Optie A:
Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
Optie B:
Deel de link per e-mail
Link delen

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

23-07-2018 | Empirical Research

Positive and Negative Emotions: Differential Associations with Sleep Duration and Quality in Adolescents

Tijdschrift:: Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Auteurs:: Lin Shen, Jason van Schie, Graeme Ditchburn, Libby Brook, Bei Bei

» Toegang tot de volledige tekst krijgen

Abstract

Despite positive and negative emotions being equally important predictors of adolescent wellbeing, research examining positive emotions is limited. In 4582 adolescents (69.4% females; age M ± SD = 14.55 ± 1.74 years), we used structural equation modelling to examine associations between self-reported sleep duration and quality with positive affect, negative affect, and happiness, controlling for age and sex. Overall, sleep quality displayed stronger associations with all measures of emotions compared to sleep duration. Shorter sleep was more specifically associated with lower positive emotions (happiness, followed by positive affect), whereas poorer sleep showed stronger associations with negative affect. Protecting sleep duration may promote positive emotions and enhancing sleep quality may reduce mood disturbances. Future research could incorporate both positive and negative emotions to better understand adolescents’ wellbeing.

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Hier inloggen

Met onderstaand(e) abonnement(en) heeft u direct toegang:

BSL Psychologie Totaal

Met BSL houdt u eenvoudig en efficiënt uw vak bij. Met een online abonnement heeft u toegang tot een groot aantal boeken, tijdschriften en online nascholing. Denk hierbij aan e-learnings en web-tv's. Zo kunt u op uw gemak en wanneer het u het beste uitkomt verdiepen in uw vakgebied.

Meer informatie

Allan, N. P., Lonigan, C. J., & Phillips, B. M. (2015). Examining the factor structure and structural invariance of the PANAS across children, adolescents, and young adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97(6), 616–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1038388. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baker, F. C., de Zambotti, M., Colrain, I. M., & Bei, B. (2018). Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. Nature and Science of Sleeping, 10, 73–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S125807. CrossRef

Bardwell, W. A., Moore, P., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2003). Fatigue in obstructive sleep apnea: driven by depressive symptoms instead of apnea severity? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.350. CrossRefPubMed

Bartel, K., Williamson, P., van Maanen, A., Cassoff, J., Meijer, A. M., & Oort, F., et al. (2016). Protective and risk factors associated with adolescent sleep: findings from Australia, Canada, and The Netherlands. Sleeping Medicine, 26, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.007. CrossRef

Bauducco, S. V., Flink, I. K., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., & Linton, S. J. (2016). Sleep duration and patterns in adolescents: correlates and the role of daily stressors. Sleeping Health, 2(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2016.05.006. CrossRef

Baum, K. T., Desai, A., Field, J., Miller, L. E., Rausch, J., & Beebe, D. W. (2014). Sleep restriction worsens mood and emotion regulation in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 55(2), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12125. CrossRefPubMed

Bei, B., Allen, N. B., Nicholas, C. L., Dudgeon, P., Murray, G., & Trinder, J. (2014). Actigraphy-assessed sleep during school and vacation periods: a naturalistic study of restricted and extended sleep opportunities in adolescents. Journal of Sleeping Research, 23(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12080. CrossRef

Bei, B., Byrne, M. L., Ivens, C., Waloszek, J., Woods, M. J., & Dudgeon, P., et al. (2013). Pilot study of a mindfulness-based, multi-component, in-school group sleep intervention in adolescent girls. Early intervention in Psychiatry, 7(2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00382.x. CrossRefPubMed

Bei, B., Coo, S., & Trinder, J. (2015). Sleep and mood during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Sleeping Medicine clinics, 10(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2014.11.011. CrossRef

Bei, B., Manber, R., Allen, N. B., Trinder, J., & Wiley, J. F. (2017). Too long, too short, or too variable? Sleep intraindividual variability and its associations with perceived sleep quality and mood in adolescents during naturalistically unconstrained sleep. Sleep, 40(2), zsw067 https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw067.

