Skip to main content
Top

2017 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

4. Planning en organisatie van implementatie

Auteurs : Prof. dr. Richard Grol, Prof. dr. Michel Wensing

Gepubliceerd in: Implementatie

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

Succesvolle implementatie van nieuwe werkwijzen in de patiëntenzorg blijkt deels te worden bepaald door een goede organisatie van activiteiten. Planmatig werken betekent niet dat niet meer van het plan kan worden afgeweken. Om de implementatieactiviteiten goed uit te voeren, is meestal een team nodig dat de activiteiten aanstuurt, coördineert en communiceert en dat – waar nodig – ondersteuning biedt bij de uitvoering. Belangrijk zijn onder meer leiderschap, coördinatievaardigheden, technische vaardigheden, administratieve competentie en draagvlak. Diverse auteurs spreken over een ‘cultuur van verandering’ en een ‘receptieve omgeving’ als voorwaarden voor het realiseren van een veranderingsproces. Het is niet altijd duidelijk wat hieronder precies wordt verstaan en hoe dit zou kunnen worden gemeten. Vaak wordt op de centrale en leidende rol van artsen gewezen als het gaat om het realiseren van veranderingen in de patiëntenzorg. Veel artsen zien kwaliteits- en veiligheidsmanagement echter als ‘iets van het management’ en als een manier om de kosten te drukken. Jargon en missionerende managementbenaderingen kunnen daarom beter worden vermeden. In de praktijk blijkt ‘medisch leiderschap’ geen sinecure. De meeste zorgverleners werken in netwerken en teams en zijn voor de effectiviteit van hun eigen handelen afhankelijk van anderen. Met de team climate inventory, kortweg TCI genoemd, kan worden bepaald of teams daadwerkelijk goed met elkaar samenwerken, of doelen helder zijn, of iedereen zich veilig voelt in het team, en of het team er daadwerkelijk op gericht is om het beste te bereiken. Omdat het moeilijk is een bepaalde setting vooraf helemaal te doorgronden, betrekt men bij voorkeur vertegenwoordigers uit de doelgroep bij de analyse van de problemen, bij de selectie van maatregelen om de verandering te realiseren en bij het opstellen van een plan voor de implementatie van de verandering. Ervaringen met projecten leren dat het best gestart kan worden met een kleine groep enthousiaste zorgverleners, praktijken of instellingen. Vaak straalt de leiding van een instelling of beroepsgroep aanvankelijk enthousiasme uit en neemt initiatieven om verandering op gang te brengen, maar wordt de feitelijke uitvoering vervolgens gedelegeerd. Dat kan de ingezette verandering weer tenietdoen. Een consistente visie op verbetering van de zorg, het stellen van concrete, ambitieuze doelen, het hanteren van strikte deadlines en het vervullen van een voorbeeldfunctie zijn belangrijk vooreen dergelijke leiding. De voorbereiding van een implementatieproject omvat ook een aantal praktische maatregelen, waaronder het maken van een tijdsplanning (een concreet tijdpad voor de verschillende onderdelen van het project of plan) en het toebedelen van taken en verantwoordelijkheden aan diverse betrokkenen. Daartoe wordt het project in onderdelen opgedeeld, wordt beschreven wat elk onderdeel aan concrete werkzaamheden inhoudt, wie welke taken zal uitvoeren en wie eindverantwoordelijk is voor het resultaat. Een passend budget (uiteraard verschillend voor een landelijk, lokaal, dan wel instellings- of praktijkgebonden plan) met voldoende financiële middelen en beschikbaar personeel is meestal een voorwaarde voor succes.
