01-04-2013 | Original Paper | Uitgave 3/2013 Open Access

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comparison with Children with ADHD
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Child and Family Studies > Uitgave 3/2013
Introduction
First author
|
Year
|
Age range
|
ASD subtype and (sub)sample size
|
PSY
|
MDD
|
DYS
|
SOC
|
SAD
|
SPH
|
GAD
|
OCD
|
AGO
|
PAN
|
ADHD
|
ODD
|
CD
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amr
|
2012
|
4–11
|
AD (
n = 55); PDD-NOS (
n = 5)
|
63.3
|
13.3
|
NR
|
NR
|
8.3
|
40.0
b
|
10.0
|
55.0
a
|
NR
|
NR
|
31.6
c
|
NR
|
23.3
|
de Bruin
|
2007
|
6–12
|
PDD-NOS (
N = 94)
|
80.9
|
10.6
|
2.1
|
11.7
|
8.5
|
38.3
b
|
5.3
|
6.4
|
6.4
|
1.1
|
44.7
a
|
37.2
c
|
9.6
|
Gjevik
|
2011
|
6–18
|
AD (
n = 47); AS (
n = 12); PDD-NOS (
n = 12)
|
71.8
|
1.4
|
1.4
|
7.0
|
0.0
|
30.9
a
|
0.0
|
9.8
c
|
NR
|
NR
|
30.9
a
|
4.2
|
2.8
|
Leyfer
|
2006
|
5–17
|
AUT (
N = 109)
|
73.0
|
10.1
|
NR
|
7.5
|
11.9
|
44.3
a
|
2.4
|
37.2
b
|
NR
|
0.0
|
30.6
c
|
7.0
|
NR
|
Mattila
|
2010
|
9–16
|
AS (
n = 27); HFA (
n = 23)
|
74.0
|
6.0
|
NR
|
4.0
|
2.0
|
28.0
b
|
NR
|
22.0
c
|
4.0
|
2.0
|
38.0
a
|
16.0
|
2.0
|
Mukaddes
|
2010
|
6–16
|
AS (
N = 37)
|
96.7
|
29.0
c
|
NR
|
5.4
|
2.7
|
13.0
|
5.4
|
32.0
b
|
NR
|
5.4
|
45.0
a
|
5.4
|
5.4
|
Mukaddes
|
2010
|
6–20
|
AS (
n = 30); HFA (
n = 30)
|
94.0
|
21.7
|
1.7
|
13.3
|
13.3
|
53.3
b
|
10.0
|
36.7
c
|
NR
|
1.7
|
65.0
a
|
31.7
|
1.7
|
Simonoff
|
2008
|
10–14
|
AUT (
n = 62); other ASD’s (
n = 50)
|
70.8
|
0.9
|
0.5
|
29.2
a
|
0.5
|
8.5
|
13.4
|
8.2
|
7.9
|
10.1
|
28.2
b
|
28.1
c
|
3.2
|
Witwer
|
2010
|
6–17
|
AS (
n = 16); AUT (
n = 17); PDD-NOS (
n = 26)
|
NR
|
14.8
|
13.1
|
16.4
|
14.8
|
67.2
c
|
24.6
|
4.9
|
NR
|
NR
|
91.8
a
|
75.4
b
|
49.2
|
Wozniak
|
1997
|
NR
|
AUT (
n = 42); PDD-NOS (
n = 24)
|
NR
|
53.0
c
|
9.0
|
9.0
|
17.0
|
19.0
|
20.0
|
16.0
|
28.0
|
4.0
|
74.0
a
|
55.0
b
|
13.0
|
Method
Participants
ASD (
n = 40)
|
ADHD (
n = 40)
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
|
School
a
|
||||
Primary (elementary)
|
||||
Special
|
2
|
5.0
|
2
|
5.0
|
Regular
|
28
|
70.0
|
26
|
65.0
|
Secondary
|
||||
Special
|
1
|
2.5
|
4
|
10.0
|
Low level
|
1
|
2.5
|
1
|
2.5
|
Moderate level
|
3
|
7.5
|
3
|
7.5
|
High level
|
3
|
7.5
|
3
|
7.5
|
Vocational
|
||||
Low level
|
1
|
2.5
|
1
|
2.5
|
Moderate level
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
High level
|
1
|
2.5
|
0
|
0.0
|
Cognitive functioning (IQ)
|
||||
50–69
|
2
|
5.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
70–79
|
4
|
10.0
|
3
|
7.5
|
80–89
|
0
|
0.0
|
5
|
12.5
|
90–110
|
16
|
40.0
|
11
|
27.5
|
111–120
|
9
|
22.5
|
11
|
27.5
|
121–130
|
3
|
7.5
|
0
|
0.0
|
>130
|
3
|
7.5
|
0
|
0.0
|
IQ data not available
|
3
|
7.5
|
10
|
25.0
|
Instrument
Procedure
Analyses
Results
ASD (
n = 40)
|
ADHD (
n = 40)
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
|
Comorbid disorder
a
|
23
|
57.5
|
16
|
40.0
|
Internalizing disorders
b
|
14
|
35.0
|
5
|
12.5
|
Anxiety disorders
|
11
|
27.5
|
4
|
10.0
|
Separation anxiety disorder
|
1
|
2.5
|
2
|
5.0
|
Social anxiety disorder
|
4
|
10.0
|
1
|
2.5
|
Specific phobia
|
5
|
12.5
|
1
|
2.5
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
|
2
|
5.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
|
3
|
7.5
|
0
|
0.0
|
Panic disorder
|
1
|
2.5
|
0
|
0.0
|
Agoraphobia
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
Post-traumatic stress disorder
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
Mood disorders
|
5
|
12.5
|
2
|
5.0
|
Major depressive disorder
|
1
|
2.5
|
2
|
5.0
|
Dysthymic disorder
|
4
|
10.0
|
0
|
0.0
|
Externalizing disorders
c
|
9
|
22.5
|
11
|
27.5
|
Oppositional defiant disorder
|
9
|
22.5
|
8
|
20.0
|
Conduct disorder
|
1
|
2.5
|
5
|
12.5
|
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
|
9
|
22.5
|
36
|
90.0
d
|
Total (
n = 80)
|
ASD (
n = 40)
|
ADHD (
n = 40)
|
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COMORBID
|
INT
|
EXT
|
COMORBID
|
INT
|
EXT
|
COMORBID
|
INT
|
EXT
|
|
Age
|
.07
|
.03
|
.10
|
.17
|
.23
|
.06
|
.00
|
−.21
|
.15
|
IQ
a
|
−.01
|
.15
|
−.11
|
.07
|
.19
|
−.05
|
−.19
|
−.05
|
−.18
|