Top

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

Gepubliceerd in:

15-09-2015

Protective Mechanisms for Depression among Racial/Ethnic Minority Youth: Empirical Findings, Issues, and Recommendations

Auteurs: Sarah M. Scott, Jan L. Wallander, Linda Cameron

Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review | Uitgave 4/2015

Abstract

We (1) review empirical studies that report findings regarding putative protective mechanisms when exposed to risk of depression in African American and Hispanic adolescents; (2) identify key protective mechanisms for different risk contexts that garner empirical support; (3) synthesize the mechanisms identified as protective against depression among racial/ethnic minority adolescents; and (4) discuss improved methods for advancing understanding of resilience against depression in minority youth. The studies were selected from PsycINFO searches that met the following inclusion criteria: participants between 12 and 21 years of age, inclusions of racial/ethnic minority members, examining protection through an interaction with a risk factor, and outcome measures of depression, depressed mood, or depressive symptomatology. We found 39 eligible studies; 13 of which included multiple racial/ethnic groups. The following were supported as protective mechanisms, at least preliminarily, for at least one racial/ethnic group and in at least one risk context: employment, extracurricular activities, father–adolescent closeness, familism, maternal support, attending predominately minority schools, neighborhood composition, non-parent support, parental inductive reasoning, religiosity, self-esteem, social activities, and positive early teacher relationships. To investigate protective mechanisms more comprehensively and accurately across individual, social, and community levels of influence, we recommend incorporating multilevel modeling or multilevel growth curve analyses and large diverse samples.

vorige artikel Children’s Mental Health and Well-Being After Parental Intimate Partner Homicide: A Systematic Review

volgende artikel One Session Treatment for Specific Phobias: An Adaptation for Paediatric Blood–Injection–Injury Phobia in Youth

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Aina, Y., & Susman, J. L. (2006). Understanding comorbidity with depression and anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 106(5), 9–14.

Albee, G. W. (2005). Call to revolution in the prevention of emotional disorders. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 7(1), 34–44.

Ashburn-Nardo, L., Monteith, M. J., Arthur, S. A., & Bain, A. (2007). Race and psychological health of African Americans. Group processes and intergroup relations. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 471–491. doi:10.1177/1368430207081536.CrossRef

Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2006). Implications of high-risk family studies for prevention of depression. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 31(6), S126–S135.CrossRef

Baldwin, A. L., Baldwin, C., Kasser, T., Zax, M., Sameroff, A., & Seifer, R. (1993). Contextual risk and resiliency during late adolescence. Developmental and Psychopathology, 5(4), 741–761. doi:10.1017/S095457940000626X.CrossRef

Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Gayles, J. G. (2012). A developmental contextual model of depressive symptoms in Mexican-origin female adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 406–421.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., & Gladstone, T. R. G. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1134–1141.PubMedCrossRef

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588–597.PubMedCrossRef

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571.PubMedCrossRef

Billingsley, A., & Caldwell, C. (1991). The church, the family and the school in the African American community. Journal of Negro Education, 60(3), 427–440.CrossRef

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.CrossRef

Bowen-Reid, T. L., & Harrell, J. P. (2002). Racist experiences and health outcomes: An examination of spirituality as a buffer. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(1), 18–36.CrossRef

Breslau, N. (2002). Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(10), 923–929.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723–742.CrossRef

Burgos, G. (2006). Race, ethnicity, and adolescent depression in multi-level context. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (UMI 3215214)

Call, K. T., & Mortimer, J. T. (2001). Arenas of comfort in adolescence: A study of adjustment in context. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Carbonell, D. M., Reinherz, H. Z., & Giaconia, R. M. (1998). Risk and resilience in late adolescence. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 15(4), 251–272.CrossRef

Casey-Cannon, S., Pasch, L. A., Tschann, J. M., & Flores, E. (2006). Nonparent adult social support and depressive symptoms among Mexican American and European American Adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 26(3), 318–343. doi:10.1177/0272431606288592.CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1991–2013 high school youth risk behavior survey data. Retrieved from http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/

Charney, D. S. (2004). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 195–216.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, E., Martin, A. D., & Matthews, K. A. (2006). Socioeconomic status and health: Do gradients differ within childhood and adolescence? Social Science and Medicine, 62(9), 2161–2170.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, E., Matthews, K., & Boyce, T. (2002). Socio-economic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 295–329.PubMedCrossRef

