Top

Gepubliceerd in:

22-09-2021 | REVIEW

Predictive Associations of Dispositional Mindfulness Facets with Anxiety and Depression: a Meta-analytic Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Auteurs: Ángel Prieto-Fidalgo, Joana Gómez-Odriozola, Estibaliz Royuela-Colomer, Izaskun Orue, Liria Fernández-González, Lucía Oñate, Nerea Cortazar, Ioseba Iraurgi, Esther Calvete

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 1/2022

Abstract

Objectives

In recent years, the number of studies on the relationship between dispositional mindfulness (DM) facets and depression and anxiety symptoms has increased notably. The objective of this meta-analysis was to identify the longitudinal predictive associations from DM facets to depression and anxiety symptoms in both adult and adolescent samples.

Methods

Studies were eligible if they measured anxiety or depressive symptoms at least two times and DM during the first measurement. This meta-analysis seeks to clarify the proposed relationships, applying a Two-Stage Structural Equation Modeling method to data collected from adult and adolescent studies. In total, 34 studies were included.

Results

The results indicated that, in adult samples, the facets of Acting with Awareness, Non-Judging, Describing, and Non-Reacting covaried significantly with depression and anxiety symptoms at time one, but only Acting with Awareness and Non-Reacting facets predicted a decrease of symptoms over time. Due to the scarcity of studies using childhood and adolescent samples, only the role of Acting with Awareness predicting depression was evaluated, and the results indicated that this facet predicts a decrease in depression over time among adolescents.

Conclusions

These results provide insight into the longitudinal relationships between DM facets and depression and anxiety symptoms and suggest the importance of focusing attention on these facets in mindfulness interventions.

Trial Registration

The project was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ye4af).

vorige artikel Developments in Qualitative Mindfulness Practice Research: a Pilot Scoping Review

volgende artikel Heart Rate Variability, Mindfulness of Breathing, and Religious Identity

Ahmad, F., El Morr, C., Ritvo, P., Othman, N., Moineddin, R., & MVC Team (2020). An eight-week, web-based mindfulness virtual community intervention for students’ mental health: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 7(2), e15520. https://doi.org/10.2196/15520

Andreotti, E., Antoine, P., Hanafi, M., Michaud, L., & Gottrand, F. (2017). Pilot mindfulness intervention for children born with esophageal atresia and their parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(5), 1432–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0657-0

Antoine, P., Dauvier, B., Andreotti, E., & Congard, A. (2018). Individual differences in the effects of a positive psychology intervention: Applied psychology. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.024

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504CrossRefPubMed

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003CrossRefPubMed

Barnes, S. M., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). Mindfulness skills and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 30(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.2190/ic.30.1.eCrossRef

Barnhofer, T., & Crane, C. (2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression and suicidality. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 221–243). Springer.CrossRef

Bergin, A. J., & Pakenham, K. I. (2016). The stress-buffering role of mindfulness in the relationship between perceived stress and psychological adjustment. Mindfulness, 7(4), 928–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0532-xCrossRef

Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: Existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9CrossRef

Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2014). Konstruktion und erste Validierung eines Fragebogens zur umfassenden Erfassung von Achtsamkeit [Construction and first validation of a questionnaire for the comprehensive recording of mindfulness]. Diagnostica, 60(3), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000109CrossRef

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., G., & Devins. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bph077CrossRef

Black, D. S., Sussman, S., Johnson, C. A., & Milam, J. (2012). Testing the indirect effect of trait mindfulness on adolescent cigarette smoking through negative affect and perceived stress mediators. Journal of Substance Use, 17(5–6), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2011.587092

Boker, S., Neale, M., Maes, H., Wilde, M., Spiegel, M., Brick, T, Spies, J., Estabrook, R., Kenny, S., Bates, T., Mehta, P., & Fox, J. (2011). OpenMx: An open source extended structural equation modeling framework. Psychometrika, 76(2), 306–317. 10.1007%2Fs11336–010–9200–6

Boyle, C. C., Stanton, A. L., Ganz, P. A., Crespi, C. M., & Bower, J. E. (2017). Improvements in emotion regulation following mindfulness meditation: Effects on depressive symptoms and perceived stress in younger breast cancer survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(4), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000186

Bränström, R., Duncan, L. G., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2011). The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, and perceived health in a Swedish population-based sample. British Journal of Health Psychology, 16(2), 300–316. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710x501683CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822CrossRefPubMed

Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1(1), 11–34.

