Introduction
Separation–Individuation and Attachment
Profiles of Emotional Separation and Parental Trust, and the Age Differences
Relationships between Profiles and Psychosocial Adjustment
The Japanese Context
Current Study
Method
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Parent–youth relationship
Identity synthesis and confusion
Life satisfaction
Missing Data
Analytic Plan
Results
Preliminary Analyses
Variables | Total | Early adolescents | Middle adolescents | Late adolescents | Early emerging adults | Middle emerging adults | F-values | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self–disengagement | M (SD) | 2.79 (0.48) | 2.61 (0.49)a | 2.81 (0.42)b | 2.76 (0.47)c | 2.84 (0.48)b | 2.83 (0.48)b | F (4, 21,654.77) = 84.55*** | 0.024 |
α | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.83 | |||
Self–other recognition | M (SD) | 3.73 (0.69) | 3.27 (0.74)a | 3.72 (0.64)b | 3.76 (0.65)b,c | 3.81 (0.65)c,d | 3.83 (0.66)d | F (4, 10,220.75) = 241.08*** | 0.065 |
α | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.74 | |||
Parental trust | M (SD) | 2.96 (0.68) | 3.01 (0.66)a | 3.03 (0.63)a | 3.02 (0.67)a | 2.93 (0.68)b | 2.93 (0.69)b | F (4, 22,676.92) = 13.05*** | 0.004 |
α | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.83 | |||
Identity synthesis | M (SD) | 3.06 (0.78) | 3.12 (0.77)a | 3.13 (0.73)a | 3.10 (0.78)a | 3.02 (0.80)b | 3.02 (0.78)b | F (4, 20,486.59) = 12.03*** | 0.003 |
α | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.76 | |||
Identity confusion | M (SD) | 3.00 (0.74) | 2.69 (0.69)a | 2.86 (0.65)b | 3.17 (0.73)c | 3.05 (0.75)d | 3.05 (0.74)d | F (4, 28,809.60) = 130.41*** | 0.036 |
α | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.75 | |||
Life satisfaction | M (SD) | 3.49 (1.30) | 3.76 (1.32)a | 3.58 (1.22)b | 3.62 (1.30)b | 3.45 (1.27)c | 3.36 (1.32)d | F (4, 66,700.46) = 36.65*** | 0.010 |
α | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.74 |
Variables | Age groups | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Self–disengagement | Early adolescents | 0.56*** | −0.66*** | −0.25*** | 0.15*** | −0.35*** |
Middle adolescents | 0.49*** | −0.55*** | −0.18*** | 0.02 | −0.30*** | |
Late adolescents | 0.48*** | −0.57*** | −0.25*** | 0.04 | −0.32*** | |
Early emerging adults | 0.51*** | −0.54*** | −0.17*** | 0.02 | −0.28*** | |
Middle emerging adults | 0.50*** | −0.53*** | −0.16*** | 0.00 | −0.28*** | |
2. Self–other recognition | Early adolescents | — | −0.42*** | −0.06* | 0.19*** | −0.19*** |
Middle adolescents | — | −0.27*** | 0.04 | 0.05* | −0.09*** | |
Late adolescents | — | −0.26*** | 0.09** | 0.10*** | −0.04 | |
Early emerging adults | — | −0.21*** | 0.09*** | 0.02 | −0.03* | |
Middle emerging adults | — | −0.23*** | 0.13*** | 0.04** | −0.04** | |
3. Parental trust | Early adolescents | — | 0.28*** | −0.24*** | 0.42*** | |
Middle adolescents | — | 0.26*** | −0.20*** | 0.36*** | ||
Late adolescents | — | 0.23*** | −0.20*** | 0.36*** | ||
Early emerging adults | — | 0.24*** | −0.23*** | 0.34*** | ||
Middle emerging adults | — | 0.23*** | −0.21*** | 0.31*** | ||
4. Identity synthesis | Early adolescents | — | −0.33*** | 0.51*** | ||