Bei, B., Milgrom, J., Ericksen, J., & Trinder, J. (2010). Subjective perception of sleep, but not its objective quality, is associated with immediate postpartum mood disturbances in healthy women. Sleep, 33(4), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.4.531. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bei, B., Wiley, J. F., Allen, N. B., & Trinder, J. (2015). A cognitive vulnerability model on sleep and mood in adolescents under naturalistically restricted and extended sleep opportunities. Sleep, 38(3), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4508. PubMedPubMedCentral

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. CrossRefPubMed

Bernert, R. A., Hom, M. A., Iwata, N. G., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Objectively assessed sleep variability as an acute warning sign of suicidal ideation in a longitudinal evaluation of young adults at high suicide risk. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(6), e678–e687. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16m11193. CrossRefPubMed

Blake, M., Schwartz, O., Waloszek, J. M., Raniti, M., Simmons, J. G., & Murray, G., et al. (2017). The SENSE study: treatment mechanisms of a cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based group sleep improvement intervention for at-risk adolescents. Sleep, 40(6), zsx061 https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx061. CrossRef

Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with mplus: basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge. https://market.android.com/details?id=book-8vHqQH5VxBIC. Assessed 7 January 2018.

Carskadon, M. A. (2002). Factors Influencing Sleep Patterns of Adolescents. In Carskadon, M. A. (Ed.). Adolescent sleep patterns: Biological, social, and psychological influences (pp. 4–26). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511499999.005.

Carskadon, M. A. (2011). Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(3), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.003. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Clonan, S. M., Chafouleas, S. M., McDougal, J. L., & Riley-Tillman, T. C. (2004). Positive psychology goes to school: are we there yet? Psychology in the Schools, 41(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10142. CrossRef

Dagys, N., McGlinchey, E. L., Talbot, L. S., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2012). Double trouble? The effects of sleep deprivation and chronotype on adolescent affect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53(6), 660–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02502.x. CrossRefPubMed

Dancey, D. R., Tullis, E. D., Heslegrave, R., Thornley, K., & Hanly, P. J. (2002). Sleep quality and daytime function in adults with cystic fibrosis and severe lung disease. The European Respiratory Journal, 19(3), 504–510. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00088702. CrossRefPubMed

Dewald, J. F., Meijer, A. M., Oort, F. J., Kerkhof, G. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2010). The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Sleeping Medicine Reviews, 14(3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004. CrossRef

Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31(2), 103–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01207052. CrossRef

Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2000). Explaining differences in societal levels of happiness: relative standards, need fulfillment, culture, and evaluation theory. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(1), 41–78. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010076127199. CrossRef

Donaldson, S. I., Dollwet, M., & Rao, M. A. (2015). Happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning revisited: examining the peer-reviewed literature linked to positive psychology. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.943801. CrossRef

Franzen, P. L., Siegle, G. J., & Buysse, D. J. (2008). Relationships between affect, vigilance, and sleepiness following sleep deprivation. Journal of Sleeping Research, 17(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00635.x. CrossRef

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. CrossRefPubMed

Fuligni, A. J., & Hardway, C. (2006). Daily variation in adolescents’ sleep, activities, and psychological well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 16(3), 353–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00498.x. CrossRef

Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., (2002). Sleep patterns and daytime function in adolescence: an epidemiological survey of an Italian high school student sample. In: M. A. Carskadon (Ed.) Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences. (pp. 132–147). New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

Gillen-O’Neel, C., Huynh, V. W., & Fuligni, A. J. (2013). To study or to sleep? The academic costs of extra studying at the expense of sleep. Child Development, 84(1), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01834.x. CrossRefPubMed

Gillham, J., Adams-Deutsch, Z., Werner, J., Reivich, K., Coulter-Heindl, V., & Linkins, M., et al. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well-being during adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.536773. CrossRef

