Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Verslaving 2/2017

09-03-2017 | Artikel

Psychofarmaca en drugsgebruik in Vlaamse gevangenissen

Auteurs: Drs. Louis Favril, Prof. dr. Freya Vander Laenen

Gepubliceerd in: Verslaving | Uitgave 2/2017

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

In dit onderzoek bevroegen we een representatieve steekproef van 1326 gedetineerden in Vlaanderen. Eén op drie rapporteert illegaal drugsgebruik tijdens de detentie (34,8 %) en het gebruik van voorgeschreven psychofarmaca (36,4 %). Een vierde van de respondenten meldt een lifetime-diagnose van een middelengerelateerde stoornis (25,3 %) en een voorgeschiedenis van behandeling in de verslavingszorg (26,1 %). De prevalentiecijfers verschillen niet significant wat betreft geslacht, behalve voor psychoactieve medicatie, die tot tweemaal zoveel wordt voorgeschreven bij vrouwelijke gedetineerden. Ondanks de hoge prevalentiecijfers moeten we vaststellen dat van een geïntegreerd (drugs)hulpverleningsaanbod in Vlaamse gevangenissen geen sprake is.
Voetnoten
1
Daaronder vallen zowel de huizen van bewaring (in Vlaanderen arresthuizen genoemd) als de strafhuizen voor definitief veroordeelden. Daar waar personen in voorhechtenis (beklaagden) in theorie verblijven in arresthuizen en veroordeelden in strafhuizen, is dit in de Belgische praktijk niet als dusdanig gedefinieerd; in vele penitentiaire inrichtingen in België huizen zowel beklaagden als veroordeelden. De term gevangenis verwijst vervolgens naar alle penitentiaire inrichtingen waar gedetineerden zijn opgesloten.
 
2
Internering is een strafrechterijke maatregel voor personen met een psychiatrische problematiek die strafbare feiten hebben gepleegd en ontoerekeningsvatbaar zijn verklaard door een rechter. De Belgische interneringsmaatregel heeft een Nederlandse equivalent, namelijk de terbeschikkingstelling (tbs). In 2015 betrof 8,2 % van de totale gedetineerdenpopulatie in België gedetineerden met het statuut van internering (geïnterneerden; DG EPI 2016). Aangezien dit een erg specifieke populatie betreft (Vandevelde et al. 2011), hebben we geïnterneerden a priori uit het onderzoek geëxcludeerd.
 
3
Zoals gerapporteerd in het jaarverslag van 2015 maakten mannen 95 % van de totale gedetineerdenpopulatie uit in België. De verdeling wat betreft detentiestatus bedroeg 65 % veroordeelden en 35 % beklaagden (wanneer geïnterneerden niet in rekening worden genomen; zie noot 2). Cijfers van de Raad van Europa (Aebi et al. 2015) duiden op een gemiddelde leeftijd van 36,2 jaar in de Belgische gevangenissen.
 
4
De categorieën waren 1) cannabis, hasj, 2) heroïne, 3) andere opiaten (zoals morfine, fentanyl) zonder voorschrift, 4) cocaïne, crack, 5) amfetaminen, speed, 6) ecstasy (XTC), MDMA, designerdrugs, 7) LSD, acid, 8) slaap- en kalmeermiddelen (benzodiazepinen) zonder voorschrift, 9) methadon, Subutex (buprenorfine), Suboxone, zonder voorschrift; 10) steroïden, en 11) andere illegale drugs. Bij deze laatste categorie vroegen we de respondenten te verduidelijken welke middelen dit precies waren.
 
