Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 3/2016

22-07-2015

Psychological Distress Among School-Aged Children with and Without Intrauterine Cocaine Exposure: Perinatal Versus Contextual Effects

Auteurs: Mark A. Richardson, Wanda Grant-Knight, Marjorie Beeghly, Ruth Rose-Jacobs, Clara A. Chen, Danielle P. Appugliese, Howard J. Cabral, Jane M. Liebschutz, Deborah A. Frank

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 3/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Whether intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) explains unique variance in psychiatric functioning among school age children, even after controlling for other biological and social risk factors, has not been fully delineated. As part of a longitudinal birth cohort study of children with and without IUCE, we conducted and analyzed data based on structured clinical interviews with 105 children (57 % male) and their caregivers when the child was approximately 8.5 years old; 47 % of the children had experienced IUCE. Interviews included past and current major psychological disorders and sub-threshold mental health symptoms. Potential covariates were ascertained by interviews of birth mothers and other caregivers from shortly after the child’s birth until the 8.5-year visit. More than one-third of children met DSM-IV criteria for one or more mood, anxiety, attention deficit, or disruptive behavior disorders. IUCE was not significantly associated with children’s history of psychological distress, in either bivariate or multiple logistic regressions. In contrast, birth mothers’ acknowledgement of greater psychiatric distress at baseline and higher levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and at 8.5 years caregivers’ reports of their own psychological distress, and children’s lower IQ were predictors of higher rates of psychological morbidity. Findings are consistent with prior reports suggesting that, regardless of IUCE status, children from low-income, urban backgrounds are at heightened risk for psychological distress. Results underscore the need for closer monitoring of the mental health of children living in low-income households, with or without intrauterine substance exposures, to facilitate access to appropriate services.
Literatuur
go back to reference Accornero, V. H., Anthony, J. C., Morrow, C. E., Xue, L., & Bandstra, E. S. (2006). Prenatal cocaine exposure: an examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior at age 7 years. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 15, 20–29.PubMedPubMedCentral Accornero, V. H., Anthony, J. C., Morrow, C. E., Xue, L., & Bandstra, E. S. (2006). Prenatal cocaine exposure: an examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior at age 7 years. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 15, 20–29.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Accornero, V. H., Anthony, J. C., Morrow, C. E., Xue, L., Mansoor, E., Johnson, A. L., et al. (2011). Estimated effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on examiner-rated behavior at age 7 years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33, 370–378. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.014. Accornero, V. H., Anthony, J. C., Morrow, C. E., Xue, L., Mansoor, E., Johnson, A. L., et al. (2011). Estimated effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on examiner-rated behavior at age 7 years. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33, 370–378. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ntt.​2011.​02.​014.
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 child profile. Burlington: University of Vermont. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 child profile. Burlington: University of Vermont.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: fourth edition (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: fourth edition (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Andersson, H. E., & Sommerfelt, K. (2001). The relationship between cognitive abilities and maternal ratings of externalizing behaviors in preschool children. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 437–444. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00256.CrossRefPubMed Andersson, H. E., & Sommerfelt, K. (2001). The relationship between cognitive abilities and maternal ratings of externalizing behaviors in preschool children. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 437–444. doi:10.​1111/​1467-9450.​00256.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bada, H. S., Das, A., Bauer, C. R., Shankaran, S., Lester, B., LaGasse, L., et al. (2007). Impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior problems through school age. Pediatrics, 119, e348–e359. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1404. Bada, H. S., Das, A., Bauer, C. R., Shankaran, S., Lester, B., LaGasse, L., et al. (2007). Impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior problems through school age. Pediatrics, 119, e348–e359. doi:10.​1542/​peds.​2006-1404.
go back to reference Bailey, B. N., Sood, B. G., Sokol, R. J., Ager, J., Janisse, J., Hannigan, J. H., et al. (2005). Gender and alcohol moderate prenatal cocaine effects on teacher-report of child behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 181–189. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.10.004. Bailey, B. N., Sood, B. G., Sokol, R. J., Ager, J., Janisse, J., Hannigan, J. H., et al. (2005). Gender and alcohol moderate prenatal cocaine effects on teacher-report of child behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 181–189. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ntt.​2004.​10.​004.
