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2023 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

18. Prestatiebevorderende middelen in de sport

Auteurs : Larry W. Kenney, Jack H. Wilmore, David L. Costill, Ramón Lindauer

Gepubliceerd in: Inspannings- en sportfysiologie

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

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Introductie

Sporters, soldaten en arbeiders zoeken altijd naar manieren om hun lichamelijke en mentale prestaties nog méér te verbeteren dan door training alléén. De sterke aantrekkingskracht van prestatiebevorderende middelen, die een boost beloven in lichamelijke capaciteit en mentale focus, is te begrijpen gezien de zéér competitieve natuur van de sport en de extremen lichamelijke eisen die gesteld worden aan soldaten en aan sommige arbeiders.
Enkele enquête-studies geven aan dat 100 % van de bevraagde topsporters in bepaalde sporten voedingssupplementen gebruikten, zelfs in sporten waar er regelmatig wordt getest op dopinggeduide prestatiebevorderende middelen.21 Hoewel onderzoek laat zien dat sommige voedingssupplementen effectief zijn in het bevorderen van prestaties, zijn de meeste dat niet, en sommige supplementen zijn verontreinigd met verboden stoffen zoals anabole stoffen en stimulantia. In de Verenigde Staten wordt de productie en verkoop van voedingssupplementen gecontroleerd door de Food and Drug Administration, waarbij de wettelijke regels de producenten in staat stellen om ingrediënten te gebruiken en effecten te claimen die niet zijn toegestaan bij ‘gewone’ voeding en dranken. Deze regels geven producenten veel vrijheid bij de marketing van producten die geweldige toename bevolen in kracht, vermogen, spiermassa, uithoudingsvermogen en prestaties, die niet onderbouwd hoeven te zijn door goed wetenschappelijk onderzoek.
Wat de situatie voor sporters nog moeilijker maakt, is dat de producenten zich niet altijd bewust zijn dat de ingrediënten die ze overal ter wereld inkopen verontreinigd kunnen zijn met verboden stoffen.
Deze verboden stoffen zijn vaak medicijnen die officieel alleen op recept zijn te krijgen of aangepaste versies daarvan. Sommige supplementen hebben zelfs verboden stoffen als ingrediënten op het etiket van het product staan. Naast de niet-opzettelijke verontreiniging van supplementen heeft de nooit eindigende zoektocht naar prestatieverbetering, gewichtsverlies of het veranderen van het uiterlijk sommige sporters gebracht tot het doelbewust gebruiken van verboden middelen of technieken. Decennia van opzettelijk vals spelen hebben geleid tot de implementatie van geavanceerde dopingtests door het World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), om sporters op te sporen die pogen een oneerlijk voordeel te verkrijgen ten opzichte van hun concurrenten. Helaas testen sommige sporters positief op dopingtests omdat ze supplementen gebruiken die, buiten hun medeweten, verboden ingrediënten bevatten. Hoewel zij niet de bedoeling hadden om vals te spelen, lopen deze sporters ook het risico op lange schorsingen, hoge juridische kosten en verlies van hun goede reputatie.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Woordenlijst
Placebo-effect
Een effect als gevolg van de verwachtingen van de proefpersoon na inname van een niet-werkzame substantie (placebo).
Anabole steroïden
Middelen met dezelfde anabole (opbouwende) werking als testosteron; worden door sommige spor-ters gebruikt om lichaamsgewicht, spiermassa en kracht te verhogen.
Cafeïne
Een stimulerend middel van het centrale zenuwstelsel waarvan wordt gedacht dat het prestatiebevorderend kan werken.
Creatine
Een stof die, vooral in de vorm van creatinefosfaat (CP), aanwezig is in skeletspieren. Suppletie van creatine wordt veel gebruikt als prestatiebevorderaar omdat er wordt gedacht dat het de CP-niveaus verhoogt, waardoor het ATP-CPsysteem beter in staat zou zijn energie te leveren.
Bètablokkers (β-blokkers)
Een klasse geneesmiddelen die de transmissie van zenuwimpulsen in het sympathische zenuwstelsel blokkeren.
Bloeddoping
Methode waarbij de totale hoeveelheid rode bloedcellen van een persoon wordt verhoogd, normaliter via transfusie van rode bloedcellen of door gebruik van erytro-poëtine (epo).
Prestatiebevorderend middel
Elke substantie, trainingsmethode, of techniek die inspanningsprestaties kan verbeteren.
Amfetamine
Een stimulerende stof in het centrale zenuwstelsel waarvan wordt gedacht dat het prestatiebevorderende eigenschappen heeft.
Efedrine
Een sympathomimetisch amine verkregen uit het efedra kruid (ook bekend als ma huang) dat wordt gebruikt als middel bij verstoppingen en als een luchtwegverwijderaar bij de behandeling van astma.
Pseudo efedrine
Een sympathicomimetisch amine die in vrij verkrijgbare geneesmiddelen kan zitten voor ontstopping en in het verboden methamfetamine.
Plasmiddelen (diuretica)
Stoffen die uitscheiding van water bevorderen.
Testosteron
Het belangrijkste mannelijke geslachtshormoon.
Vrijstelling voor therapeutisch gebruik
Een uitzondering toegestaan door sportbonden waardoor een sporter een anders verboden middel mag gebruiken om medische redenen.
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Metagegevens
Titel
Prestatiebevorderende middelen in de sport
Auteurs
Larry W. Kenney
Jack H. Wilmore
David L. Costill
Ramón Lindauer
Copyright
2023
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2921-2_18