and vitality | Change in emotion | Change in overall health | |||
SF-36 | Change in PCS | 0.07 | 0.16** | −0.35** | 0.20** | 0.15** | 0.07 | 0.17** | |
Change in MCS | −0.00 | 0.10** | −0.35** | 0.28** | 0.19** | 0.42** | 0.37** | ||
ChQOL | Change in physical form | 0.12* | 0.12** | 0.20** | 0.28** | 0.35** | 0.40** | 0.78** | |
Change in spirit and vitality | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.149** | 0.189** | 0.35** | 0.43** | 0.77** | ||
Change in emotion | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.071 | 0.42** | 0.40** | 0.43** | |||
Change in overall health | 0.05 | 0.10** | 0.169** | 0.37** | 0.73** | 0.78** | 0.77** | ||
Reliability
The Cronbach’s alphas of all domains were greater than 0.8, and the overall health dimension were >0.9 in all groups (Table 9). All except those of three facets were >0.7 of ChQOL(HK version). The facets of climate adaptation and verbal expression had Cronbach’s alpha below the optimal standard in all three groups. The 2-week test–retest reliability on the Intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficient of the ChQOL(HK version) among patients with no change on GRS ranged from 0.59 to 0.81, supporting the reliability of all scales. Similar results were found among patients with chronic diseases, further supporting the reliability (Table 9). The lowest ICC was found in the complexion facet among both patients with chronic diseases (0.46) and those with no change on GRS (0.59).
Table 9
Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the ChQOL(HK version) by patient groups
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | WM chronic patients | Patients with no change on GRS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 569 | 524 | 205 | 736 | |||
Cronbach’s alpha | ICC | 95% CI | ICC | 95% CI | |||
Domains/facets of ChQOL physical form | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.68–0.83 | 0.74 | 0.69–0.79 |
Complexion | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.46 | 0.26–0.61 | 0.59 | 0.49–0.66 |
Sleep | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.66–0.82 | 0.70 | 0.64–0.76 |
Stamina | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.60–0.79 | 0.75 | 0.70–0.80 |
Appetite and digestion | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.6 | 0.63 | 0.49–0.73 | 0.69 | 0.62–0.74 |
Climate adaptation | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.44–0.70 | 0.65 | 0.57–0.71 |
Vitality and spirit | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.65 | 0.52–0.75 | 0.76 | 0.71–0.80 |
Consciousness | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.47–0.72 | 0.71 | 0.65–0.76 |
Thinking | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.52 | 0.34–0.65 | 0.75 | 0.70–0.80 |
Spirit of eye | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.33–0.65 | 0.63 | 0.55–0.70 |
Verbal expression | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.35–0.65 | 0.62 | 0.54–0.69 |
Emotion | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.83–0.91 | 0.78 | 0.73–0.82 |
Joy | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.59 | 0.44–0.70 | 0.75 | 0.69–0.79 |
Anger | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.64–0.81 | 0.73 | 0.67–0.78 |
Depress | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.77–0.88 | 0.71 | 0.64–0.76 |
Fear and anxiety | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.75–0.87 | 0.63 | 0.55–0.70 |
Overall health | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.77–0.88 | 0.80 | 0.75–0.83 |
SF-36 | |||||||
PF | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.73–0.86 | 0.80 | 0.76–0.84 |
RP | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.65 | 0.52–0.74 | 0.67 | 0.60–0.73 |
BP | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.74–0.86 | 0.67 | 0.60–0.73 |
GH | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.80 | 0.73–0.86 | 0.81 | 0.77–0.85 |
VT | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.69–0.83 | 0.71 | 0.64–0.76 |
SF | 0.68 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.47 | 0.28–0.62 | 0.60 | 0.51–0.67 |
RE | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 0.51–0.74 | 0.50 | 0.39–0.59 |
MH | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.69–0.83 | 0.74 | 0.68–0.78 |
PCS | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.76–0.87 | 0.81 | 0.76–0.84 |
MCS | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.64–0.81 | 0.70 | 0.64–0.76 |
Responsiveness
Two weeks after the initial consultations, 829 TCM and WM episodic patients were followed up (Table 10). The ChQOL(HK version) and SF-36 scores of patients consulting with episodic illnesses significantly improved after their consultations in both groups. Majority of the effect size changes of the ChQOL(HK version) exceeded the MCID standard of 0.3. Only the PCS and four domain scores of the SF-36 showed an effect size change of more than 0.3. The effect size changes of the SF-36 mental health-related (MCS, RE, and MH) scores were all less than 0.3, but the ChQOL emotion score had effect sizes ranged from 0.36 to 0.39 in the two patient groups.