5
Deze aanmeldingspunten zorgden voor een screening van problematisch drugsgebruik bij gedetineerden en voor de doorverwijzing naar de (ambulante of residentiële) drugshulpverlening, zodra gedetineerden in vrijheid werden gesteld.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference Aebi, M. F., Tiago, M. M., & Burkhardt, C. (2015). SPACE I – Council of Europe annual penal statistics: prison populations . Survey 2014. Straatsburg: Council of Europe. Aebi, M. F., Tiago, M. M., & Burkhardt, C. (2015). SPACE I – Council of Europe annual penal statistics: prison populations . Survey 2014. Straatsburg: Council of Europe.
go back to reference Bergman, P., Ahlberg, G., Forsell, Y., & Lundberg, I. (2010). Non-participation in the second wave of the PART study on mental disorder and its effects on risk estimates. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 119–132.CrossRefPubMed Bergman, P., Ahlberg, G., Forsell, Y., & Lundberg, I. (2010). Non-participation in the second wave of the PART study on mental disorder and its effects on risk estimates. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 119–132.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Binswanger, I. A., Merrill, J. O., Krueger, P. M., White, M. C., Booth, R. E., & Elmore, J. G. (2010). Gender differences in chronic medical, psychiatric, and substance-dependence disorders among jail inmates. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 476–482.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Binswanger, I. A., Merrill, J. O., Krueger, P. M., White, M. C., Booth, R. E., & Elmore, J. G. (2010). Gender differences in chronic medical, psychiatric, and substance-dependence disorders among jail inmates. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 476–482.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Boyd, A., Velde, S. van de, Pivette, M., Have, M. ten, Florescu, S., O’Neill, S., & Kovess-Masfety, V. (2015). Gender differences in psychotropic use across Europe: Results from a large cross-sectional, population-based study. European Psychiatry, 30, 778–788. Boyd, A., Velde, S. van de, Pivette, M., Have, M. ten, Florescu, S., O’Neill, S., & Kovess-Masfety, V. (2015). Gender differences in psychotropic use across Europe: Results from a large cross-sectional, population-based study. European Psychiatry, 30, 778–788.
go back to reference Boys, A., Farrell, M., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Coid, J., Jenkins, R., & Taylor, C. (2002). Drug use and initiation in prison: results from a national prison survey in England and Wales. Addiction, 97, 1551–1560.CrossRefPubMed Boys, A., Farrell, M., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Coid, J., Jenkins, R., & Taylor, C. (2002). Drug use and initiation in prison: results from a national prison survey in England and Wales. Addiction, 97, 1551–1560.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brosens, D., Donder, L. de, & Polfliet, K. (2016). Inspraak en participatie van gedetineerden in de gevangenis van Gent. Panopticon, 37, 416–432. Brosens, D., Donder, L. de, & Polfliet, K. (2016). Inspraak en participatie van gedetineerden in de gevangenis van Gent. Panopticon, 37, 416–432.
go back to reference Bulten, E., Nijman, H., & Staak, C. van der (2009). Psychiatric disorders and personality characteristics of prisoners at regular prison wards. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 115–119.CrossRefPubMed Bulten, E., Nijman, H., & Staak, C. van der (2009). Psychiatric disorders and personality characteristics of prisoners at regular prison wards. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 115–119.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Carpentier, C., Royuela, L., Noor, A., & Hedrich, D. (2012). Ten years of monitoring illicit drug use in prison populations in Europe: Issues and challenges. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior, 51, 37–66.CrossRef Carpentier, C., Royuela, L., Noor, A., & Hedrich, D. (2012). Ten years of monitoring illicit drug use in prison populations in Europe: Issues and challenges. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior, 51, 37–66.CrossRef