Chester, C., Jones, D. J., Zalot, A., & Sterrett, E. (2007). The psychosocial adjustment of African American youth from single mother homes: The relative contribution of parents and peers. Journal of Clinical and Adolescent Psychology, 36(3), 356–366. doi:10.1080/15374410701444306.CrossRef

Chung, H. L., & Docherty, M. (2011). The protective function of neighborhood social ties on psychological health. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35(6), 785–796. doi:10.5993/AJHB.35.6.14.PubMedCrossRef

Cooper, S. M., Brown, C., Metzger, I., Clinton, Y., & Guthrie, B. (2013). Racial discrimination and African American adolescents’ adjustment: Gender variation in family and community social support, promotive and protective factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(1), 15–29. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9608-y.CrossRef

Costello, D., Swendsen, J., Rose, J., & Dierker, L. (2008). Risk and protective factors associated with trajectories of depressed mood from adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 173–183. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.173.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Cowen, E., Pedro-Carroll, J., & Alpert-Gillis, L. (1990). Relationship between support and adjustment among children of divorce. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 31(5), 727–735.CrossRef

Crane, M. F., Lewis, V., Cohn, A., Hodson, S. E., Parslow, R., Bryant, R., & Forbes, d. (2012). A protocol for the longitudinal study of psychological resilience in the Australian Defense Force. Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health, 20(4), 36–48.

Crean, H. F. (2008). Conflict in the Latino parent-youth dyad: The role of emotional support from the opposite parent. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 484–493. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.484.PubMedCrossRef

Crosnoe, R., Erickson, K. G., & Dornbusch, S. M. (2002). Protective functions of family relationships and school factors on the deviant behavior of adolescent boys and girls: Reducing the impact of risky friendships. Youth & Society, 33(4), 515–544. doi:10.1177/0044118X02033004002.CrossRef

D’Imperio, R. L., Dubow, E. F., & Ippolito, M. F. (2000). Resilient and stress-affected adolescents in an urban setting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 129–142.PubMedCrossRef

Davis, A. A. (2002). Younger and older African American adolescent mothers’ relationships with their mothers and female peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(5), 491–508.CrossRef

Delgado, M. Y., Updegraff, K. A., Roosa, M. W., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2011). Discrimination and Mexican-origin adolescents’ adjustment: The moderating roles of adolescents’, mothers’, and fathers’ cultural orientations and values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(2), 125–139. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9467-z.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

East, P. L., & Weisner, T. S. (2009). Mexican American adolescents’ family caregiving: Selection effects and longitudinal associations with adjustment. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 58(5), 562–577.CrossRef

Epstein-Ngo, Q., Maurizi, L. K., Bregman, A., & Ceballo, R. (2013). In response to community violence: Coping strategies and involuntary stress responses among Latino adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(1), 38–49. doi:10.1037/a0029753.PubMedCrossRef

Evans, G. W. (2003). A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Developmental Psychology, 39(5), 924–933. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.5.924.PubMedCrossRef

Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., & Charney, D. S. (2009). Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 446–457. doi:10.1038/nrn2649.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399–419. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357.PubMedCrossRef

Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. (1996). Adolescent resiliency to family adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(3), 281–292.PubMedCrossRef

Formoso, D., Gonzales, N. A., & Aiken, L. S. (2000). Family conflict and children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior: Protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(2), 175–199. doi:10.1023/A:1005135217449.PubMedCrossRef

Garcia Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914.PubMedCrossRef

Garcia-Preto, N. (2005). Latino families: An overview. In M. McGoldrick & J. Giordano (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 153–165). New York: Guilford Press.

Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97–111.PubMedCrossRef

Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1985). Acute reactions to stress in children. In M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern applications (2nd ed., pp. 152–176). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

Ge, X., Conger, R., & Elder, G. (2001). The relation between puberty and psychological distress in adolescent boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 49–70. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00003.CrossRef

Gerard, J. M., & Buehler, C. (2004). Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: The role of youth attributes. Child Development, 75(6), 1832–1849. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00820.x.PubMedCrossRef

Gladstone, T. R. G., & Beardslee, W. R. (2009). The prevention of depression in children and adolescents: A review. La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 54(4), 212–221.