Calvete, E., Morea, A., & Orue, I. (2019). The role of dispositional mindfulness in the longitudinal associations between stressors, maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Mindfulness, 10(3), 547-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1000-6

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Sampedro, A. (2017). Does the acting with awareness trait of mindfulness buffer the predictive association between stressors and psychological symptoms in adolescents? Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.055

Carpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019). The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Clinical Psychology Review, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101785

Cash, M., & Whittingham, K. (2010). What facets of mindfulness contribute to psychological well-being and depressive, anxious, and stress-related symptomatology? Mindfulness, 1(3), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0023-4CrossRef

Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508x314891CrossRefPubMed

Cheung, M. W. L. (2015). metaSEM: An R package for meta-analysis using structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01521CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ciarrochi, J., Kashdan, T. B., Leeson, P., Heaven, P., & Jordan, C. (2011). On being aware and accepting: A one-year longitudinal study into adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 34(4), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.003CrossRefPubMed

Ciesla, J. A., Reilly, L. C., Dickson, K. S., Emanuel, A. S., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Dispositional mindfulness moderates the effects of stress among adolescents: Rumination as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 760–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.698724CrossRef

Crescentini, C., Chittaro, L., Capurso, V., Sioni, R., & Fabbro, F. (2016). Psychological and physiological responses to stressful situations in immersive virtual reality: Differences between users who practice mindfulness meditation and controls. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 304–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.031

Demarzo, M., Montero-Marin, J., Puebla-Guedea, M., Navarro-Gil, M., Herrera-Mercadal, P., Moreno-González, S., Calvo-Carrión, S., Bafaluy-Franch, L., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017). Efficacy of 8- and 4-session mindfulness-based interventions in a non-clinical population: A controlled study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1343. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01343

Dixon, H. C., & Overall, N. C. (2016). Dispositional mindfulness attenuates the link between daily stress and depressed mood. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.3.255

Droutman, V., Golub, I., Oganesyan, A., & Read, S. (2018). Development and initial validation of the Adolescent and Adult Mindfulness Scale (AAMS). Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.037CrossRef

Duan, W., & Li, J. (2016). Distinguishing dispositional and cultivated forms of mindfulness: Item-level factor analysis of Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and construction of short inventory of mindfulness capability. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01348

Duijndam, S., Denollet, J., Nyklíček, I., & Kupper, N. (2017). Perceived cognition after percutaneous coronary intervention: Association with quality of life, mood and fatigue in the THORESCI study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-016-9624-1

El Morr, C., Ritvo, P., Ahmad, F., Moineddin, R., & MVC Team. (2020). Effectiveness of an 8-week web-based mindfulness virtual community intervention for university students on symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 7(7), e18595. https://doi.org/10.2196/18595

Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Walsh, E. C., Charnigo, R. J., Jr., Lynam, D. R., & Baer, R. A. (2012). The “what” and the “how” of dispositional mindfulness: Using interactions among subscales of the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire to understand its relation to substance use. Assessment, 19(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112446658CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., O’Brien, K. D., & Armour, C. (2018). Distress tolerance and mindfulness mediate relations between depression and anxiety sensitivity with problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8CrossRef

Galla, B. M. (2017). “Safe in my own mind”: Supporting healthy adolescent development through meditation retreats. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 53, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.09.006

Gambrel, L. E., & Piercy, F. P. (2015). Mindfulness‐based relationship education for couples expecting their first child—Part 1: A randomized mixed‐methods program evaluation. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12066

Gómez-Odriozola, J., & Calvete, E. (2020). Longitudinal bidirectional associations between dispositional mindfulness, maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Mindfulness, 11, 1943-1955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01402-w

Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.011CrossRefPubMed

Groth, N., Schnyder, N., Kaess, M., Markovic, A., Rietschel, L., Moser, S., Michel, C., Schultze-Lutter, F., & Schmidt, S. J. (2019). Coping as a mediator between locus of control, competence beliefs, and mental health: A systematic review and structural equation modelling meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 121, 103442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103442CrossRefPubMed

Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). 2nd Ed. Sage.

Henrich, J. F., Gjelsvik, B., Surawy, C., Evans, E., & Martin, M. (2020). A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for women with irritable bowel syndrome—Effects and mechanisms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(4), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000483

Jak, S., & Cheung, M. W. L. (2020). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling with moderating effects on SEM parameters. Psychological Methods, 25(4), 430–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000245CrossRefPubMed

Johnson, C., & Wade, T. (2019). Which aspects of mindfulness are important to include in adolescent interventions? Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(3), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12490

Jury, T. K., & Jose, P. E. (2019). Does rumination function as a longitudinal mediator between mindfulness and depression? Mindfulness, 10(6), 1091–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1031-z

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hyperion.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bpg016CrossRef

Keng, S. L., Lee, C. S. L., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2019). Effects of brief daily mindfulness practice on affective outcomes and correlates in a high BPD trait sample. Psychiatry Research, 280, 112485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112485

Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Khan, F., & Laurent, H. K. (2019). Assessing the impact of mindfulness and life stress on maternal well-being. Mindfulness, 10(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0943-yCrossRef