go back to reference Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & Fazel, S. (2015). Substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and mortality after release from prison: A nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 422–430.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & Fazel, S. (2015). Substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and mortality after release from prison: A nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 422–430.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Condon, L., Hek, G., & Harris, F. (2007). A review of prison health and its implications for primary care nursing in England and Wales: The research evidence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1201–1209.CrossRefPubMed Condon, L., Hek, G., & Harris, F. (2007). A review of prison health and its implications for primary care nursing in England and Wales: The research evidence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1201–1209.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cope, N. (2003). ‘It’s no time or high time’: Young offenders’ experiences of time and drug use in prison. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 158–175.CrossRef Cope, N. (2003). ‘It’s no time or high time’: Young offenders’ experiences of time and drug use in prison. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 158–175.CrossRef
go back to reference Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S. L., Andersson, G., Beekman, A. T., & Reynolds, C. F. (2013). Adding psychotherapy to antidepressant medication in depression and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 13, 56–67.CrossRef Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S. L., Andersson, G., Beekman, A. T., & Reynolds, C. F. (2013). Adding psychotherapy to antidepressant medication in depression and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 13, 56–67.CrossRef
go back to reference DG EPI (2016). Jaarverslag 2015. Brussel: Directoraat-generaal Penitentiaire Inrichtingen. DG EPI (2016). Jaarverslag 2015. Brussel: Directoraat-generaal Penitentiaire Inrichtingen.
go back to reference Duke, K., & Kolind, T. (2016). The prison population and illegal drug use. In T. Kolind, B. Thom & G. Hunt (red.), Handbook of drug and alcohol studies (pp. 507–528). Londen: Sage.CrossRef Duke, K., & Kolind, T. (2016). The prison population and illegal drug use. In T. Kolind, B. Thom & G. Hunt (red.), Handbook of drug and alcohol studies (pp. 507–528). Londen: Sage.CrossRef
go back to reference EMCDDA (2002). Drug use in prison. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA (2002). Drug use in prison. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
go back to reference EMCDDA (2007). Drugs en criminaliteit: Een complexe relatie. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA (2007). Drugs en criminaliteit: Een complexe relatie. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
go back to reference EMCDDA (2012). Prisons and drugs in Europe: The problem and responses. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA (2012). Prisons and drugs in Europe: The problem and responses. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
go back to reference EMCDDA (2015a). Comorbidity of substance use and mental disorders in Europe. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA (2015a). Comorbidity of substance use and mental disorders in Europe. Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
go back to reference EMCDDA (2015b). The EU drugs strategy (2013–20) and its action plan (2013–16). Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA (2015b). The EU drugs strategy (2013–20) and its action plan (2013–16). Lissabon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
go back to reference Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G., & Udesen, C. (2014). Prisons and health. Genève: World Health Organization. Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G., & Udesen, C. (2014). Prisons and health. Genève: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Favril, L., & Vander Laenen, F. (2013). Een geïntegreerd drugsbeleid in de gevangenis: Zorgen voor morgen. Fatik, 31, 15–20. Favril, L., & Vander Laenen, F. (2013). Een geïntegreerd drugsbeleid in de gevangenis: Zorgen voor morgen. Fatik, 31, 15–20.