Granberg, E. M., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Melby, N. (2008). The relationship between body size and depressed mood: Findings from a sample of African American middle school girls. Youth and Society, 39(3), 294–315.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Grant, K. E., O’Koon, J. H., Davis, T. H., Roache, N. A., Poindexter, L. M., Armstrong, M. L., et al. (2000). Protective factors affecting low-income urban African American youth exposed to stress. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 20(4), 388–417. doi:10.1177/0272431600020004002.CrossRef

Gunzler, D., Chen, T., Wu, P., & Zhang, H. (2013). Introduction of mediation analysis with structural equation modeling. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 25, 390–394. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.201.PubMedCentralPubMed

Hammack, P. L., Richards, M. H., Luo, Z., Edlynn, E. S., & Roy, K. (2004). Social support factors as moderators of community violence exposure among inner-city African American youth adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 450–462. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_3.PubMedCrossRef

Hankin, B., Abramson, L., Moffitt, T., Silva, P., McGee, R., & Angell, K. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 128–140. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.128.PubMedCrossRef

Hill, P. C., & Hood, R. W, Jr. (1999). Measures of Religiosity. Birmingham: Religious Education Press.

Horowitz, J. L., & Garber, J. (2006). The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 401–415. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.401.PubMedCrossRef

Hull, P., Kilbourne, B., Reece, M., & Husaini, B. (2008). Community involvement and adolescent mental health: Moderating effects of race/ethnicity and neighborhood disadvantage. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(4), 534–551. doi:10.1002/jcop.20253.CrossRef

Julian, M. W. (2009). The consequences of ignoring multilevel data structures in nonhierarchical covariance modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(3), 325–352. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_1.CrossRef

Kam, J. A., & Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y. (2013). Supportive parenting as a moderator of perceived ethnic/racial discrimination’s associations with psychological and academic adjustment: A comparison between Mexican-origin females in early and middle adolescence. Communication Research, 40(5), 645–668. doi:10.1177/0093650212441362.CrossRef

Kaplan, D., Kim, J.-S., & Kim, S.-Y. (2009). Multilevel latent variable modeling: Current research and recent developments. In R. E. Milsap & A. Maydeu-Olivares (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of quantitative methods in psychology. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.

Kennedy, T. M., & Ceballo, R. (2013). Latino adolescents’ community violence exposure: After-school activities and familismo as risk and protective factors. Social Development, 22(4), 663–682. doi:10.1111/sode.12030.

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(23), 3095–3105. doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095.PubMedCrossRef

Khan, A., Faucett, J., Lichtenberg, P., Kirsch, I., & Brown, W. A. (2012). A systematic review of comparative efficacy of treatments and controls for depression. PLoS ONE, 7(7), 1–11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041778.CrossRef

Kiang, L., Yip, T., Gonzales-Backen, M., Witkow, M., & Fuligni, A. J. (2006). Ethnic identity and the daily psychological well-being of adolescents from Mexican and Chinese backgrounds. Child Development, 77(5), 1338–1350. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00938.x.PubMedCrossRef

Kovacs, M. (1981). The Children’s Depression Inventory:A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. University of Pittsburgh.

Kraemer, H. C., Kiernan, M., Essex, M., & Kupfer, D. (2008). How and Why criteria defining moderators and mediators differ between the Baron & Kenny and MacArthur Approaches. Health Psychology, 27(2), S101–S108. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S101.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Crall, J. J., & Halfon, N. (2008). Influence of multiple social risks on children’s health. Pediatrics, 121(2), 337–344. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0447.PubMedCrossRef

Lindsey, M. A., Joe, S., & Nebbitt, V. (2010). Family matters: The role of mental health stigma and social support on depressive symptoms and subsequent help seeking among African American boys. Journal of Black Psychology, 36(4), 458–482.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Lipman, E., Boyle, M. H., Dooley, M. D., & Offord, D. R. (2002). Child well-being in single-mother families. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 75–82. doi:10.1097/00004583-200201000-00014.PubMedCrossRef

Loukas, A., & Roalson, L. A. (2006). Family environment, effortful control, and adjustment among European American and Latino early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 26(4), 432–455. doi:10.1177/0272431606291939.CrossRef

Luthar, S. S. (1993). Methodological and conceptual issues in the study of resilience. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(4), 441–453. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01030.x.CrossRef

Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Luthar, S. S., & McMahon, T. J. (1996). Peer reputation among inner city adolescents: Structure and correlates. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(4), 581–603.

