Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 2/2007

01-04-2007 | Original Paper

Predicting Change in Parenting Stress Across Early Childhood: Child and Maternal Factors

Auteurs: Amanda P. Williford, Susan D. Calkins, Susan P. Keane

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 2/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study examined maternal parenting stress in a sample of 430 boys and girls including those at risk for externalizing behavior problems. Children and their mothers were assessed when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine stability of parenting stress across early childhood and to examine child and maternal factors predicting parenting stress at age 2 and changes in parenting stress across time. Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress. Child externalizing behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress. Stability of parenting stress was dependent upon child externalizing problems, as well as interactions between child externalizing problems and gender, and child externalizing problems and emotion regulation. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms by which parenting stress may influence the development of child externalizing behaviors.
Literatuur
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (1990). Introduction to the special issue: The stresses of parenting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 298–301.CrossRef Abidin, R. R. (1990). Introduction to the special issue: The stresses of parenting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 298–301.CrossRef
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(4), 407–412.CrossRef Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(4), 407–412.CrossRef
go back to reference Abidin, R. R. (1995). Manual for the Parenting Stress Index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Abidin, R. R. (1995). Manual for the Parenting Stress Index. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3 and 1992 profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3 and 1992 profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont.
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14, 133–154.CrossRef Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14, 133–154.CrossRef
go back to reference Barry, T. D., Dunlap, S. T., Cotten, S. J., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2005). The influence of maternal stress and distress on disruptive behavior problems in boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 265–273.PubMedCrossRef Barry, T. D., Dunlap, S. T., Cotten, S. J., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2005). The influence of maternal stress and distress on disruptive behavior problems in boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 265–273.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Benzies, K. M., Harrison, M. J., & Magill-Evans, J. (2004). Parenting stress, marital quality, and child behavior problems at age 7 years. Public Health Nursing, 21, 111–121.PubMedCrossRef Benzies, K. M., Harrison, M. J., & Magill-Evans, J. (2004). Parenting stress, marital quality, and child behavior problems at age 7 years. Public Health Nursing, 21, 111–121.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Calkins, S. D., (2002). Does aversive behavior during toddlerhood matter? The effects of difficult temperament on maternal perception and behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23, 381–402.CrossRef Calkins, S. D., (2002). Does aversive behavior during toddlerhood matter? The effects of difficult temperament on maternal perception and behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 23, 381–402.CrossRef
go back to reference Calkins, S. D. & Dedmon, S. A. (2000). Physiological and behavioral regulation in two-year-old children with aggressive/destructive behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 103–118.CrossRef Calkins, S. D. & Dedmon, S. A. (2000). Physiological and behavioral regulation in two-year-old children with aggressive/destructive behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 103–118.CrossRef
go back to reference Calkins, S. D., Dedmon, S. E., Gill, K. L., Lomax, L. E., & Johnson, L. M. (2002). Frustration in infancy: Implications for emotion regulation, physiological processes, and temperament. Infancy, 3, 175–197.CrossRef Calkins, S. D., Dedmon, S. E., Gill, K. L., Lomax, L. E., & Johnson, L. M. (2002). Frustration in infancy: Implications for emotion regulation, physiological processes, and temperament. Infancy, 3, 175–197.CrossRef
go back to reference Calkins, S. D., Gill, K. A., Johnson, M. C., & Smith, C. (1999). Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategies as predictors of social behavior with peers during toddlerhood. Social Development, 8, 310–341.CrossRef Calkins, S. D., Gill, K. A., Johnson, M. C., & Smith, C. (1999). Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategies as predictors of social behavior with peers during toddlerhood. Social Development, 8, 310–341.CrossRef
go back to reference Calkins, S. D., & House, R. (2004). Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. In P. Philipot & R. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion (pp. 307–332). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Calkins, S. D., & House, R. (2004). Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. In P. Philipot & R. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion (pp. 307–332). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Calkins, S. D., Hungerford, A., & Dedmon, S. (2004). Mothers’ interactions with temperamentally frustrated infants. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25, 219–239.CrossRef Calkins, S. D., Hungerford, A., & Dedmon, S. (2004). Mothers’ interactions with temperamentally frustrated infants. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25, 219–239.CrossRef
go back to reference Calkins, S. D., & Johnson, M. C. (1998). Toddler regulation of distress to frustrating events: Temperamental and maternal correlates. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 379–395.CrossRef Calkins, S. D., & Johnson, M. C. (1998). Toddler regulation of distress to frustrating events: Temperamental and maternal correlates. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 379–395.CrossRef
go back to reference Campbell, S. B. (2002). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press Campbell, S. B. (2002). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press
go back to reference Chang, Y., Fine, M. A., Ispa, J., Thornburg, K. R., Sharp, E., & Wolfenstein, M. (2004). Understanding parenting stress among young, low-income, African-American, first-time mothers. Early Education and Development, 15, 265–282.CrossRef Chang, Y., Fine, M. A., Ispa, J., Thornburg, K. R., Sharp, E., & Wolfenstein, M. (2004). Understanding parenting stress among young, low-income, African-American, first-time mothers. Early Education and Development, 15, 265–282.CrossRef