go back to reference Fazel, S., Hayes, A. J., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M., & Trestman, R. (2016). Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 871–881.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fazel, S., Hayes, A. J., Bartellas, K., Clerici, M., & Trestman, R. (2016). Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 871–881.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Griffiths, E. V., Willis, J., & Spark, M. J. (2012). A systematic review of psychotropic drug prescribing for prisoners. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 407–421.CrossRefPubMed Griffiths, E. V., Willis, J., & Spark, M. J. (2012). A systematic review of psychotropic drug prescribing for prisoners. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 407–421.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Guo, X. F., Zhai, J. G., Liu, Z. N., Fang, M. S., Wang, B., Wang, C. Y., & Zhao, J. P. (2010). Effect of antipsychotic medication alone vs combined with psychosocial intervention on outcomes of early-stage schizophrenia: A randomized, 1‑year study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 895–904.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Guo, X. F., Zhai, J. G., Liu, Z. N., Fang, M. S., Wang, B., Wang, C. Y., & Zhao, J. P. (2010). Effect of antipsychotic medication alone vs combined with psychosocial intervention on outcomes of early-stage schizophrenia: A randomized, 1‑year study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 895–904.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Haapea, M., Miettunen, J., Laara, E., Joukamaa, M. I., Jarvelin, M. R., Isohanni, M. K., & Veijola, J. M. (2008). Non-participation in a field survey with respect to psychiatric disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36, 728–736.CrossRefPubMed Haapea, M., Miettunen, J., Laara, E., Joukamaa, M. I., Jarvelin, M. R., Isohanni, M. K., & Veijola, J. M. (2008). Non-participation in a field survey with respect to psychiatric disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36, 728–736.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hakansson, A., & Berglund, M. (2012). Risk factors for criminal recidivism: A prospective follow-up study in prisoners with substance abuse. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 111.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hakansson, A., & Berglund, M. (2012). Risk factors for criminal recidivism: A prospective follow-up study in prisoners with substance abuse. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 111.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hassan, L., Birmingham, L., Harty, M. A., Jarrett, M., Jones, P., King, C., & Shaw, J. (2011). Prospective cohort study of mental health during imprisonment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 37–42.CrossRefPubMed Hassan, L., Birmingham, L., Harty, M. A., Jarrett, M., Jones, P., King, C., & Shaw, J. (2011). Prospective cohort study of mental health during imprisonment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 37–42.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hassan, L., Frisher, M., Senior, J., Tully, M., Webb, R., While, D., & Shaw, J. (2014). A cross-sectional prevalence survey of psychotropic medication prescribing patterns in prisons in England. Health Services and Delivery Research, 2, 33.CrossRef Hassan, L., Frisher, M., Senior, J., Tully, M., Webb, R., While, D., & Shaw, J. (2014). A cross-sectional prevalence survey of psychotropic medication prescribing patterns in prisons in England. Health Services and Delivery Research, 2, 33.CrossRef
go back to reference Hassan, L., Senior, J., Webb, R. T., Frisher, M., Tully, M. P., While, D., & Shaw, J. J. (2016). Prevalence and appropriateness of psychotropic medication prescribing in a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of male and female prisoners in England. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 346.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hassan, L., Senior, J., Webb, R. T., Frisher, M., Tully, M. P., While, D., & Shaw, J. J. (2016). Prevalence and appropriateness of psychotropic medication prescribing in a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of male and female prisoners in England. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 346.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Howerton, A., Byng, R., Campbell, J., Hess, D., Owens, C., & Aitken, P. (2007). Understanding help seeking behaviour among male offenders: qualitative interview study. BMJ, 334, 303–306.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Howerton, A., Byng, R., Campbell, J., Hess, D., Owens, C., & Aitken, P. (2007). Understanding help seeking behaviour among male offenders: qualitative interview study. BMJ, 334, 303–306.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Indig, D., Topp, L., Ross, B., Mamoon, H., Border, B., Kumar, S., & McNamara, M. (2010). 2009 NSW Inmate Health Survey: Key findings report. Sydney: Justice Health. Indig, D., Topp, L., Ross, B., Mamoon, H., Border, B., Kumar, S., & McNamara, M. (2010). 2009 NSW Inmate Health Survey: Key findings report. Sydney: Justice Health.