go back to reference Bailey, B. N., Hannigan, J. H., Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Sokol, R. J. (2006). The role of maternal acceptance in the relation between community violence exposure and child functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 57–70. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9002-y.PubMed Bailey, B. N., Hannigan, J. H., Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Sokol, R. J. (2006). The role of maternal acceptance in the relation between community violence exposure and child functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 57–70. doi:10.​1007/​s10802-005-9002-y.PubMed
go back to reference Beeghly, M., Frank, D. A., Rose-Jacobs, R., Cabral, H., & Tronick, E. Z. (2003). Level of prenatal cocaine exposure and infant-caregiver attachment behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25, 23–38. doi:10.1016/S0892-0362(02)00323-9. Beeghly, M., Frank, D. A., Rose-Jacobs, R., Cabral, H., & Tronick, E. Z. (2003). Level of prenatal cocaine exposure and infant-caregiver attachment behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25, 23–38. doi:10.​1016/​S0892-0362(02)00323-9.
go back to reference Brown, L. S., Alterman, A. I., Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., & Zaballero, A. R. (1993). Addiction Severity Index scores of four racial/ethnic and gender groups of methadone maintenance patients. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 269–279. doi:10.1016/0899-3289(93)90068-M.CrossRefPubMed Brown, L. S., Alterman, A. I., Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., & Zaballero, A. R. (1993). Addiction Severity Index scores of four racial/ethnic and gender groups of methadone maintenance patients. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 269–279. doi:10.​1016/​0899-3289(93)90068-M.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cantwell, D. P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1997). Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 610–619. doi:10.1097/00004583-199705000-00011.CrossRefPubMed Cantwell, D. P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1997). Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 610–619. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-199705000-00011.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chi, T. C., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Mother-child relationships of children with ADHD: the role of maternal depressive symptoms and depression-related distortions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 387–400. doi:10.1023/A:1015770025043.CrossRefPubMed Chi, T. C., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Mother-child relationships of children with ADHD: the role of maternal depressive symptoms and depression-related distortions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 387–400. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1015770025043.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 746–773. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.746.CrossRefPubMed Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 746–773. doi:10.​1037/​0033-2909.​128.​5.​746.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Day, N. L., & Richardson, G. A. (1994). Comparative teratogenicity of alcohol and other drugs. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 42–48. Day, N. L., & Richardson, G. A. (1994). Comparative teratogenicity of alcohol and other drugs. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 42–48.
go back to reference Day, N. L., Richardson, G. A., Goldschmidt, M. D., & Cornelius, M. (2000). Effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on preschoolers’ behavior. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 21, 180–188.PubMed Day, N. L., Richardson, G. A., Goldschmidt, M. D., & Cornelius, M. (2000). Effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on preschoolers’ behavior. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 21, 180–188.PubMed
go back to reference Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Templin, T., Ager, J., Martier, S., & Sokol, R. (1998). Teacher-assessed behavior of children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Pediatrics, 102, 945–950.CrossRefPubMed Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Templin, T., Ager, J., Martier, S., & Sokol, R. (1998). Teacher-assessed behavior of children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Pediatrics, 102, 945–950.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Templin, T., Ager, J., Nordstrom-Klee, V., Martier, S., et al. (2000). Teacher-assessed behavior of children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Pediatrics, 106, 782–791. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0637. Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Templin, T., Ager, J., Nordstrom-Klee, V., Martier, S., et al. (2000). Teacher-assessed behavior of children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Pediatrics, 106, 782–791. doi:10.​1542/​peds.​2009-0637.
go back to reference Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Nordstrom, B., Ager, J., Janisse, J., Hannigan, J. H., et al. (2004). Prenatal cocaine: quantity of exposure and gender moderation. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25, 254–263. Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Nordstrom, B., Ager, J., Janisse, J., Hannigan, J. H., et al. (2004). Prenatal cocaine: quantity of exposure and gender moderation. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25, 254–263.