go back to reference Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317–333.PubMedCrossRef Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317–333.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Copeland, D., & Harbaugh, B. L. (2005). Differences in parenting stress between married and single first time mothers at six to eight weeks after birth. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 28, 139–152.PubMedCrossRef Copeland, D., & Harbaugh, B. L. (2005). Differences in parenting stress between married and single first time mothers at six to eight weeks after birth. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 28, 139–152.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C., & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132.CrossRef Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C., & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132.CrossRef
go back to reference Crnic, K. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628–1637.PubMedCrossRef Crnic, K. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61, 1628–1637.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Crnic, K., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5: Practical issues in parenting (2nd ed., pp. 243–367). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Crnic, K., & Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5: Practical issues in parenting (2nd ed., pp. 243–367). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1995). The impact of parents on their children: An emotional security hypothesis. Annals of Child Development, 10, 167–208. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1995). The impact of parents on their children: An emotional security hypothesis. Annals of Child Development, 10, 167–208.
go back to reference Cummings, E. M., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 479–489.PubMedCrossRef Cummings, E. M., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 479–489.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Davies, L., Avison, W. R., McAlpine, D. D. (1997). Significant life experiences and depression among single and married mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 294–308.CrossRef Davies, L., Avison, W. R., McAlpine, D. D. (1997). Significant life experiences and depression among single and married mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 294–308.CrossRef
go back to reference Deater-Deckard, K. (2005). Parenting stress and children’s development: Introduction to the special issue. Infant and Child Development, 14, 111–115.CrossRef Deater-Deckard, K. (2005). Parenting stress and children’s development: Introduction to the special issue. Infant and Child Development, 14, 111–115.CrossRef
go back to reference Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Manual for the symptom checklist 90 revised (SCL-90R). Baltimore, MD: Author. Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Manual for the symptom checklist 90 revised (SCL-90R). Baltimore, MD: Author.
go back to reference Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Conformation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 981–989. Derogatis, L. R., & Cleary, P. A. (1977). Conformation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 981–989.
go back to reference Durbin, C. E., Klein, D. N., Hayden, E. P., Buckley, M. E., & Moerk, K. C. (2005). Temperamental emotionality in preschoolers and parental mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 28–37.PubMedCrossRef Durbin, C. E., Klein, D. N., Hayden, E. P., Buckley, M. E., & Moerk, K. C. (2005). Temperamental emotionality in preschoolers and parental mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 28–37.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A. L., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112–1134.PubMedCrossRef Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A. L., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112–1134.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, G. G., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 33–72.PubMedCrossRef Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, G. G., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 33–72.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Garson, G. D. (2006). Data Imputation for Missing Values. Retrieved February 1, 2006, from North Carolina State University, PA765: Quantitative Research in Public Administration Web site: http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/missing.htm Garson, G. D. (2006). Data Imputation for Missing Values. Retrieved February 1, 2006, from North Carolina State University, PA765: Quantitative Research in Public Administration Web site: http://​www2.​chass.​ncsu.​edu/​garson/​pa765/​missing.​htm
go back to reference Goldsmith, H. H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218–235.PubMedCrossRef Goldsmith, H. H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218–235.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goldsmith, H. H., & Rothbart, M. K. (1993). The laboratory temperament assessment battery: Locomotor version 2.02 (LAB-TAB). University of Wisconsin. Goldsmith, H. H., & Rothbart, M. K. (1993). The laboratory temperament assessment battery: Locomotor version 2.02 (LAB-TAB). University of Wisconsin.
go back to reference Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.PubMedCrossRef Hinshaw, S. P. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Process, mechanism, and explanation related to externalizing behavior in developmental psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 431–446.PubMedCrossRef Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Process, mechanism, and explanation related to externalizing behavior in developmental psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 431–446.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, New Haven, CT: Yale University. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, New Haven, CT: Yale University.
go back to reference Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773–795CrossRef Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773–795CrossRef