Literatuur
go back to reference Baker DP, Salas E, King H, et al. The Role of Teamwork in the Professional Education of Physicians: Current Status and Assessment Recommendations. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2005;31(4):185–202.CrossRef Baker DP, Salas E, King H, et al. The Role of Teamwork in the Professional Education of Physicians: Current Status and Assessment Recommendations. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2005;31(4):185–202.CrossRef
go back to reference Baker DP, Gustafson S, Beaubien J, et al. Medical Teamwork and Patient Safety. The Evidence-based Relation. American Institutes for Research, University of Central Florida, University of Miami Center for Patient Safety, 2005. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0053. Baker DP, Gustafson S, Beaubien J, et al. Medical Teamwork and Patient Safety. The Evidence-based Relation. American Institutes for Research, University of Central Florida, University of Miami Center for Patient Safety, 2005. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0053.
go back to reference Beeson SC. Engaging Physicians. A manual to physician partnership. Gulf Breeze: Firestarter Publishing; 2009. Beeson SC. Engaging Physicians. A manual to physician partnership. Gulf Breeze: Firestarter Publishing; 2009.
go back to reference Berwick DM. Continuous improvement as an ideal in health care. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(1):53–6.CrossRef Berwick DM. Continuous improvement as an ideal in health care. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(1):53–6.CrossRef
go back to reference Berwick DM. Developing and testing changes in delivery of care. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:651–6.CrossRef Berwick DM. Developing and testing changes in delivery of care. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:651–6.CrossRef
go back to reference Berwick DM, Nolan TW. Physicians as leaders in improving health care. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:289–92.CrossRef Berwick DM, Nolan TW. Physicians as leaders in improving health care. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:289–92.CrossRef
go back to reference Berwick D, Godfrey B, Roessner J. Curing health care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publications; 1990. Berwick D, Godfrey B, Roessner J. Curing health care. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publications; 1990.
go back to reference Blumenthal D, Kilo CM. A report card on Continuous Quality Improvement. Milbank Q. 1998;76:625–48.CrossRef Blumenthal D, Kilo CM. A report card on Continuous Quality Improvement. Milbank Q. 1998;76:625–48.CrossRef
go back to reference Bosch M. Organizational determinants of improving health care delivery. Proefschrift. Nijmegen: IQ healthcare; 2009. Bosch M. Organizational determinants of improving health care delivery. Proefschrift. Nijmegen: IQ healthcare; 2009.
go back to reference Bruijne MC de, Zegers M, Hoonhout LHF, Wagner C. Onbedoelde schade in Nederlandse ziekenhuizen: dossieronderzoek van ziekenhuisopnames in 2004. Amsterdam/Utrecht: EMGO/NIVEL; 2007. Bruijne MC de, Zegers M, Hoonhout LHF, Wagner C. Onbedoelde schade in Nederlandse ziekenhuizen: dossieronderzoek van ziekenhuisopnames in 2004. Amsterdam/Utrecht: EMGO/NIVEL; 2007.
go back to reference Clancy CM. TeamSTEPPS: optimizing teamwork in the perioperative setting. AORN J. 2007;86(1):18–22.CrossRef Clancy CM. TeamSTEPPS: optimizing teamwork in the perioperative setting. AORN J. 2007;86(1):18–22.CrossRef
go back to reference Clark J, Armit K. Leadership competency for doctors: a framework. Leadership in Health Services. 2010;23(2):115–29.CrossRef Clark J, Armit K. Leadership competency for doctors: a framework. Leadership in Health Services. 2010;23(2):115–29.CrossRef
go back to reference Clemmer T, Spuhler V, Berwick D, et al. Cooperation: the foundation of improvement. Ann Int Med. 1998;128:1004–9.CrossRef Clemmer T, Spuhler V, Berwick D, et al. Cooperation: the foundation of improvement. Ann Int Med. 1998;128:1004–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Deering S, Rosen MA, Salas E, King HB. Building team and technical competency for obstetric emergencies: the mobile obstetric emergencies simulator (MOES) system. Simul Healthc. 2009;4(3):166–73.CrossRef Deering S, Rosen MA, Salas E, King HB. Building team and technical competency for obstetric emergencies: the mobile obstetric emergencies simulator (MOES) system. Simul Healthc. 2009;4(3):166–73.CrossRef
go back to reference Dückers MLA. Changing hospital care. Proefschrift. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht; 2009. Dückers MLA. Changing hospital care. Proefschrift. Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht; 2009.
go back to reference Evans D, Haines A. Implementing evidence-based changes in health care. Abingdon: Radcliffe Press; 2000. Evans D, Haines A. Implementing evidence-based changes in health care. Abingdon: Radcliffe Press; 2000.