go back to reference Jakobowitz, S., Bebbington, P., McKenzie, N., Iveson, R., Duffield, G., Kerr, M., & Killaspy, H. (2017). Assessing needs for psychiatric treatment in prisoners: 2. Met and unmet need. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 231–240.CrossRefPubMed Jakobowitz, S., Bebbington, P., McKenzie, N., Iveson, R., Duffield, G., Kerr, M., & Killaspy, H. (2017). Assessing needs for psychiatric treatment in prisoners: 2. Met and unmet need. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 231–240.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kjelsberg, E., & Hartvig, P. (2005a). Can morbidity be inferred from prescription drug use? Results from a nation-wide prison population study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 20, 587–592.CrossRefPubMed Kjelsberg, E., & Hartvig, P. (2005a). Can morbidity be inferred from prescription drug use? Results from a nation-wide prison population study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 20, 587–592.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kjelsberg, E., & Hartvig, P. (2005b). Too much or too little? Prescription drug use in a nationwide prison population. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 1, 75–87.CrossRef Kjelsberg, E., & Hartvig, P. (2005b). Too much or too little? Prescription drug use in a nationwide prison population. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 1, 75–87.CrossRef
go back to reference Kolind, T., Holm, K., Duff, C., & Frank, V. A. (2016). Three enactments of drugs in Danish prison drug treatment: Illegal drugs, medicine and constrainers. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23, 135–143. Kolind, T., Holm, K., Duff, C., & Frank, V. A. (2016). Three enactments of drugs in Danish prison drug treatment: Illegal drugs, medicine and constrainers. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23, 135–143.
go back to reference Laar, M. W. van, Cruts, A. A. N., Ooyen-Houberg, M. M. J. van, Meijer, R. F., & Brunt, T. (2010). Nationale drug monitor. Jaarbericht, band 2009. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. Laar, M. W. van, Cruts, A. A. N., Ooyen-Houberg, M. M. J. van, Meijer, R. F., & Brunt, T. (2010). Nationale drug monitor. Jaarbericht, band 2009. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.
go back to reference McKeganey, N., Russell, C., Hamilton-Barclay, T., Barnard, M., Page, G., Lloyd, C., & Bain, C. (2016). Meeting the needs of prisoners with a drug or alcohol problem: No mean feat. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23, 120–126. McKeganey, N., Russell, C., Hamilton-Barclay, T., Barnard, M., Page, G., Lloyd, C., & Bain, C. (2016). Meeting the needs of prisoners with a drug or alcohol problem: No mean feat. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23, 120–126.
go back to reference Merrall, E. L. C., Kariminia, A., Binswanger, I. A., Hobbs, M. S., Farrell, M., Marsden, J., & Bird, S. M. (2010). Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison. Addiction, 105, 1545–1554.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Merrall, E. L. C., Kariminia, A., Binswanger, I. A., Hobbs, M. S., Farrell, M., Marsden, J., & Bird, S. M. (2010). Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison. Addiction, 105, 1545–1554.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Mitchell, J., & Latchford, G. (2010). Prisoner perspectives on mental health problems and help-seeking. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 21, 773–788.CrossRef Mitchell, J., & Latchford, G. (2010). Prisoner perspectives on mental health problems and help-seeking. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 21, 773–788.CrossRef