go back to reference Derogatis, L. (1977). SCL-90-R. Manual-I. Baltimore: John Hopkins. Derogatis, L. (1977). SCL-90-R. Manual-I. Baltimore: John Hopkins.
go back to reference Derogatis, L. (1993). BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (4th ed.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems. Derogatis, L. (1993). BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (4th ed.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
go back to reference Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2001). Epidemiology of psychiatric disability in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 901–914. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00786.CrossRefPubMed Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2001). Epidemiology of psychiatric disability in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 901–914. doi:10.​1111/​1469-7610.​00786.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ezpeleta, L., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., Doménech, J. M., & Reich, W. (2011). The diagnostic interview of children and adolescents for parents of preschool and young children: psychometric properties in the general population. Psychiatric Research, 190, 137–144. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.034.CrossRef Ezpeleta, L., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., Doménech, J. M., & Reich, W. (2011). The diagnostic interview of children and adolescents for parents of preschool and young children: psychometric properties in the general population. Psychiatric Research, 190, 137–144. doi:10.​1016/​j.​psychres.​2011.​04.​034.CrossRef
go back to reference Flak, A. L., Su, S., Denny, C. H., Kesmodel, U. S., & Cogswell, M. E. (2014). The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: a meta-analysis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38, 214–226. doi:10.1111/acer.12214.CrossRef Flak, A. L., Su, S., Denny, C. H., Kesmodel, U. S., & Cogswell, M. E. (2014). The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: a meta-analysis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38, 214–226. doi:10.​1111/​acer.​12214.CrossRef
go back to reference Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (1995). The violence exposure scale for children-VEX. College Park: University of Maryland. Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (1995). The violence exposure scale for children-VEX. College Park: University of Maryland.
go back to reference Frank, D. A., McCarten, K. M., Robson, C. D., Mirochnick, M., Cabral, H., Park, H., & Zuckerman, B. (1999). Level of in utero cocaine exposure and neonatal ultrasound findings. Pediatrics, 104, 1101–1105.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Frank, D. A., McCarten, K. M., Robson, C. D., Mirochnick, M., Cabral, H., Park, H., & Zuckerman, B. (1999). Level of in utero cocaine exposure and neonatal ultrasound findings. Pediatrics, 104, 1101–1105.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hill, S. Y., Lowers, L., Locke-Welman, J., & Shen, S. (2000). Maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy and the risk for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 661–668.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hill, S. Y., Lowers, L., Locke-Welman, J., & Shen, S. (2000). Maternal smoking and drinking during pregnancy and the risk for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 661–668.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hurt, H., Malmud, E., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., & Giannetta, J. M. (2001). A prospective comparison of developmental outcome of children with in utero cocaine exposure and controls using the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 27–34. doi:10.1097/00004703-200102000-00005.CrossRefPubMed Hurt, H., Malmud, E., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., & Giannetta, J. M. (2001). A prospective comparison of developmental outcome of children with in utero cocaine exposure and controls using the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 27–34. doi:10.​1097/​00004703-200102000-00005.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kettinger, L. A., Nair, P., & Schuler, M. E. (2000). Exposure to environmental risk factors and parenting attitudes among substance-abusing women. American Journal on Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 1–11. doi:10.1038/jp.2012.90.CrossRef Kettinger, L. A., Nair, P., & Schuler, M. E. (2000). Exposure to environmental risk factors and parenting attitudes among substance-abusing women. American Journal on Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 1–11. doi:10.​1038/​jp.​2012.​90.CrossRef
go back to reference Kroes, G., Veerman, J. W., & De Bruyn, E. E. J. (2003). Bias in parental reports? Maternal psychopathology and the reporting of problem in clinic-referred children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 3, 195–203. doi:10.1027//1015-5759.19.3.195.CrossRef Kroes, G., Veerman, J. W., & De Bruyn, E. E. J. (2003). Bias in parental reports? Maternal psychopathology and the reporting of problem in clinic-referred children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 3, 195–203. doi:10.​1027/​/​1015-5759.​19.​3.​195.CrossRef
go back to reference McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., et al. (1992). The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9, 199–213. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(92)90062-S. McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., et al. (1992). The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9, 199–213. doi:10.​1016/​0740-5472(92)90062-S.
go back to reference Molitor, A., Mayes, L. C., & Ward, A. (2003). Emotion regulation behavior during a separation procedure in 18-month-old children of mothers using cocaine and other drugs. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 39–54. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000038.CrossRefPubMed Molitor, A., Mayes, L. C., & Ward, A. (2003). Emotion regulation behavior during a separation procedure in 18-month-old children of mothers using cocaine and other drugs. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 39–54. doi:10.​1017/​S095457940300003​8.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Morrow, C. E., Accornero, V. H., Xue, L., Manjunath, S., Culbertson, J. L., Anthony, J. C., & Bandstra, E. S. (2009). Estimated risk of developing selected DSM-IV disorders among 5-year-old children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 356–364. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9238-6.CrossRef Morrow, C. E., Accornero, V. H., Xue, L., Manjunath, S., Culbertson, J. L., Anthony, J. C., & Bandstra, E. S. (2009). Estimated risk of developing selected DSM-IV disorders among 5-year-old children with prenatal cocaine exposure. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 356–364. doi:10.​1007/​s10826-008-9238-6.CrossRef
go back to reference O’Leary, C. C., Frank, D. A., Grant-Knight, W., Beeghly, M., Augustyn, M., Rose-Jacobs, R., et al. (2006). Suicidal ideation among urban nine and ten year olds. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 33–39. doi:10.1097/00004703-200602000-00005. O’Leary, C. C., Frank, D. A., Grant-Knight, W., Beeghly, M., Augustyn, M., Rose-Jacobs, R., et al. (2006). Suicidal ideation among urban nine and ten year olds. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 33–39. doi:10.​1097/​00004703-200602000-00005.
go back to reference Raviv, A., Raviv, A., Shimoni, H., Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (1999). Children’s self-report of exposure to violence and its relation to emotional distress. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 337–353. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00020-9.CrossRef Raviv, A., Raviv, A., Shimoni, H., Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (1999). Children’s self-report of exposure to violence and its relation to emotional distress. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 337–353. doi:10.​1016/​S0193-3973(99)00020-9.CrossRef
go back to reference Rose-Jacobs, R., Augustyn, M., Beeghly, J., Martin, B., Cabral, H. J., Heeren, T. C., et al. (2012). Intrauterine substance exposures and Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II scores at 11 years of age. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 18, 274–281. doi:10.1080/17450128.2011.648967. Rose-Jacobs, R., Augustyn, M., Beeghly, J., Martin, B., Cabral, H. J., Heeren, T. C., et al. (2012). Intrauterine substance exposures and Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II scores at 11 years of age. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 18, 274–281. doi:10.​1080/​17450128.​2011.​648967.
go back to reference Roumell, N., Wille, D., Abramson, L., & Delaney, V. (1997). Facial expressivity to acute pain in cocaine-exposed toddlers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 18, 274–281.CrossRef Roumell, N., Wille, D., Abramson, L., & Delaney, V. (1997). Facial expressivity to acute pain in cocaine-exposed toddlers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 18, 274–281.CrossRef
go back to reference Shaffer, A., Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. A. (2002). A longitudinal examination of the correlates of depressive symptoms among inner-city African American children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 151–164. doi:10.1023/A:1015121424404.CrossRef Shaffer, A., Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. A. (2002). A longitudinal examination of the correlates of depressive symptoms among inner-city African American children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 151–164. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1015121424404.CrossRef
go back to reference Shahinfar, A., Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (2000). Preschool children’s exposure to violence: relation of behavior problems to parent and child reports. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 115–125. doi:10.1037/h0087690.CrossRefPubMed Shahinfar, A., Fox, N. A., & Leavitt, L. A. (2000). Preschool children’s exposure to violence: relation of behavior problems to parent and child reports. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 115–125. doi:10.​1037/​h0087690.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Singer, L. T., Salvator, A., Arendt, R., Minnes, S., Farkas, K., & Kliegman, R. (2002). Effects of cocaine/polydrug exposure and maternal psychological distress on infant birth outcomes. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24, 127–135. doi:10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00208-2.CrossRefPubMed Singer, L. T., Salvator, A., Arendt, R., Minnes, S., Farkas, K., & Kliegman, R. (2002). Effects of cocaine/polydrug exposure and maternal psychological distress on infant birth outcomes. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24, 127–135. doi:10.​1016/​S0892-0362(01)00208-2.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sood, B. G., Bailey, B. N., Covington, C., Sokol, R. J., Ager, J., Janisse, J., et al. (2005). Gender and alcohol moderate caregiver reported child behavior after prenatal cocaine. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 191–201. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2004.10.004. Sood, B. G., Bailey, B. N., Covington, C., Sokol, R. J., Ager, J., Janisse, J., et al. (2005). Gender and alcohol moderate caregiver reported child behavior after prenatal cocaine. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 191–201. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ntt.​2004.​10.​004.
go back to reference Spence, S., Najman, J. M., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., & Williams, G. M. (2002). Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 457–469. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00037.CrossRefPubMed Spence, S., Najman, J. M., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., & Williams, G. M. (2002). Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 457–469. doi:10.​1111/​1469-7610.​00037.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Stokes, M. E., Davis, C. S., & Koch, G. G. (2000). Categorical data analysis using the SAS system. Cary: SAS Institute. Stokes, M. E., Davis, C. S., & Koch, G. G. (2000). Categorical data analysis using the SAS system. Cary: SAS Institute.
go back to reference Straus, M. A. (1974). Leveling, civility, and violence in the family. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36, 13–29.CrossRef Straus, M. A. (1974). Leveling, civility, and violence in the family. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36, 13–29.CrossRef
go back to reference Thompson, R., Briggs, E., English, D. J., Dubowitz, H., Lee, L. C., Brody, K., et al. (2005). Suicidal ideation among 8-year-olds who are maltreated and at risk: findings from the LONGSCAN studies. Child Maltreatment, 10, 26–36. doi:10.1177/1077559504271271. Thompson, R., Briggs, E., English, D. J., Dubowitz, H., Lee, L. C., Brody, K., et al. (2005). Suicidal ideation among 8-year-olds who are maltreated and at risk: findings from the LONGSCAN studies. Child Maltreatment, 10, 26–36. doi:10.​1177/​1077559504271271​.
go back to reference Tronick, E. Z., Frank, D. A., Cabral, H., Mirochnick, M., & Zuckerman, B. (1996). Late dose-response effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in newborn neurobehavioral performance. Pediatrics, 98, 76–83.PubMedPubMedCentral Tronick, E. Z., Frank, D. A., Cabral, H., Mirochnick, M., & Zuckerman, B. (1996). Late dose-response effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in newborn neurobehavioral performance. Pediatrics, 98, 76–83.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Walthall, J. C., O’Connor, M. J., & Paley, B. (2008). A comparison of psychopathology in children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 11, 69–78. Walthall, J. C., O’Connor, M. J., & Paley, B. (2008). A comparison of psychopathology in children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities, 11, 69–78.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Zanis, D. A., McLellan, A. T., & Corse, S. (1997). Is the Addiction Severity Index a reliable and valid assessment instrument among clients with severe and persistent mental illness and substance abuse disorders? Community Mental Health Journal, 33, 213–227. doi:10.1023/A:1025085310814.CrossRefPubMed Zanis, D. A., McLellan, A. T., & Corse, S. (1997). Is the Addiction Severity Index a reliable and valid assessment instrument among clients with severe and persistent mental illness and substance abuse disorders? Community Mental Health Journal, 33, 213–227. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1025085310814.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Psychological Distress Among School-Aged Children with and Without Intrauterine Cocaine Exposure: Perinatal Versus Contextual Effects
Auteurs
Mark A. Richardson
Wanda Grant-Knight
Marjorie Beeghly
Ruth Rose-Jacobs
Clara A. Chen
Danielle P. Appugliese
Howard J. Cabral
Jane M. Liebschutz
Deborah A. Frank
Publicatiedatum
22-07-2015
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 3/2016
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0052-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2016

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 3/2016 Naar de uitgave