Middle adolescents | — | −0.32*** | 0.45*** | |||
Late adolescents | — | −0.38*** | 0.55*** | |||
Early emerging adults | — | −0.43*** | 0.54*** | |||
Middle emerging adults | — | −0.38*** | 0.54*** | |||
5. Identity confusion | Early adolescents | — | −0.41*** | |||
Middle adolescents | — | −0.41*** | ||||
Late adolescents | — | −0.37*** | ||||
Early emerging adults | — | −0.40*** | ||||
Middle emerging adults | — | −0.37*** | ||||
6. Life satisfaction | — |
Profiles of Parent–Youth Relationship Quality (Objective 1)
Age Differences in Profiles of Parent–Youth Relationship Quality (Objective 2)
Age groups | Indices | Relationship profiles | Total (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy–independent | Unhealthy–independent | Balanced | Moderate/ambivalent | Connected | Distant | |||
Early adolescents | Frequency | 5.1 (−) | 13.1 (−) | 14.8 (−) | 28.3 (+) | 31.1 (+) | 7.6 (−) | 100 |
ASR | −11.6 | −4.4 | −10.7 | 13.3 | 21.8 | −6.8 | ||
Middle adolescents | Frequency | 13.6 | 18.7 (+) | 29.1 (+) | 14.8 (−) | 14.3 | 9.5 (−) | 100 |
ASR | −0.8 | 2.3 | 4.1 | −2.8 | 0.3 | −4.3 | ||
Late adolescents | Frequency | 18.1 (+) | 17.5 | 24.4 | 14.6 (−) | 14.6 | 10.8 (−) | 100 |
ASR | 4.6 | 0.8 | −0.7 | −2.8 | 0.7 | −2.4 | ||
Early emerging adults | Frequency | 15.4 (+) | 16.7 | 26.2 | 15.9 (−) | 10.9 (−) | 14.9 (+) | 100 |
ASR | 2.7 | −0.2 | 1.9 | −2.6 | −7.4 | 5.6 | ||
Middle emerging adults | Frequency | 15.5 (+) | 17.2 | 26.8 (+) | 15.8 (−) | 10.4 (−) | 14.2 (+) | 100 |
ASR | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.1 | −2.8 | −8.6 | 3.7 | ||
Total (%) | 14.3 | 16.8 | 25.2 | 17.1 | 14.0 | 12.7 | 100 |
Links between Profiles of Parent–Youth Relationship Quality and Psychosocial Adjustment (Objective 3)
Variables | Age groups | Relationship profiles | F-values | Partial η2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy–independent | Unhealthy–independent | Balanced | Moderate/ambivalent | Connected | Distant | ||||
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
Identity synthesis | 3.36 (0.79)a | 2.88 (0.76)b | 3.09 (0.72)c | 2.90 (0.64)b | 3.24 (0.76)d | 2.86 (0.91)b | F (5, 8297.22) = 155.21*** | 0.053 | |
Identity confusion | 2.85 (0.81)a | 3.20 (0.69)b | 2.97 (0.70)c | 3.03 (0.63)c | 2.79 (0.73)a | 3.14 (0.82)b | F (5, 14,600.39) = 108.49*** | 0.037 | |
Life satisfaction | Early adolescents | 4.40 (1.19)a | 3.04 (1.20)b | 3.81 (1.18)c | 3.59 (1.12)c | 4.31 (1.25)a | 2.84 (1.55)b | F (5, 2474.09) = 57.01*** | 0.152 |
Middle adolescents | 4.08 (1.25)a | 3.22 (1.07)b | 3.65 (1.08)c | 3.51 (1.16)c | 4.08 (1.28)a | 2.78 (1.31)d | F (5, 1845.94) = 35.81*** | 0.083 | |
Late adolescents | 4.07 (1.36)a | 3.23 (1.23)b | 3.75 (1.08)c | 3.49 (1.06)b,c | 4.06 (1.25)a | 2.81 (1.39)d | F (5, 12,997.41) = 32.88*** | 0.096 | |
Early emerging adults | 4.00 (1.31)a | 3.06 (1.21)b | 3.61 (1.15)c | 3.35 (1.08)d | 3.83 (1.23)a | 2.84 (1.34)e | F (5, 9186.54) = 91.80*** | 0.094 | |
Middle emerging adults | 3.94 (1.39)a | 3.01 (1.23)b | 3.40 (1.23)c | 3.40 (1.04)c | 3.83 (1.30)a | 2.68 (1.39)d | F (5, 8007.45) = 90.85*** | 0.093 |