go back to reference Montanari, L., Royuela, L., Pasinetti, M., Giraudon, I., Wiessing, L., & Vicente, J. (2014). Drug use and related consequences among prison populations in European countries. In S. Enggist, L. Møller, G. Galea & C. Udesen (red.), Prisons and health (pag. 107–112). Genève: World Health Organization. Montanari, L., Royuela, L., Pasinetti, M., Giraudon, I., Wiessing, L., & Vicente, J. (2014). Drug use and related consequences among prison populations in European countries. In S. Enggist, L. Møller, G. Galea & C. Udesen (red.), Prisons and health (pag. 107–112). Genève: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Moore, N., Pariente, A., & Bégaud, B. (2015). Why are benzodiazepines not yet controlled substances? JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 110–111.CrossRefPubMed Moore, N., Pariente, A., & Bégaud, B. (2015). Why are benzodiazepines not yet controlled substances? JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 110–111.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference NICE (2017). Mental health of adults in contact with the criminal justice system. Londen: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE (2017). Mental health of adults in contact with the criminal justice system. Londen: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence.
go back to reference Oliemeulen, L., Eijnden, R. van den, Ooyen-Houben, M. van, & Mheen, D. van de (2009). Problematisch middelengebruik onder Nederlandse gedetineerden. Verslaving, 5, 3–18.CrossRef Oliemeulen, L., Eijnden, R. van den, Ooyen-Houben, M. van, & Mheen, D. van de (2009). Problematisch middelengebruik onder Nederlandse gedetineerden. Verslaving, 5, 3–18.CrossRef
go back to reference Plugge, E., Yudkin, P., & Douglas, N. (2009). Changes in women’s use of illicit drugs following imprisonment. Addiction, 104, 215–222.CrossRefPubMed Plugge, E., Yudkin, P., & Douglas, N. (2009). Changes in women’s use of illicit drugs following imprisonment. Addiction, 104, 215–222.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Sirdifield, C., Gojkovic, D., Brooker, C., & Ferriter, M. (2009). A systematic review of research on the epidemiology of mental health disorders in prison populations: A summary of findings. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20, 78–101.CrossRef Sirdifield, C., Gojkovic, D., Brooker, C., & Ferriter, M. (2009). A systematic review of research on the epidemiology of mental health disorders in prison populations: A summary of findings. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 20, 78–101.CrossRef
go back to reference Stöver, H. (2017). Drug services and harm reduction practice in prisons. In B. S. Elger, C. Ritter & H. Stöver (red.), Emerging issues in prison health (pp. 143–167). Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRef Stöver, H. (2017). Drug services and harm reduction practice in prisons. In B. S. Elger, C. Ritter & H. Stöver (red.), Emerging issues in prison health (pp. 143–167). Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Stöver, H., Weilandt, H., Zurhold, H., Hartwig, C., & Thane, K. (2008). Final report on prevention, treatment, and harm reduction services in prison, on reintegration services on release from prison and methods to monitor/analyse drug use among prisoners. Brussel: Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Affairs. Stöver, H., Weilandt, H., Zurhold, H., Hartwig, C., & Thane, K. (2008). Final report on prevention, treatment, and harm reduction services in prison, on reintegration services on release from prison and methods to monitor/analyse drug use among prisoners. Brussel: Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Affairs.
go back to reference Strang, J., Gossop, M., Heuston, J., Green, J., Whiteley, C., & Maden, A. (2006). Persistence of drug use during imprisonment: Relationship of drug type, recency of use and severity of dependence to use of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine in prison. Addiction, 101, 1125–1132.CrossRefPubMed Strang, J., Gossop, M., Heuston, J., Green, J., Whiteley, C., & Maden, A. (2006). Persistence of drug use during imprisonment: Relationship of drug type, recency of use and severity of dependence to use of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine in prison. Addiction, 101, 1125–1132.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Studer, J., Baggio, S., Mohler-Kuo, M., Dermota, P., Gaume, J., Bertholet, N., & Gmel, G. (2013). Examining non-response bias in substance use research – Are late respondents proxies for non-respondents? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132, 316–323.CrossRefPubMed Studer, J., Baggio, S., Mohler-Kuo, M., Dermota, P., Gaume, J., Bertholet, N., & Gmel, G. (2013). Examining non-response bias in substance use research – Are late respondents proxies for non-respondents? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132, 316–323.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Todts, S., & Van Meir, J. (2011). Het gebruik van psychofarmaca in de Belgische gevangenissen. Panopticon, 31, 53–55. Todts, S., & Van Meir, J. (2011). Het gebruik van psychofarmaca in de Belgische gevangenissen. Panopticon, 31, 53–55.