Hallquist, M., & Wiley, J. F. (2013). MplusAutomation: automating Mplus model estimation and interpretation (Version 0.6-2). http://cran.rproject.org/package=MplusAutomation

Harbard, E., Allen, N. B., Trinder, J., & Bei, B. (2016). What’s keeping teenagers up? Prebedtime behaviors and actigraphy-assessed sleep over school and vacation. The Journal of Adolescent Health:, 58(4), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.011. CrossRef

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118. CrossRef

Huebner, E. S., & Dew, T. (1995). Preliminary validation of the positive and negative affect schedule with adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 13(3), 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/073428299501300307. CrossRef

Jessor, R. (2018). Reflections on six decades of research on adolescent behavior and development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 473–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0811-z. CrossRefPubMed

Kahneman, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526030. CrossRef

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 2nd Ed. New York: The Guilford Press.

Lee, J., Kang, J., Rhie, S., & Chae, K. Y. (2013). Impact of sleep duration on emotional status in adolescents. Journal of the Korean Child Neurology, 21(3), 100–110.

Leproult, R., Colecchia, E. F., Berardi, A. M., Stickgold, R., Kosslyn, S. M., & Van Cauter, E. (2003). Individual differences in subjective and objective alertness during sleep deprivation are stable and unrelated. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284(2), R280–R290. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00197.2002. CrossRefPubMed

Liu, X. (2004). Sleep and adolescent suicidal behavior. Sleep, 27(7), 1351–1358. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.7.1351. CrossRefPubMed

Lo, J. C., Lee, S. M., Lee, X. K., Sasmita, K., Chee, N. I., & Tandi, J., et al. (2018). Sustained benefits of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep and well-being. Sleep, 41(6), zsy052 https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy052. CrossRefPubMedCentral

Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01588-000. CrossRef

McCrae, C. S., McNamara, J. P. H., Rowe, M. A., Dzierzewski, J. M., Dirk, J., Marsiske, M., & Craggs, J. G. (2008). Sleep and affect in older adults: using multilevel modeling to examine daily associations. Journal of Sleeping Research, 17(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00621.x. CrossRef

McGlinchey, E. L., Talbot, L. S., Chang, K.-H., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2011). The effect of sleep deprivation on vocal expression of emotion in adolescents and adults. Sleep, 34(9), 1233–1241. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1246. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus version7 user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Myers, D. G. (2000). Hope and happiness. In J. E. Gillham (ed), The Science of Optimism and Hope (pp. 323–336). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.

Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrøm, U. (2003). Associations between psychosocial factors and happiness among school adolescents. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9(3), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-172X.2003.00419.x. CrossRefPubMed

Nutt, D., Wilson, S., & Paterson, L. (2008). Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(3), 329–336. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18979946 Retrieved from. PubMedPubMedCentral

Ohayon, M. M., Roberts, R. E., Zulley, J., Smirne, S., & Priest, R. G. (2000). Prevalence and patterns of problematic sleep among older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00019. CrossRefPubMed

Olds, T., Blunden, S., Petkov, J., & Forchino, F. (2010a). The relationships between sex, age, geography and time in bed in adolescents: a meta-analysis of data from 23 countries. Sleeping Medicine Reviews, 14(6), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.12.002. CrossRef

Olds, T., Maher, C., Blunden, S., & Matricciani, L. (2010b). Normative data on the sleep habits of Australian children and adolescents. Sleep, 33(10), 1381–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.6.1381. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ortuño-Sierra, J., Santarén-Rosell, M., de Albéniz, A. P., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2015). Dimensional structure of the spanish version of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) in adolescents and young adults. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000107. CrossRefPubMed

Owens, J. A., Belon, K., & Moss, P. (2010). Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(7), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.96. CrossRef

Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., & Lloyd, R. M., et al. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleeping Medicine, 12(6), 785–786. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5866. CrossRef

Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42(6), 583–596. 10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4. CrossRefPubMed