go back to reference Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2003). Treatment of parental stress to enhance therapeutic change among children referred for aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 504–515.PubMedCrossRef Kazdin, A. E., & Whitley, M. K. (2003). Treatment of parental stress to enhance therapeutic change among children referred for aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 504–515.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1994). The development of aggression in toddlers: A study of low income families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 53–78.PubMedCrossRef Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1994). The development of aggression in toddlers: A study of low income families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 53–78.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls’ early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95–113.PubMedCrossRef Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls’ early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95–113.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lehman, E. B., Steier, A. J., Guidash, K. M., & Wanna, S. Y. (2002). Predictors of compliance in toddlers: Child temperament, maternal personality and emotional availability. Early Child Development and Care, 172, 301–310.CrossRef Lehman, E. B., Steier, A. J., Guidash, K. M., & Wanna, S. Y. (2002). Predictors of compliance in toddlers: Child temperament, maternal personality and emotional availability. Early Child Development and Care, 172, 301–310.CrossRef
go back to reference Little, R., & Rubin, D. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). NY: Wiley-Interscience. Little, R., & Rubin, D. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). NY: Wiley-Interscience.
go back to reference Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Girouz, B., Stouthhamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Maughan, B. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 103–133.CrossRef Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Girouz, B., Stouthhamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Maughan, B. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 103–133.CrossRef
go back to reference Misri, S., Reebye, P., Milis, L., & Shah, S. (2006). The impact of treatment intervention of parenting stress in postpartum depressed mothers: A prospective study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 115–119.PubMedCrossRef Misri, S., Reebye, P., Milis, L., & Shah, S. (2006). The impact of treatment intervention of parenting stress in postpartum depressed mothers: A prospective study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 115–119.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355–375.PubMedCrossRef Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355–375.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Morgan, J., Robinson, D., & Aldridge, J. (2002). Parenting stress and externalizing child behaviour. Child ande Family Social Work, 7, 219–225.CrossRef Morgan, J., Robinson, D., & Aldridge, J. (2002). Parenting stress and externalizing child behaviour. Child ande Family Social Work, 7, 219–225.CrossRef
go back to reference Ostberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 615–625.PubMedCrossRef Ostberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 615–625.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Podolski, C., & Nigg, J. T. (2001). Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 503–513.PubMedCrossRef Podolski, C., & Nigg, J. T. (2001). Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 503–513.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Qi, H. K., & Kaiser, A. P. (2003). Behavior problems of preschool children from low-income families: Review of the literature. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 23, 188–216.CrossRef Qi, H. K., & Kaiser, A. P. (2003). Behavior problems of preschool children from low-income families: Review of the literature. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 23, 188–216.CrossRef
go back to reference Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Ricciuti, H. N. (2004). Single parenthood, achievement and problem behavior in white, black and Hispanic children. Journal of Educational Research, 97, 196–206. Ricciuti, H. N. (2004). Single parenthood, achievement and problem behavior in white, black and Hispanic children. Journal of Educational Research, 97, 196–206.
go back to reference Rogosa, D., Brant, D., & Zimowski, M. (1982). A slow growth curve approach to the measurement of change. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 726–748.CrossRef Rogosa, D., Brant, D., & Zimowski, M. (1982). A slow growth curve approach to the measurement of change. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 726–748.CrossRef
go back to reference Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press. Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Sheinkopf, S. J., Lester, B. M., LaGasse, L. L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C. R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Poole, W. K., & Wright, L. L. (2005). Interactions between maternal characteristics and neonatal behavior in the prediction of parenting stress and perception of infant temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 27–40.PubMedCrossRef Sheinkopf, S. J., Lester, B. M., LaGasse, L. L., Seifer, R., Bauer, C. R., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Poole, W. K., & Wright, L. L. (2005). Interactions between maternal characteristics and neonatal behavior in the prediction of parenting stress and perception of infant temperament. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 27–40.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stifter, C. A., & Braungart, J. M. (1995). The regulation of negative reactivity in infancy: Function and development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 448–455.CrossRef Stifter, C. A., & Braungart, J. M. (1995). The regulation of negative reactivity in infancy: Function and development. Developmental Psychology, 31, 448–455.CrossRef
go back to reference Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Stress: A potential disruption of parent perceptions and family interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 302–312.CrossRef Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Stress: A potential disruption of parent perceptions and family interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 302–312.CrossRef
go back to reference Webster-Stratton, C. (1999). The incredible years. The parents and children series. Seattle, WA: Seth Enterprises. Webster-Stratton, C. (1999). The incredible years. The parents and children series. Seattle, WA: Seth Enterprises.
Metagegevens
Titel
Predicting Change in Parenting Stress Across Early Childhood: Child and Maternal Factors
Auteurs
Amanda P. Williford
Susan D. Calkins
Susan P. Keane
Publicatiedatum
01-04-2007
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 2/2007
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9082-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2007

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 2/2007 Naar de uitgave