Luthar, S. S., & Zigler, E. (1991). Vulnerability and competence: A review of research on resilience in childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(1), 6–22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Maggie, S., Irwin, L. J., Siddiqi, A., & Hertzman, C. (2010). The social determinants of early child development: An overview. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 46(11), 627–635. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01817.x.CrossRef

March, J. S., Silva, S., & Petrycki, S. (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study Team. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(7), 807–820. doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.807.PubMedCrossRef

Marsella, A. J. (2003). Cultural aspects of depressive experience and disorders. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 10(2). Retrieved from doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1081

Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227.PubMedCrossRef

Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Synder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford: University Press.

McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 1005–1017. doi:10.1177/0146167203253466.PubMedCrossRef

Meadows, S. O. (2007). Evidence of parallel pathways: Gender similarity in the impact of social support on adolescent depression and delinquency. Social Forces, 85(3), 1143–1167. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0048.CrossRef

Merry, S. N., & Spence, S. H. (2007). Attempting to prevent depression in youth: A systematic review of evidence. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 1(2), 128–137. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00030.x.CrossRef

Merry, S. N., McDowell, H., Hetrick, S. E., Bir, J., & Muller, N. (2004). Psychological and/or educational interventions for the prevention of depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, 1–123. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003380.pub2.

Miller, B., & Taylor, J. (2012). Racial and socioeconomic status differences in depressive symptoms among Black and White youth: An examination of the mediating effects of family structure, stress, and support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(4), 426–437. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9672-4.PubMedCrossRef

Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Caspi, A., Kim-Cohen, J., Goldberg, D., Gregory, A. M., Poulton, R. (2007). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 651–660.PubMedCrossRef

Moon, S. S., & Rao, U. (2010). Youth-family, youth-school relationship, and depression. Child and Adolescent Social Work, 27(2), 115–131. doi:10.1007/s10560-010-0194-9.CrossRef

Natsuaki, M. N., Ge, X., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2007). African American children’s depressive symptoms: The prospective effects of neighborhood disorder, stressful life events, and parenting. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1–2), 163–176. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9092-5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Newacheck, P. W., Hung, Y. Y., Jane Park, M., Brindis, C. D., & Irwin, C. E. (2003). Disparities in adolescent health and health care: Does socioeconomic status matter? Health Services Research, 38(5), 1235–1252. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.00174.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Nightingale, E. O., & Fischoff, B. (2001). Adolescent risk and vulnerability: Approaches to setting priorities. In B. Fischoff & E. O. Nightingale (Eds.), Adolescent risk and vulnerability: A workshop report (pp. 1–14). Washington: National Academy Press.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 424–443.PubMedCrossRef

Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Thomson, K. C. (2010). Understanding the link between social and emotional well-being and peer relations in early adolescence: Gender-specific predictors of peer-acceptance. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(11), 1330–1342. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9486-9.PubMedCrossRef

Paxton, K. C., Robinson, W. L., Shah, S., & Schoeny, M. E. (2004). Psychological distress for African-American adolescent males: Exposure to community violence and social support as factors. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 34(4), 281–295.PubMedCrossRef

Pittenger, C., & Duman, R. S. (2008). Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: A convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 33, 88–109. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301574.PubMedCrossRef

Polanco-Roman, L., & Miranda, R. (2013). Culturally related stress, hopelessness, and vulnerability to depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in emerging adulthood. Behavior Therapy, 44(1), 75–87. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.07.002.PubMedCrossRef

Pollard, J. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. W. (1999). Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Social Work Research, 23(3), 145–158.CrossRef

Prior, V., & Glaser, D. (2006). Understanding attachment and attachment disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Quiroga, C. V., Janosz, M., Bisset, S., & Morin, A. J. S. (2013). Early adolescent depression symptoms and school dropout: Mediating processes involving self-reported academic competence and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 552–560.CrossRef

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef

Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(1), 823–832. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038.PubMedCrossRef

Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2008). A closer look at peer discrimination, ethnic identity, and psychological well-being among urban Chinese American sixth graders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 12–21. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9227-x.CrossRef

Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. In J. S. Bruner & A. Garten (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology (pp. 49–74). Hanover: University Press of New England.

Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331.PubMedCrossRef

Saluja, G., Iachan, R., Scheidt, P. C., Overpeck, M. D., Sun, W., & Giedd, J. N. (2004). Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158(8), 760–765.PubMedCrossRef

Salazar, L. F., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R. J., Lang, D. L., & Harrington, K. (2004). The role of social support in the psychological well-being of African American girls who experience dating violence victimization. Violence and Victims, 19(2), 171–187.PubMedCrossRef

Sander, J. B., & McCarty, C. A. (2005). Youth depression in the family context: Familial risk factors and models of treatment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 203–229.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Santarelli, L., Saxe, M., Gross, C., Surget, A., Battaglia, F., Dulawa, S., & Hen, R. (2003). Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science, 301(5634), 805–809.PubMedCrossRef

Scott, S. M., Wallander, J. L., Elliott, M. N., Grunbaum, J. A., Tortolero, S. R., Cuccaro, P. M., & Schuster, M. A. (in press). Do social resources protect against lower quality of life among diverse young adolescents? Journal of Early Adolescence, 1–29. doi:10.1177/0272431615588367

Sellers, R. M., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1079–1092. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1079.PubMedCrossRef

Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Piacentini, J., Conners, C. K., Schwab-Stone, M., Cohen, P., et al. (1993). The diagnostic interview schedule for children-revised version (DISC-R): I. Preparation, field testing, inter-rater reliability, and acceptability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(3), 643–650.PubMedCrossRef

Silk, J. S., Vanderbilt-Adriance, E., Shaw, D. S., Forbes, E. E., Whalen, D. J., Ryan, N. D., et al. (2007). Resilience among and children and adolescents at risk for depression: Mediation and moderation across social and neurobiological contexts. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 841–865.PubMedCrossRef

Skrove, M., Romundstad, P., & Indredavik, M. S. (2013). Resilience, lifestyle and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence: The Young-HUNT study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(3), 407–416. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0561-2.PubMedCrossRef

Smokowski, P. R., Mann, E. A., Reynolds, A. J., & Fraser, M. W. (2004). Childhood risk and protective factors and late adolescent adjustment in inner city minority youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 26(1), 63–91. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2003.11.003.CrossRef

Soli, A. R., McHale, S. M., & Feinberg, M. E. (2009). Risk and protective effects of sibling relationships among African American adolescents. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 58(5), 578–592. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2009.00576.x.CrossRef

Spence, S. H., & Shortt, A. L. (2007). Research review: Can we justify the widespread dissemination of universal, school-based interventions for the prevention of depression among children and adolescents? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(6), 526–542.PubMedCrossRef

Spivack, G., Platt, J. J., & Shure, M. B. (1976). The problem-solving approach to adjustment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Stiffman, A. R., Chueh, H.-J., & Earls, F. (1992). Predictive modeling of change in depressive disorder and counts of depressive symptoms in urban youths. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2(4), 295–316. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0204_1.CrossRef

Swisher, R. R., & Roettger, M. E. (2012). Father’s incarceration and youth delinquency and depression: Examining differences by race and ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(4), 597–603. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00810.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Taylor, R. J., Ellison, C. G., Chatters, L. M., Levin, J. S., & Lincoln, K. D. (2000). Mental health services in faith communities: The role of clergy in Black churches. Social Work, 45(1), 73–87.PubMedCrossRef

Thoresen, C. E. (1998). Spirituality, health, and science: The coming revival? In S. Roth-Roemer & S. R. Kurpius (Eds.), The emerging role of counseling psychology in health care (pp. 409–431). New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Tolan, P., Lovegrove, P., & Clark, E. (2013). Stress mitigation to promote development of prosocial values and school engagement of inner-city urban African American and Latino Youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(2), 289–298. doi:10.1111/ajop.12038.PubMedCrossRef

Trask-Tate, A., Cunningham, M., & Lang-DeGrange, L. (2010). The importance of family: The impact of social support on symptoms of psychological distress in African American girls. Research in Human Development, 7(3), 164–182. doi:10.1080/15427609.2010.504458.CrossRef

Tummala-Narra, P., Li, Z., Liu, T., & Wang, Y. (2014). Violence exposure and mental health among adolescents: The role ethnic identity and help seeking. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(1), 8–24. doi:10.1037/a0032213.CrossRef