*Kiken, L. G., Lundberg, K. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017). Being present and enjoying it: Dispositional mindfulness and savoring the moment are distinct, interactive predictors of positive emotions and psychological health. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1280–1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0704-3

Lin, L., & Chu, H. (2018). Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 74(3), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.12817CrossRefPubMed

Ma, Y., She, Z., Siu, A. F.-Y., Zeng, X., & Liu, X. (2018). Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions on psychological distress and the mediating role of emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02090

Mattes, J. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of correlates of FFMQ mindfulness facets. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 02684. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02684CrossRef

Nassif, T. H., Start, A. R., Toblin, R. L., & Adler, A. B. (2019). Self-reported mindfulness and soldier health following a combat deployment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(4), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000413

Petrocchi, N., & Ottaviani, C. (2016). Mindfulness facets distinctively predict depressive symptoms after two years: The mediating role of rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.017CrossRef

Pots, W. T., Fledderus, M., Meulenbeek, P. A., Peter, M., Schreurs, K. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a web-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(1), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146068

Rhodes, R. E., Boudreau, P., Josefsson, K. W., & Ivarsson, A. (2020). Mediators of physical activity behaviour change interventions among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1706614

Rodríguez-Vega, B., Melero-Llorente, J., Bayón-Pérez, C., Cebolla, S., Mira, J., Valverde, C., & Fernández-Liria, A. (2014). Impact of mindfulness training on attentional control and anger regulation processes for psychotherapists in training. Psychotherapy Research, 24(2), 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.838651

Rosenthal, R. (1978). Combining results of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.185CrossRef

Royuela-Colomer, E., & Calvete, E. (2016). Mindfulness facets and depression in adolescents: Rumination as a mediator. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1092-1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0547-3

Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, R., Lappalainen, P., Kaipainen, K., Carlstedt, F., Anclair, M., & Hiltunen, A. (2019). Effectiveness of a web-based acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for wellbeing of parents whose children have chronic conditions: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 13, 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.07.004

Sauer, S., Walach, H., Schmidt, S., Hinterberger, T., Lynch, S., Büssing, A., & Kohls, N. (2013). Assessment of mindfulness: Review on state of the art. Mindfulness, 4(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0122-5CrossRef

Schut, D. M., & Boelen, P. A. (2017). The relative importance of rumination, experiential avoidance and mindfulness as predictors of depressive symptoms. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.008

Shahar, B., Britton, W. B., Sbarra, D. A., Figueredo, A. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010). Mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Preliminary evidence from a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(4), 402–418. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2010.3.4.402

Shearer, A., Hunt, M., Chowdhury, M., & Nicol, L. (2016). Effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on student stress and heart rate variability. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 232–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039814

Thomas, J., Raynor, M., & Bahussain, E. (2016). Stress reactivity, depressive symptoms, and mindfulness: A Gulf Arab perspective. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 5(3), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000055

Tomlinson, E. R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A. D., & Jones, L. (2018). Dispositional mindfulness and psychological health: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 9(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6CrossRefPubMed

Van Son, J., Nyklíček, I., Nefs, G., Speight, J., Pop, V. J., & Pouwer, F. (2015). The association between mindfulness and emotional distress in adults with diabetes: Could mindfulness serve as a buffer? Results from diabetes MILES: The Netherlands. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9592-3CrossRefPubMed

Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness-the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1543–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025CrossRef

Walsh, J. J., Balint, M. G. S. J. D. R. S., L. K., Fredericksen, S., & Madsen. (2009). Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.008CrossRef

Williams, V., Ciarrochi, J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060903573197

World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en

Titel: Predictive Associations of Dispositional Mindfulness Facets with Anxiety and Depression: a Meta-analytic Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Auteurs: Ángel Prieto-Fidalgo
Joana Gómez-Odriozola
Estibaliz Royuela-Colomer
Izaskun Orue
Liria Fernández-González
Lucía Oñate
Nerea Cortazar
Ioseba Iraurgi
Esther Calvete
Publicatiedatum: 22-09-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 1/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01756-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Trial Registration

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2022

Mindfulness-Based Approaches for Managing Stress, Anxiety and Depression for Health Students in Tertiary Education: a Scoping Review

Adolescents with High Dispositional Mindfulness Show Altered Right Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Working Memory Task

Mindful Non-judging and Experiential Avoidance Before Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) are Associated to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptomatology 5 Months Later

Effects of a Mindful Parenting Workshop for Parents of Adolescents and Young Adults Following Social Unrest in Hong Kong

A Qualitative Study of the LGBTQ+ Youth Affirmative Mindfulness Program for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth

An Initial Examination of State and Longitudinal Effects of Loving-Kindness Practice on Affective and Motivational States at Work