R Core Team. (2015). R: a language and environment for statistical computing [computer software manual]. Vienna: Austria. http://www.Rproject.org/

Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chen, I. G. (2001). Functioning of adolescents with symptoms of disturbed sleep. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005230820074. CrossRef

Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chen, I. G. (2002). Impact of insomnia on future functioning of adolescents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(1), 561–569. 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00446-4. CrossRefPubMed

Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P. P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., & Merrow, M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Current Biology: CB, 14(24), R1038–R1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039. CrossRefPubMed

Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1178–1197. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1178. CrossRefPubMed

Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-reports: how the questions shape the answers. American psychologist, 54(2), 93–105. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/54/2/93/. CrossRef

Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Special issue on happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5. CrossRefPubMed

Short, M. A., Gradisar, M., Lack, L. C., Wright, H. R., & Dohnt, H. (2013). The sleep patterns and well-being of Australian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.09.008. CrossRefPubMed

Short, M. A., Gradisar, M., Wright, H., Lack, L. C., Dohnt, H., & Carskadon, M. A. (2011). Time for bed: parent-set bedtimes associated with improved sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. Sleep, 34(6), 797–800. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1052. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Spagnoli, P., Caetano, A., & Silva, A. (2012). Psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the happiness scale. Social Indicators Research, 105(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9769-2. CrossRef

Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4. CrossRefPubMed

Steptoe, A., O’Donnell, K., Marmot, M., & Wardle, J. (2008). Positive affect, psychological well-being, and good sleep. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.11.008. CrossRefPubMed

Suldo, S. M., & Shaffer, E. J. (2008). Looking beyond psychopathology: the dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psychology Review, 37(1), 52–68.

Talbot, L. S., McGlinchey, E. L., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2010). Sleep deprivation in adolescents and adults: changes in affect. Emotion (Washington, D C), 10(6), 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020138. CrossRef

Totterdell, P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 848–859. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.848. CrossRefPubMed

Van den Bulck, J. (2007). Adolescent use of mobile phones for calling and for sending text messages after lights out: results from a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up. Sleep, 30(9), 1220–1223. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.9.1220. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Villodas, F., Villodas, M. T., & Roesch, S. (2011). Examining the factor structure of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) in a multiethnic sample of adolescents. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(4), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611414721. CrossRef

Wahlstrom, K. L., & Owens, J. A. (2017). School start time effects on adolescent learning and academic performance, emotional health and behaviour. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(6), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000368. CrossRefPubMed

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3397865. CrossRefPubMed

Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006). Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiology International, 23(1-2), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520500545979. CrossRefPubMed

Wong, M. M., Brower, K. J., & Zucker, R. A. (2011). Sleep problems, suicidal ideation, and self-harm behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(4), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.09.005. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

World Health Organization. (1998). The world health report: 1998: life in the 21st century: a vision for all: executive summary. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63884/WHO_WHR_98.1.pdf;jsessionid=9A76EF13B178E48EE935F0FE794A0711?sequence=1

Zhang, J., Xu, Z., Zhao, K., Chen, T., Ye, X., & Shen, Z., et al. (2017). Sleep habits, sleep problems, sleep hygiene, and their associations with mental health problems among adolescents. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 24(3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390317715315. CrossRefPubMed

Zohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epstein, R., & Lavie, P. (2005). The effects of sleep loss on medical residents’ emotional reactions to work events: a cognitive-energy model. Sleep, 28(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/28.1.47. CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Positive and Negative Emotions: Differential Associations with Sleep Duration and Quality in Adolescents
Auteurs:: Lin Shen
Jason van Schie
Graeme Ditchburn
Libby Brook
Bei Bei
Publicatiedatum: 23-07-2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0899-1
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Tijdschrift: Journal of Youth and Adolescence A Multidisciplinary Research Publication
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Met onderstaand(e) abonnement(en) heeft u direct toegang:

BSL Psychologie Totaal