Table 10
Mean changes and effect size changes of HRQOL scores 2 weeks after TCM and WM consultations
TCM episodic patients | WM episodic patients | |
|---|---|---|
n
| 387* | 442* |
Mean change (effect sizea) | Mean change (effect sizea) | |
ChQOL (HK version) | ||
Physical form | 9.17 (0.59) | −2.05 (−0.15) |
Vitality and spirit | 6.30 (0.34) | 7.21 (0.47) |
Emotion | 6.42 (0.36) | 5.97 (0.39) |
Overall | 7.35 (0.50) | 3.76 (0.31) |
SF-36 | ||
PCS | 6.74 (0.46) | 5.02 (0.46) |
MCS | 1.52 (0.12) | 2.35 (0.22) |
PF | 5.94 (0.25) | 2.96 (0.19) |
RP | 18.28 (0.43) | 14.65 (0.37) |
BP | 20.43 (0.62) | 16.14 (0.56) |
GH | 6.13 (0.23) | 7.68 (0.36) |
VT | 7.14 (0.30) | 7.62 (0.37) |
SF | 5.72 (0.23) | 6.17 (0.27) |
RE | 8.01 (0.20) | 10.79 (0.28) |
MH | 5.22 (0.24) | 3.67 (0.20) |
Discriminatory power
Illness severity groups classified by the consulting practitioners, age groups, and genders were shown in Table 11. There was a trend for patients with mild diseases to have higher ChQOL scores than those with moderate or severe illnesses. The differences were statistically significant in one or more of the domain scores in episodic patients in either TCM or WM clinics. Moreover, the vitality and spirit domain of the ChQOL(HK version) was able to differentiate patients of different age groups showing poorer scores with increasing age. Female had lower scores than male in TCM episodic group. There was also the same trend in other patient groups although the differences did not reach statistical significance.
Table 11
HRQOL scores by severity of illness, age groups and genders
Severity of illness | Age group | Genders | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Moderate/severe | 18–40 | 41–64 | >65 | Female | Male | ||
TCM episodic patients (n = 569) | HRQOL scores mean (SD) | |||||||
n
| 133 | 436 | 92 | 301 | 176 | 380 | 189 | |
Domains of ChQOL (HK version) | Physical form | 66.8 (15.6)* | 63.3 (15.2)* | 62.1 (14.8) | 63.9 (15.8) | 65.3 (15.0) | 61.8 (15.5)* | 68.7 (14.1)* |
Vitality and spirit | 69.8 (17.1) | 69.7 (18.7) | 73.9 (16.7)* | 70.6 (18.4)* | 65.7 (18.9)* | 67.2 (18.2)* | 74.7 (18.1)* | |
Emotion | 78.7 (17.2) | 77.1 (17.7) | 74.5 (18.0) | 77.0 (18.3) | 79.3 (16.6) | 76.0 (18.6)* | 80.0 (15.6)* | |
Overall health | 71.8 (13.7) | 70.0 (14.5) | 70.2 (13.8) | 70.5 (15.0) | 70.1 (14.0) | 68.3 (14.6)* | 74.5 (13.5)* | |
