Objective
Method
Systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Study selection criteria
Data extraction and statistical analysis
Results
Screening and eligibility
Measures
Author | Year | Study design | PTG conceptualization and measure | PTG as outcome vs. predictor variable | Well-being/distress conceptualization and measure | Sample (gender) | Sample (mean age in years) | Sexual orientation | Ethnicity | Soc-dem variables | HIV-related clinical variables | Significant sociomedical covariates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milam et al [54] | 2004 | Longitudinal | Posttraumatic Growth: Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]-short, 11-items) | outcome | Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CES-D; [51] | 434 (M = 355; F = 79; O = 0) | 38,35 | HT = 113 HM = 269 BI = 52 | 39.5% C 36.8% 17% AA 6.7% O | 51.7% HE 40.6% SR 38.3% EM | CD4 mean: 273,16; 52% detectable viral load; 6.39 years since diagnosis/ treatment years; 46% AIDS | No significant covariates |
Milam et al [55] | 2006 | Longitudinal | Posttraumatic Growth: Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]-short, 11-items) | outcome | Depression; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D; [51] | 412 (M = 363; F = 49; O = 0) | 39 | HT = 94 HM = 276 BI = 42 | 38.8% C 40.3% H 14.8% AA 6.1% O | 24.3% EM | CD4 mean: 472,8; 42% detectable viral load; 6.4 years since diagnosis/treatment years | Gender: higher PTG levels in women than in men; ethnicity: highest PTG levels in Hispanics and positive association between PTG and CD4 levels in this group; negative association between PTG and detectable viral load |
Carrico et al [56] | 2006 | Cross-sectional | Benefit finding; The Benefit Finding Scale for breast cancer [42] | predictor | Depression; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 264 (F = 134; M = 130; O = 0) | 40 | n/a | 25% C 49% AA 13% H | 47% HE 34% EM | CD4 mean: 453,1; 42% detectable viral load; 7.7 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Łuszczyńska et al [57] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Benefit finding: The Benefit Finding Scale for breast cancer [42] | predictor | Quality of life; The 20-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-20; [47] | 104 (F = 66; M = 38; O = 0) | 34,73 | HT = 104 | 100% Indian | n/a | 5.1 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | Positive association between PTG levels and participants’ age and years of treatment |
Siegel, & Schrimshaw [58] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Benefit finding: Psychological Thriving Scale (Abraido-Lanza et al., 1998) | predictor | Depression; Mental Health Inventory (MHI) | 138 (F = 138 M = 0 O = 0) | 37,6 | n/a | 28% C 38% AA 34% Puerto Rican | 37% HE 17% SR 21% EM | CD4 mean: 327,4; 36% detectable viral load; 7.3 years since diagnosis/ treatment years; 51% AIDS status | No significant
covariates |
Littlewood et al [59] | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Benefit finding; The Benefit Finding Scale for breast cancer [42] | predictor | Depression; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; [51] | 221 (F = 97; M = 124; O = 0) | 40 | n/a | 46% C 42% AA 4% NA 4%AP 4% O | 27% HE 33% EM | CD4 mean: 500,1; 22% detectable viral load; 7 years since diagnosis/ treatment years; 61% AIDS status | Gender, ethnicity, AIDS status: higher PTG levels and lower depression levels in women, African Americans, and AIDS stage patients |
Kraaij et al [60] | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Personal Growth; Personal Growth Scale (PGS; Garnefski et al., 2008) | outcome | Positive reappraisal (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) | 104 (F = 0; M = 104; O = 0) | 50,1 | HT = 0; HM = 96 BI = 8 | 100% C | 50% HE 50% SR 50% EM | 10.1 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Cieślak et al [61] | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | PTSD (PTSD checklist; PCL-S) | 90 (F = 30; M = 57; O = 3) | 41,61 | n/a | n/a | 66.7% HE 17.2% SR 25.5% EM | 9.71 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Murphy & Hevey [62] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | HIV/AIDS stigma (The internalized AIDS-related stigma scale; IA-RSS) | 74 (F = 18; M = 56; O = 0) | 39,79 | HT = 28 HM = 40 BI = 6 | 87% C 13% AA | 86.3% HE 56.9% SE 72.6% EM | 7.89 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Kamen et al [63] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | HIV/AIDS stigma (HIV-Stigma Scale; [52] | 334 (F = 87; M = 247; O = 0) | 45,9 | HT = 130 HM = 204 BI = 0 | 32.6% C 38.6% AA 16.8% H 5.7% Asian 6.3% O | 32.9% HE 14.4% EM | n/a | Gender: higher PTG levels in women than in men; ethnicity: highest PTG levels in African Americans, lowest in Caucasians; sexual orientation: highest stigma levels in heterosexuals |
Lyons et al [64] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Flourishing; Flourishing Scale [45] | outcome | HIV/AIDS stigma (The internalized AIDS-related stigma scale; IA-RSS) | 357 (F = 0; M = 357; O = 0) | 30,4 | HT = 0 HM = 357 BI = 0 | 100% C | 21.4% HE 47.1% SR 53% EM | 11.1 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | Employment: lower flourishing level and higher stigma in unemployed participants |
Rzeszutek et al [27] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | PTSD; PTSD Factorial Version (PTSD-F; [53] | 250 (F = 44; M = 206; O = 0) | 39,35 | n/a | 100% C | n/a | 7.29 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | Gender: higher PTG and PTSD levels in women; gender moderated association between PTG and
PTSD |