go back to reference Ferlie E, Shortell S. Improving the quality of health care in the United Kingdom and the United States: a framework for change. Millbank Q. 2001;79:281–315.CrossRef Ferlie E, Shortell S. Improving the quality of health care in the United Kingdom and the United States: a framework for change. Millbank Q. 2001;79:281–315.CrossRef
go back to reference Firth-Cozins J. Celebrating teamwork. Qual Health Care 1998;7(Suppl.):S3–7. Firth-Cozins J. Celebrating teamwork. Qual Health Care 1998;7(Suppl.):S3–7.
go back to reference Fitzgerald L, Ferlie E, Wood M, Hawkins C. Interlocking interactions, the diffusion of innovations in health care. Human Relations. 2002;55:1429–49.CrossRef Fitzgerald L, Ferlie E, Wood M, Hawkins C. Interlocking interactions, the diffusion of innovations in health care. Human Relations. 2002;55:1429–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Flin R, Burns C, Mearns K, et al. Measuring safety climate in health care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15:109–15.CrossRef Flin R, Burns C, Mearns K, et al. Measuring safety climate in health care. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15:109–15.CrossRef
go back to reference Gagliardi AR, Lemieux-Charles L, Brown AD, et al. Barriers to patient involvement in health service planning and evaluation: an exploratory study. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;70(2):234–41.CrossRef Gagliardi AR, Lemieux-Charles L, Brown AD, et al. Barriers to patient involvement in health service planning and evaluation: an exploratory study. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;70(2):234–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, et al. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004;82(4):581–629.CrossRef Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, et al. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004;82(4):581–629.CrossRef
go back to reference Grol R. Kwaliteitsbewaking in de huisartsgeneeskunde. Effecten van onderlinge toetsing. Proefschrift. Nijmegen: KUN; 1987. Grol R. Kwaliteitsbewaking in de huisartsgeneeskunde. Effecten van onderlinge toetsing. Proefschrift. Nijmegen: KUN; 1987.
go back to reference Ham C, Dickinson H. Engaging Doctors in Leadership: What we can learn from international experience and research evidence?. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement: Coventry House, University of Warwick Campus; 2009. Ham C, Dickinson H. Engaging Doctors in Leadership: What we can learn from international experience and research evidence?. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement: Coventry House, University of Warwick Campus; 2009.
go back to reference Heenan M, Higgins D. Engaging physician leaders in performance measurement and quality. Healthc Q. 2009;12(2):66–9.CrossRef Heenan M, Higgins D. Engaging physician leaders in performance measurement and quality. Healthc Q. 2009;12(2):66–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Hobgood C, Sherwood G, Frush K, et al. Teamwork training with nursing and medical students: does the method matter? Results of an interinstitutional, interdisciplinary collaboration. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19:e25.PubMed Hobgood C, Sherwood G, Frush K, et al. Teamwork training with nursing and medical students: does the method matter? Results of an interinstitutional, interdisciplinary collaboration. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19:e25.PubMed
go back to reference Jung T, Scott T, Davies H, et al. Instruments for exploring organizational culture: A review of the literature. Public Administration Review. 2009;69(6):1087–96.CrossRef Jung T, Scott T, Davies H, et al. Instruments for exploring organizational culture: A review of the literature. Public Administration Review. 2009;69(6):1087–96.CrossRef
go back to reference Kotter J, Rathgeber H. Our Iceberg Is Melting: Change and Success Under Adverse Conditions. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 2006. Kotter J, Rathgeber H. Our Iceberg Is Melting: Change and Success Under Adverse Conditions. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 2006.
go back to reference Leistikow IP. Patiëntveiligheid, de rol van de bestuurder. Proefschrift. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2010. Leistikow IP. Patiëntveiligheid, de rol van de bestuurder. Proefschrift. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2010.
go back to reference Locock L, Dopson S, Chambers D, Gabbay J. Understanding the role of opinion leaders in improving clinical effectiveness. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53:745–57.CrossRef Locock L, Dopson S, Chambers D, Gabbay J. Understanding the role of opinion leaders in improving clinical effectiveness. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53:745–57.CrossRef
go back to reference Lomas J. Beyond the sound of hand clapping: a discussion document on improving health research dissemination and update. Sydney: University of Sydney; 1997. Lomas J. Beyond the sound of hand clapping: a discussion document on improving health research dissemination and update. Sydney: University of Sydney; 1997.