go back to reference UNODC (2016). Outcome document of the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem. Wenen: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNODC (2016). Outcome document of the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the world drug problem. Wenen: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
go back to reference Van der Heyden, J. (2015). Gebruik van geneesmiddelen. In S. Drieskens & L. Gisle (red.), Gezondheidsenquête 2013. Rapport 3: gebruik van gezondheids- en welzijnsdiensten. Brussel: Wetenschappelijk Instituut Volksgezondheid. Van der Heyden, J. (2015). Gebruik van geneesmiddelen. In S. Drieskens & L. Gisle (red.), Gezondheidsenquête 2013. Rapport 3: gebruik van gezondheids- en welzijnsdiensten. Brussel: Wetenschappelijk Instituut Volksgezondheid.
go back to reference Vander Laenen, F., Vandam, L., & Colman, C. (2010). Met velen aan de tafel: Goede voorbeelden van een integraal en geïntegreerd drugbeleid. Verslaving, 6, 54–71.CrossRef Vander Laenen, F., Vandam, L., & Colman, C. (2010). Met velen aan de tafel: Goede voorbeelden van een integraal en geïntegreerd drugbeleid. Verslaving, 6, 54–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Vandevelde, S., Soyez, V., Beken, T. vander, Smet, S. de, Boers, A., & Broekaert, E. (2011). Mentally ill offenders in prison: The Belgian case. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34, 71–78. Vandevelde, S., Soyez, V., Beken, T. vander, Smet, S. de, Boers, A., & Broekaert, E. (2011). Mentally ill offenders in prison: The Belgian case. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34, 71–78.
go back to reference Van Malderen, S., Pauwels, L., Walthoff-Borm, C., Glibert, P., & Todts, S. (2011). Druggebruik in Belgische gevangenissen. Monitoring van gezondheidsrisico’s 2010. Brussel: Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie. Van Malderen, S., Pauwels, L., Walthoff-Borm, C., Glibert, P., & Todts, S. (2011). Druggebruik in Belgische gevangenissen. Monitoring van gezondheidsrisico’s 2010. Brussel: Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie.
go back to reference Verdot, C., Godin-Blandeau, E., Gremy, I., & Develay, A. E. (2015). Monitoring systems and national surveys on prison health in France and abroad. European Journal of Public Health, 25, 167–172.CrossRefPubMed Verdot, C., Godin-Blandeau, E., Gremy, I., & Develay, A. E. (2015). Monitoring systems and national surveys on prison health in France and abroad. European Journal of Public Health, 25, 167–172.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Vogelvang, B., Burik, A. van, Knaap, L. M. van der, & Wartna, B. S. J. (2003). Prevalentie van criminogene factoren bij mannelijke gedetineerden in Nederland. Den Haag: WODC. Vogelvang, B., Burik, A. van, Knaap, L. M. van der, & Wartna, B. S. J. (2003). Prevalentie van criminogene factoren bij mannelijke gedetineerden in Nederland. Den Haag: WODC.
go back to reference Wheatley, M. (2016). Drug misuse in prison. In Y. Jewkes, B. Crewe & J. Bennett (red.), Handbook on prisons (pp. 205–223). Londen: Routledge. Wheatley, M. (2016). Drug misuse in prison. In Y. Jewkes, B. Crewe & J. Bennett (red.), Handbook on prisons (pp. 205–223). Londen: Routledge.
go back to reference Wittouck, C., Vander Laenen, F., & Beken, T. vander (2013). Tucht en gedetineerden met een psychiatrische problematiek. Panopticon, 34, 209–214. Wittouck, C., Vander Laenen, F., & Beken, T. vander (2013). Tucht en gedetineerden met een psychiatrische problematiek. Panopticon, 34, 209–214.
go back to reference Woodall, J., Dixey, R., & South, J. (2014). Control and choice in English prisons: Developing health-promoting prisons. Health Promotion International, 29, 474–482.CrossRefPubMed Woodall, J., Dixey, R., & South, J. (2014). Control and choice in English prisons: Developing health-promoting prisons. Health Promotion International, 29, 474–482.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Psychofarmaca en drugsgebruik in Vlaamse gevangenissen
Auteurs
Drs. Louis Favril
Prof. dr. Freya Vander Laenen
Publicatiedatum
09-03-2017
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
Gepubliceerd in
Verslaving / Uitgave 2/2017
Print ISSN: 1574-1842
Elektronisch ISSN: 1875-7073
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12501-017-0110-5

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2017

Verslaving 2/2017 Naar de uitgave

EditorialNotes

Redactioneel