Zeligman et al [65] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | HIV/AIDS stigma (HIV-Stigma Scale; [52] | 126 (F = 39; M = 84; O = 3) | 49,1 | n/a | 44% C 44% AA 6% H 2% AP 4% O | 61% HE | 10.1 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | Education: negative association between education level and PTG |
Fekete et al [66] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Benefit Finding; Benefit Finding Scale (BFS; [43]) | predictor | Depression; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; [51] | 167 (F = 42; M = 121; O = 4) | 43,6 | HT = 77 HM = 73 BI = 17 | 52% C 48% AA | 23.4% HE 37.7% SR 47.3% EM | 11.81 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | Ethnicity: negative association between benefit finding and depression only in Caucasians |
Garrido-Hernansaiz et al [67] | 2017 | Longitudinal | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]; short version) | outcome | HIV/AIDS stigma (The HIV Internalized Stigma Scale; [67]) | 119 (F = 12; M = 116; O = 1) | 32,73 | HT = 2 HM = 104 BI = 13 | 4% C 96% H | 69% HE 13% SR 75% EM | 1 year since diagnosis/ treatment year | No significant covariates |
Rzeszutek [68] | 2017 | Longitudinal | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | Affective well-being (Positive/negative affect; PANAS-X, [50] | 82 (F = 12; M = 70; O = 0) | 40,5 | n/a | 100% C | 62.3% HE 59.8% SR 64.6% EM | CD4 mean: 645,73, 7.39 years since diagnosis/ treatment years, 19.50% AIDS status | AIDS status associated with lower PTG level, lower positive affect level and higher negative affect level; employment associated negatively with negative affect |
Rzeszutek et al [69] | 2017 | Longitudinal | PTSD (PTSD Factorial Version; PTSD-F; [53] | outcome | PTSD (PTSD Factorial Version; PTSD-F; [53] | 73 (F = 5; M = 68; O = 0) | 38,77 | n/a | 100% C | n/a | 6.42 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Chang et al [70] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Depression; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; [51] | predictor | Stress-related growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | 178 (F = 81; M = 97; O = 4) | 34,52 | n/a | 100% Indian | 17% HE 4.7% SR | n/a | No significant covariates |
Ye et al [71] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | PTSD (Impact of Events Scale; IES) | 140 (F = 0; M = 140; O = 0) | 26,6 | HT = 0 HM = 140 BI = 0 | 100% AP | 82.1% HE 1.5% SR 68.6% EM | 1 year since diagnosis/ treatment year | No significant covariates |
Lau et al [72] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]; short 11-items) | outcome | Negative emotional illness perception (The revised Illness Perception Questionnaire for HIV (IPQ-R-HIV) | 225 (F = 0; M = 225; O = 0) | 28,8 | HT = 0 HM = 162 BI = 63 | 100% Asian | 44.4% HE 33.3% SR 62.2% EM | CD4 mean: 388,3; 1 year since diagnosis/ treatment year | Age associated negatively with PTG level |
Dibb et al [73] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | predictor | Life satisfaction; The Satisfaction with Life Scale [48] | 73 (F = 23; M = 48; O = 2) | 40,26 | HT = 32 HM = 31 BI = 10 | 64% C 21.7% AA 8.7% AP 5.6% O | 24.2% SR | 11.79 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Rzeszutek et al [74] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]) | outcome | Life satisfaction; The Satisfaction with Life Scale [48] | 470 (F = 82; M = 388; O = 0) | 40,02 | n/a | 100% C | 53.2% HE 62.8% SR 71.1% EM | 593,12 CD4 mean; 7.9 years since diagnosis/ treatment years; 16.20% AIDS status | Relationship status: stronger association between SWLS and PTG in single participants; education: stronger association between SWLS and PTG in less educated participants |
Onu et al [75] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF; Cann et al., 2010) | predictor | Quality of life; Patient-Reported Outcome Quality of Life-HIV (PROQOL-HIV) | 201 (F = 138; M = 63; O = 0) | 40,1 | n/a | 100% African | 19.4% HE 60.7% SR 100% EM | 1 year since diagnosis/ treatment year | Years since diagnosis associated positively with PTG level; gender: lower PTG level in women; education related negatively with PTG |
Drewes et al [76] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Adversial growth; Silver Lining Questionnaire (SLQ; [46] | predictor | Depression; The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) | 839 (F = 101; M = 738; O = 0) | 56,9 | HT = 67 HM = 671 BI = 101 | n/a | 44.7% HE | 16.7 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Ogińska-Bulik, & Kobylarczyk [77] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1] | outcome | Cognitive functioning: ruminations (Event Related Rumination Inventory) | 64 (F = 25; M = 39; O = 0) | 34,2 | n/a | 100% C | n/a | 5.3 years since diagnosis/ treatment years | No significant covariates |
Yang et al [78] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Posttraumatic Growth; Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; [1]; short version) | outcome | Resilience; The 25-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) | 546 (F = 546; M = 0; O = 0) | 36,2 | n/a | 100% Asian | 7.3% HE 76.9% SR | CD4 mean: 378,2; 4,6% detectable viral load; 10.2 years since diagnosis/ treatment years; 36% AIDS status | Age and years since diagnosis associated positively with PTG level |
Maqsood et al [79] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Stress-Related Growth; Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS; [44] | outcome | Self-esteem; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; [49] | 248 (F = 124; M = 124; O = 0) | 34,2 | n/a | 100% Pakistanis | 33,9% HE | n/a | No significant covariates |