go back to reference Mann S, Pratt S. Role of clinician involvement in patient safety in obstetrics and gyneacology. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53:559–75.CrossRef Mann S, Pratt S. Role of clinician involvement in patient safety in obstetrics and gyneacology. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53:559–75.CrossRef
go back to reference Meterko M, Mohr DC, Young GJ. Teamwork culture and patient satisfaction in hospitals. Med Care. 2004;42:492–8.CrossRef Meterko M, Mohr DC, Young GJ. Teamwork culture and patient satisfaction in hospitals. Med Care. 2004;42:492–8.CrossRef
go back to reference NHMRC. How to put the evidence into practice: implementation and dissemination strategies. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2000. NHMRC. How to put the evidence into practice: implementation and dissemination strategies. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2000.
go back to reference Ouwens M, Hulscher M, Akkermans R, et al. The team climate inventory: application in hospital teams and methodological considerations. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008;17:275–80.CrossRef Ouwens M, Hulscher M, Akkermans R, et al. The team climate inventory: application in hospital teams and methodological considerations. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008;17:275–80.CrossRef
go back to reference Øvretveit J. Medical participation in and leadership of quality programmes. J Management in Medicine. 1996;10:21–8.CrossRef Øvretveit J. Medical participation in and leadership of quality programmes. J Management in Medicine. 1996;10:21–8.CrossRef
go back to reference Øvretveit J. Leading improvement effectively. Review of research. London: The Health Foundation, 2009 Øvretveit J. Leading improvement effectively. Review of research. London: The Health Foundation, 2009
go back to reference Reinertsen J. Engaging physicians: How the team can incorporate quality and safety. Healthcare Executive. 2008;23(3):78–81.PubMed Reinertsen J. Engaging physicians: How the team can incorporate quality and safety. Healthcare Executive. 2008;23(3):78–81.PubMed
go back to reference Reinertsen JL, Gosfield AG, Rupp W, Whittington JW. Engaging Physicians in a Shared Quality Agenda. IHI Innovation Series white paper. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2007 (zie: www.IHI.org). Reinertsen JL, Gosfield AG, Rupp W, Whittington JW. Engaging Physicians in a Shared Quality Agenda. IHI Innovation Series white paper. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2007 (zie: www.​IHI.​org).
go back to reference Ross Baker G, Mackintosh-Murray A, Porcellato C, et al. High performing health systems: delivering quality by design. Toronto: Longwoods Publishing Corporation; 2008. Ross Baker G, Mackintosh-Murray A, Porcellato C, et al. High performing health systems: delivering quality by design. Toronto: Longwoods Publishing Corporation; 2008.
go back to reference Salas E, Diaz Granados D, Weaver SJ, King H. Does team training work? Principles for health care. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:1002–9.CrossRef Salas E, Diaz Granados D, Weaver SJ, King H. Does team training work? Principles for health care. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:1002–9.CrossRef
go back to reference Schellekens W. Een passie voor patiënten. Med. Contact. 2000;55:412–4. Schellekens W. Een passie voor patiënten. Med. Contact. 2000;55:412–4.
go back to reference Schouten LMT. Quality Improvement Collaboratives. Cost-effectiveness and determinants of success. Proefschrift. Nijmegen; 2010. Schouten LMT. Quality Improvement Collaboratives. Cost-effectiveness and determinants of success. Proefschrift. Nijmegen; 2010.
go back to reference Scott T, Mannion R, Davies HT, Marshall MN. Implementing culture change in health care: theory and practice. Int J Qual Health Care. 2003;15(2):111–8.CrossRef Scott T, Mannion R, Davies HT, Marshall MN. Implementing culture change in health care: theory and practice. Int J Qual Health Care. 2003;15(2):111–8.CrossRef
go back to reference Shortell S, O’Brien J, Carman J, et al. Assessing the impact of continuous quality improvement/total quality management: concept versus implementation. Health Serv Res. 1995;30(2):377–401.PubMedPubMedCentral Shortell S, O’Brien J, