Top

Gepubliceerd in:

08-06-2017 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Psychological and Physiological Effects of Compassionate Mind Training: a Pilot Randomised Controlled Study

Auteurs: Marcela Matos, Cristiana Duarte, Joana Duarte, José Pinto-Gouveia, Nicola Petrocchi, Jaskaran Basran, Paul Gilbert

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 6/2017

Abstract

The development of the compassionate self, associated with practices such as slow and deeper breathing, compassionate voice tones and facial expressions and compassionate focusing, is central to Compassion-Focused Therapy. This study explores the impact of a 2-week compassionate mind training (CMT) program on emotional, self-evaluative and psychopathology measures and on heart rate variability (HRV). Participants (general population and college students) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: CMT (n = 56) and wait-list control (n = 37). Participants in the CMT condition were instructed to practice CMT exercises during 2 weeks. Self-report measures of compassion, positive affect, fears of compassion, self-criticism, shame, depression, anxiety and stress and HRV were collected at pre- and post-interventions in both conditions. Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed significant increases in positive emotions, associated with feeling relaxed and also safe and content, but not activated, and in self-compassion, compassion for others and compassion from others. There were significant reductions in shame, self-criticism, fears of compassion and stress. Only the experimental group reported significant improvement in HRV. Developing awareness of the evolved nature and inherent difficulties of our minds allied with practicing CMT exercises has beneficial effects on participants’ psychological and physiological well-being.

vorige artikel Observational Study on a Mindfulness Training for Smokers within a Smoking Cessation Program

volgende artikel Common Obstacles to Practice

Ald Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 931–965.CrossRef

Allan, S., Gilbert, P., & Goss, K. (1994). An exploration of shame measures—II: psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 719–722.CrossRef

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181.CrossRef

Baião, R., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., & Carvalho, S. (2014). Forms of self-criticising/attacking & self-reassuring scale: psychometric properties and normative study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 88, 438–452.CrossRef

Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323–370.CrossRef

Brown, S. L., & Brown, R. M. (2015). Connecting prosocial behavior to improved physical health: contributions from the neurobiology of parenting. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 55, 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.004.CrossRefPubMed

Castilho, P., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J. (2015). Exploring self‐criticism: confirmatory factor analysis of the FSCRS in clinical and nonclinical samples. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(2),153-164. doi:10.1002/cpp.1881.

Chubbuck, I. (2005). The power of the actor: the Chubbuck technique. New York: Gotham Books.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.CrossRefPubMed

Cozolino, L. (2007). The neuroscience of human relationships: attachment and the developing brain. New York: Norton.

Crocker, J., & Canevello, A. (2012). Consequences of self-image and compassionate goals. In P. G. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 229–277). New York: Elsevier.

Depue, R. A., & Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313–395. doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000063.PubMed

Falconer, C. J., Slater, M., Rovira, A., King, J. A., Gilbert, P., Antley, A., et al. (2014). Embodying compassion: a virtual reality paradigm for overcoming excessive self-criticism. PloS One, 9, e111933.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Falconer, C. J., Rovira, A., King, J. A., Gilbert, P., Antley, A., Fearon, P., Ralph, N., Slater, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2016). Embodying self-compassion within virtual reality and its effects on patients with depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2(1), 74–80. doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002147.

Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Germer, C. K., & Siegel, R. D. (2012). Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.

Gilbert, P. (1989/2016). Human nature and suffering. London: Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2000). Social mentalities: internal ‘social’ conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert & K. G. Bailey (Eds.), Genes on the couch: explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy (pp. 118–150). Hove: Brenner-Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind: a new approach to life’s challenges. London: Constable & Robinson.

Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: the CBT distinctive features series. London: Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 6–41. doi:10.1111/bjc.12043.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2015). The evolution and social dynamics of compassion. Journal of Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 239–254. doi:10.1111/spc3.12176.CrossRef

Gilbert, P., & Choden. (2013). Mindful compassion: using the power of mindfulness and compassion to transform our lives. UK: Hachette.

Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Kempel, S., Miles, J. N. V., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: an exploration of forms style and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 31–50. doi:10.1348/014466504772812959.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A., & Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: a specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 182–191.CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 239–255. doi:10.1348/147608310X526511.CrossRef

Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017a). Three orientations of compassion and the development of their self-report measures. Journal of Compassionate Health Care. (In press).

Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., & Basran, J. (2017b). The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4(1), 4. doi:10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3.

Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measures—I: the Other as Shamer Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 713–717.CrossRef

Hermanto, N., Zuroff, D. C., Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Kelly, A. C., Matos, M., Gilbert, P., & Koestner, R. (2016). Ability to receive compassion from others buffers the depressogenic effect of self-criticism: A crosscultural multi-study analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 324–332. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.055.

Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: potential for psychological intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 1126–1132. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003.CrossRef

Jazaieri, H., Jinpa, G. T., McGonigal, K., Rosenberg, E., Finkelstein, J., Simon-Thomas, E., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Enhancing compassion: a randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1113–1126. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9373-z.CrossRef

Keltner, D., Kogan, A., Piff, P. K., & Saturn, S. R. (2014). The sociocultural appraisals, values, and emotions (SAVE) framework of prosociality: core processes from gene to meme. The Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 425–460. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115054.CrossRefPubMed

Kirby, J. N. (2016). Compassion interventions: the programs, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice. doi:10.1111/papt.12104.

Kirby, J., & Gilbert, P. (2017). The emergence of the compassion focused therapies. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: concepts, research and applications (pp. 258–285). London: Routledge.

Kirby, J., Doty, J., Petrocchi, N., & Gilbert, P. (2017). The current and future role of heart rate variability for assessing and training compassion. Frontiers Public Health, 5, 40. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00040.CrossRef

Klimecki, O.M., Leiberg, S., Lamm, C & Singer, T. (2012). Functional neural plasticity and associated changes in positive affect after compassion training. Cerebral Cortex, Advance publication (June 1st) doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs142.

Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Kogan, A., Oveis, C., Carr, E. W., Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., Shallcross, A., et al. (2014). Vagal activity is quadratically related to prosocial traits, prosocial emotions, and observer perceptions of prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 1051–1063.CrossRefPubMed

Kolts, R. L. (2016). CFT made simple: a clinician’s guide to practicing compassion-focused therapy. New Harbinger Publications.

Krygier, J., Heathers, J., Shahrestani, S., Abbott, M., Gross, J., & Kemp, A. (2013). Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: a preliminary investigation into the impact of intensive Vipassana meditation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89(3), 305–313. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.017.CrossRefPubMed

Kupeli, N., Chilcot, J., Schmidt, U. H., Campbell, I. C., & Troop, N. A. (2013). A confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the forms of self-criticism/self-reassurance scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(1), 12–25.CrossRefPubMed

Leaviss, J., & Uttley, L. (2014). Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion focused therapy: an early systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45, 927–945. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002141.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lin, M., Tai, L. Y., & Fan, S. Y. (2014). Breathing at a rate of 5.5 breaths per minute with equal inhalation-to-exhalation ratio increases heart rate variability. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 91, 206–211 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24380741#.CrossRefPubMed

Lovibond, P., & Lovibond, H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with Beck Depressive and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3, 335–343.CrossRef

McEwan, K., & Gilbert, P. (2015). A pilot feasibility study exploring the practising of compassionate imagery exercises in a nonclinical population. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 89, 239–243. doi:10.1111/papt.12078.CrossRef

Meevissen, Y. M. C., Peters, M. L., & Alberts, H. J. E. M. (2011). Become more optimistic by imagining a best possible self: effects of a two week intervention. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 371–378.CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.CrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 28–44. doi:10.1002/jclp.21923.CrossRefPubMed

Niskanen, J., Tarvainen, M. P., Ranta-Aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P. A. (2004). Software for advanced HRV analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 76, 73–81.CrossRefPubMed

Nyklíček, I., Mommersteeg, P., Van Beugen, S., Ramakers, C., & Van Boxtel, G. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and physiological activity during acute stress: a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 32(10), 1110–1113. doi:10.1037/a0032200.CrossRefPubMed

O’Craven, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2000). Mental imagery of faces and places activates corresponding stimulus-specific brain regions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 1013–1023.CrossRefPubMed

Osimo, S. A., Pizarro, R., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2015). Conversations between self and self as Sigmund Freud—a virtual body ownership paradigm for self counselling. Nature Scientific Reports, 5, 13899. doi:10.1038/srep13899.CrossRef

Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Adame, D. D., Cole, S. P., Sivilli, T. I., Brown, T. D., et al. (2009). Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 87–98. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.011.CrossRefPubMed

Park, G., & Thayer, J. (2014). From the heart to the mind: cardiac vagal tone modulates top-down and bottom-up visual perception and attention to emotional stimuli. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00278.

Peters, M. L., Flink, I. K., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2010). Manipulating optimism: can imagining a best possible self be used to increase positive future expectancies? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 204–211.CrossRef

Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). Compassion at the mirror: exposure to a mirror increases the efficacy of a self-compassion manipulation in enhancing soothing positive affect and heart rate variability. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1–12. 10.1080/17439760.2016.1209544.

Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143.CrossRefPubMed

Ricard, M. (2015). Altruism: The power of compassion to change yourself and the world. Atlantic Books Ltd.

Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., & Glover, D. (2008). A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, 132–139.

Rockliff, H., Karl, A., McEwan, K., Gilbert, J., Matos, M., & Gilbert, P. (2011). Effects of intranasal oxytocin on compassion focused imagery. Emotion, 11, 1388–1396. doi:10.1037/a0023861.CrossRefPubMed

Schanche, E., Stiles, T. C., McCullough, L., Svartberg, M., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). The relationship between activating affects, inhibitory affects, and self-compassion in patients with cluster C personality disorders. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 48, 293–303. doi:10.1037/a0022012.CrossRef

Selcuk, E., Zayas, V., Gunaydin, G., Hazan, C., & Kross, E. (2012). Mental representations of attachment figures facilitate recovery following upsetting autobiographical memory recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 362–378. doi:10.1037/a0028125.CrossRefPubMed

Singer, T., & Bolz, M. (Eds.) (2012). Compassion: bridging practice and science. http://www.compassion-training.org/

Stellar, J. E., Cohen, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2015). Affective and physiological responses to the suffering of others: compassion and vagal activity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 572–585.CrossRefPubMed

Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Saper, R. B., Ciraulo, D. A., & Brown, R. P. (2012). Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 78, 571–579.CrossRefPubMed

Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, H., Wang, J., Feng, A., Lu, Q., Hu, B., Lin, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, L., & Fan, M. (2009). Central and autonomic nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 8865–8870.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. (1996). Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation, 93, 1043–1065.CrossRef

Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(2), 747–756. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009.CrossRef

Tirch, D., Schoendorff, B., & Silberstein, L. R. (2014). The ACT practitioner’s guide to the science of compassion: tools for fostering psychological flexibility. New Harbinger Publications.

Wheeler, A., Denson, L., Neil, C., Tucker, G., Kenny, M., Beltrame, J. F., et al. (2014). Investigating the effect of mindfulness training on heart rate variability in mental health outpatients: a pilot study. Behaviour Change, 31(3), 175–188. doi:10.1017/bec.2014.14.CrossRef

Titel: Psychological and Physiological Effects of Compassionate Mind Training: a Pilot Randomised Controlled Study
Auteurs: Marcela Matos
Cristiana Duarte
Joana Duarte
José Pinto-Gouveia
Nicola Petrocchi
Jaskaran Basran
Paul Gilbert
Publicatiedatum: 08-06-2017
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 6/2017
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0745-7

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2017

Mindfulness Meditation Adherence in a College Sample: Comparison of a 10-Min Versus 20-Min 2-Week Daily Practice

Measuring Mindfulness in Youth: Review of Current Assessments, Challenges, and Future Directions

Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence of Enhanced Performance Monitoring in Meditators

The Mindful Personality: a Meta-analysis from a Cybernetic Perspective

Observational Study on a Mindfulness Training for Smokers within a Smoking Cessation Program

Perceptions of Mindfulness in a Low-Income, Primarily African American Treatment-Seeking Sample