Tynes, B., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Rose, C. A., Lin, J., & Anderson, C. J. (2012). Discrimination and the protective function of ethnic identity and self-esteem for African American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 343–355. doi:10.1037/a0027032.PubMedCrossRef

Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Updegraff, K. A., & Gonzales-Backen, M. A. (2011). Mexican-origin adolescent mothers’ stressors and psychosocial functioning: Examining ethnic identity affirmation and familism as moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(2), 140–157. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9511-z.PubMedCrossRef

Van Voorhees, B. W., Paunesku, D., Gollan, J., Kuwabara, S., Reinecke, M., & Basu, A. (2008). Predicting future risk of depressive episode in adolescents: The Chicago Adolescent Depression Risk Assessment (CADRA). Annals of Family Medicine, 6(6), 503–511. doi:10.1370/afm.887.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Vaughan, C. A., Foshee, V. A., & Ennett, S. T. (2010). Protective effects of maternal and peer support on depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(2), 261–272. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9362-9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Vujeva, H. M., & Furman, W. (2011). Depressive symptoms and romantic relationship qualities from adolescence through emerging adulthood: A longitudinal examination of influences. Journal of Clinical child Adolescent Psychology, 40(1), 123–135. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533414.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Walsemann, K. M., Bell, B. A., & Maitra, D. (2011). The intersection of school racial composition and student race/ethnicity on adolescent depressive and somatic symptoms. Social Science and Medicine, 72(11), 1873–1883. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.033.PubMedCrossRef

Wang, M. T., Binkworth, M., & Eccles, J. (2013). Moderating effects of teacher-student relationship in adolescent trajectories of emotional and behavioral adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 49(4), 690–705. doi:10.1037/a0027916.PubMedCrossRef

White, R. M. B., Deardorff, J., & Gonzalez, N. A. (2012). Contextual amplification or attenuation of pubertal timing effects on depressive symptoms among Mexican American girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(6), 565–571. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.006.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Wickrama, K. A. S., Wickrama, T., & Lott, R. (2009). Heterogeneity in youth depressive symptom trajectories: Social stratification and implications for young adult physical health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 335–343. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.018.PubMedCrossRef

Williams, T. T., Mance, G., Caldwell, C. H., & Antonucci, T. C. (2012). Role of prenatal stress and maternal emotional support on the postpartum depressive symptoms of African American adolescent fathers. Journal of Black Psychology, 38(4), 455–470. doi:10.1177/0095798411433842.CrossRef

Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2004). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1197–1232. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106012.CrossRef

World Health Organization. (2012). World Mental Health Day, October 10 2012. Retrieved from http://wfmh.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/2012_wmhday_english.pdf

Zayas, L. H., Lester, R. J., Cabassa, L. J., & Fortuna, L. R. (2005). Why do so many Latina teens attempt suicide? A conceptual model for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 275–287.PubMedCrossRef

Zimmerman, M. A., Ramirez-Valles, J., Zapert, K. M., & Maton, K. I. (1999). A longitudinal study of stress-buffering effects for urban African-American male adolescent problem behaviors and mental health. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(1), 17–33.CrossRef

Zolkoski, S. M., & Bullock, L. M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: A review. Child and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2295–2303. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.08.009.CrossRef

Titel: Protective Mechanisms for Depression among Racial/Ethnic Minority Youth: Empirical Findings, Issues, and Recommendations
Auteurs: Sarah M. Scott
Jan L. Wallander
Linda Cameron
Publicatiedatum: 15-09-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review / Uitgave 4/2015
Print ISSN: 1096-4037
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2827
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-015-0188-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2015

Children’s Mental Health and Well-Being After Parental Intimate Partner Homicide: A Systematic Review

One Session Treatment for Specific Phobias: An Adaptation for Paediatric Blood–Injection–Injury Phobia in Youth

Clinical Effectiveness of Family Therapeutic Interventions Embedded in General Pediatric Primary Care Settings for Parental Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Impact of Various Parental Mental Disorders on Children’s Diagnoses: A Systematic Review

Underlying Mechanisms of Gene–Environment Interactions in Externalizing Behavior: A Systematic Review and Search for Theoretical Mechanisms

Resilience in the Offspring of Depressed Mothers: Variation Across Risk, Domains, and Time