SF-36 | PCS | 37.6 (13.4)* | 32.0 (14.8)* | 40.2 (13.0)* | 34.4 (13.4)* | 28.4 (15.8)* | 31.4 (14.5)* | 37.6 (14.1)* |
MCS | 57.7 (10.4)* | 55.1 (13.2)* | 51.3 (11.9) | 54.4 (12.7) | 59.7 (12.3) | 55.4 (13.0) | 55.8 (12.4) | |
WM episodic patients (n = 524) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 351 | 173 | 157 | 267 | 100 | 309 | 215 | |
Domains of ChQOL (HK version) | Physical form | 68.7 (13.3) | 67.6 (13.7) | 67.3 (12.8) | 68.6 (13.8) | 68.8 (13.6) | 65.6 (13.3) | 72.1 (12.8) |
Vitality and spirit | 69.2 (14.9)* | 64.9 (15.6)* | 71.7 (14.9)* | 68.1 (14.9)* | 61.22 (14.3)* | 66.6 (15.2) | 69.7 (15.0) | |
Emotion | 78.3 (15.2) | 76.6 (15.8) | 77.0 (15.2) | 77.8 (15.3) | 79.4 (15.3) | 75.9 (16.0) | 80.7 (13.5) | |
Overall health | 72.1 (12.1)* | 69.8 (12.5)* | 72.0 (12.1) | 71.5 (12.3) | 69.8 (11.8) | 69.4 (12.2) | 74.2 (11.6) | |
SF-36 | PCS | 44.1 (10.2)* | 41.5 (11.8)* | 44.6 (10.5)* | 42.9 (11.1)* | 41.5 (10.4)* | 42.0 (11.1)* | 44.9 (10.2)* |
MCS | 52.5 (10.5) | 51.5 (11.7) | 50.8 (10.6)* | 52.1 (10.8)* | 54.9 (10.9)* | 51.6 (11.4) | 53.2 (10.0) | |
WM chronic patients (n = 205) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 148 | 57 | 20 | 154 | 31 | 109 | 96 | |
Domains of ChQOL (HK version) | Physical form | 71.7 (12.6) | 68.2 (13.6) | 68.4 (13.4) | 71.2 (12.7) | 71.0 (14.0) | 67.8 (13.3) | 74.6(11.5) |
Vitality and spirit | 70.4 (14.8) | 67.4 (15.4) | 68.0 (14.4)* | 71.0 (14.0)* | 63.2 (18.5)* | 67.1 (15.1) | 72.5 (14.5) | |
Emotion | 80.9 (14.2) | 78.3 (16.9) | 76.3 (13.9) | 80.6 (14.5) | 80.3 (16.3) | 77.0 (16.4) | 84.1 (11.1) | |
Overall health | 74.3 (12.0) | 71.3 (13.6) | 70.9 (11.1) | 74.3 (12.1) | 71.5 (14.4) | 70.5 (13.1) | 77.1 (10.6) | |
SF-36 | PCS | 44.6 (11.8)* | 39.9 (12.7)* | 46.1 (15.7)* | 44.0 (11.7)* | 38.2 (11.8)* | 40.9 (12.3)* | 46.2 (11.5)* |
MCS | 56.0 (8.9) | 54.4 (9.4) | 51.4 (7.1)* | 55.2 (9.1)* | 59.0 (9.6)* | 54.2 (10.3) | 57.2 (7.4) | |
Discussions
This study included adult patients of all ages, both sexes, different educational levels, and a wide variety of health problems in different primary care settings. There was little difference in the psychometric properties of the ChQOL between patients with acute and chronic diseases or between TCM and WM, showing that the instrument is likely to be applicable all Chinese patients in primary care.
Score distribution
Ceiling effects were significant with a number of scales, which was not found in the previous studies [2, 4]. The discrepancy could be a reflection of relatively good health of a primary care population, as shown by ceiling effects in several SF-36 scales. Scales on sleep, appetite and digestion or consciousness might not be very useful for the evaluation of improvements in primary care. Adding more items that measure the extremes of quality of life might reduce floor and ceiling effects but this is beyond the scope of this paper. On the other hand, complexion, thinking, and spirit of eye are “bipolar” constructs that have more room for change in either direction. It should be pointed that the ChQOL overall health scale did not show any significant ceiling or floor effects, so it would be a useful “summary” scale for the evaluation on change in HRQOL in clinical trials.
Construct validity
A multi-method approach was used to evaluate the construct validity of the ChQOL(HK version) in terms of its scaling structure and correlations with other HRQOL measures and external criteria.
Scaling assumption
The majority of items satisfied the scaling assumptions in all patient groups. Correction for overlap was used in the item-scale correlation analysis, which is recommended because it is more stringent but may lead to lower correlations in scales that have few items [21, 26, 27]. Scores of items that define extreme conditions may be highly skewed in bipolar scales on sleep, appetite and digestion, complexion, and verbal expression [20], leading to relatively low item-scale correlations but they help to raise the “ceiling” or lower the “floor” of the scales, and improve the discriminatory power of the measure.
Items 20 (do the changes of time in a day (e.g., day and night) cause any effect in your illness?) and 16 (is you quantity of diet normal?) were most problematic in tests on scaling assumptions. Item 20 also had low content validity index on appropriateness (CVI) in previous content validation [3]. Further studies should be carried out on other Chinese people in Hong Kong to confirm whether these items were really non-homogenous. If proven, they should be eliminated from the HK version of the ChQOL.
Factor analysis
Factor analysis is commonly used to assess whether the items fall into the expected scales [28]. Items measuring the same concept are expected to be grouped by the same factor (convergent validity) and vice versa for divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been advocated by some to be method of choice for adaptation of HRQOL measures from one population to another [28, 29], but it might miss alternative factor structures. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in this pilot study because the ChQOL is relatively new and its factor structure had only been replicated in a selected small sample of no more than 200.
The three domain scores loaded on one factor that explains 70% of the total variance, which supported the summation of the scores into a summary overall health score. Two instead of three factors were obtained from the facet scores loadings, contrary to the findings of the original study and an earlier study on Chinese people in Hong Kong [4]. The physical form and emotion facets tended to merge, and those of the vitality and spirit stood as a separate factor. The 2 factor structure was consistently found in all three primary care patient populations suggesting that they were likely to be true. It was noted in that both the physical form and emotion scales scores correlated more strongly with the SF-36 MCS than PCS score (Tables 6, 8) indicating that they both relate more with mental than physical health. The tendency to psychosomatization could be the reason for the merging of the physical and emotional factors. On the other hand, the possibility of differences in the functional meaning of the items between Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese need to be explored further [3].
It should be pointed out that results from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) can be difficult to interpret and there is no agreement on the best rotation method. Varimax rotation was used in this study to be consistent with the method used in the validation of the original ChQOL. We had carried out the factor analysis with oblique rotation (i.e., promax rotation) and found similar results of two factors. If further studies confirmed a two-domain structure, the validity of a shortened version of the ChQOL with elimination of non-discriminatory items and reorganization of the item-scale groupings should be explored.
Convergent construct validity with the SF-36 health survey
The ChQOL(HK version) scores moderately correlated with summary scores and most domain scores of the SF-36 confirming the two measures a similar construct. There were high (>0.6) correlations between all ChQOL(HK version) scores with the GH and VT scores of the SF-36 but relatively low correlations (<0.5) between the ChQOL physical form and SF-36 role functioning (PF, RP, RE and SF) scores. These same results were found in the validation study of the original ChQOL [2]. The ChQOL, base on the TCM health concept, focuses mainly on general well-being and symptoms but not on role functioning. This may be a limitation when it is applied to patients with chronic diseases. Therefore, supplementation with a broader generic measure like the SF-36 or SF-12 may be needed. The correlations with SF-36 were mostly moderate indicating that the constructs of the two measures are related but not equivalent. The ChQOL captures Chinese culture-specific aspects of HRQOL by the unique facets of complexion, appetite and digestion, spirit of eyes, and verbal expression, which are not measured by any HRQOL measure developed in the West.
Only weak correlations were found between practitioners’ rating and the ChQOL scores and were significant only among patients presenting with episodic illness. The same trend was found between SF-36 scores and practitioner ratings. The findings confirmed once again the difference in the constructs of subjective HRQOL perception and objective assessment (by the CMP/WM doctors). A self-limiting episodic illness may be judged by the doctor as a mild disease but it could be perceived to have significant impairment on quality of life by the patient. The reverse discrepancy in perception might occur with chronic diseases because patients are often asymptomatic even if the disease is quite severe. The results illustrated the importance of including both subjective and objective assessment in the evaluation of health outcomes.
Reliability
Internal consistency was demonstrated in patients using either TCM or WM primary care. The Cronbach’s alphas of the overall health score was >0.9, a standard that is sufficient for not only group by individual evaluation. The reliability of the ChQOL(HK version) and SF-36 showed similar results that supported the application of both measures in both TCM or WM primary care.
The test–retest reliability of the ChQOL(HK version) was largely confirmed in this study. Facets of complexion, climate adaptation, thinking, spirit of eyes, and verbal expression had only fair reliability and were lower than those found by previous studies using a 2-day test–retest interval [2]. There is always a debate on the optimal interval for test–retest reliability [20, 30, 31]. A short interval like 2 days may inflate the test–retest reliability but the condition of patients could have changed with a longer interval (i.e., 2 weeks) [32]. A responsive HRQOL measure may show a low test–retest reliability because it can detect very small changes over time.
Responsiveness
Our study confirmed the responsiveness of the ChQOL in Hong Kong patients in both TCM and WM primary care settings. It was able to detect moderate effect size changes in HRQOL among patients after their consultations. Being Chinese culture specific, the ChQOL(HK version) emotion scale is more responsive than the SF-36 MCS and MH scales in detecting changes. The emotion domain in ChQOL (HK version) includes not only depression and anxiety but also joy and anger that are important emotions in the Chinese culture.
There was significant correlations between the changes in ChQOL and SF-36 scores supporting the validity that the former as a measure of HRQOL. The correlations between the changes in either HQROL scores and GRS were very weak, suggesting that GRS might measure a different construct from HRQOL, or the “then recall” reference might be more susceptible to response shift.
Discriminatory power
The ChQOL(HK version) was able to discriminate different illness severity groups among patients presenting with episodic illnesses but not in those consulting for chronic diseases although the Chinese (HK) SF-36 PCS score was able to discriminate illness severity groups in all patient samples. This could be a reflection of a deficiency of the ChQOL. The ChQOL does not include the domains of role functioning and bodily pain, which are included in most other generic HRQOL measures. This illustrates that a culture-specific measure may not always be more sensitive than a cross-cultural measure. Further studies with different patient characteristics are needed to establish the discriminatory power of the ChQOL(HK version). Instead of choosing one over the other, the culture-specific ChQOL and cross-cultural HRQOL measures such as the SF-36 Health Survey should complement each other since their HRQOL indicators are different.
Conclusion
The psychometric properties of the Chinese Quality of Life instruments (HK version) were shown to be satisfactory in both TCM and WM primary care settings. This study supports the application of the ChQOL (HK version) to Chinese patients using WM care. The results enable the ChQOL(HK version) to be used for direct comparison between the effectiveness of TCM and WM.
A few items of the ChQOL did not reach the expected standard in scaling assumptions, and some facets had relatively low test–retest reliability. The 3-domain factor structure was not replicated in the ChQOL(HK version), which called for further studies to investigate the validity of a 2-domain structure. There is potential for the elimination of some items or revision of the scaling structure to produce a shorter version with improved psychometric properties.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.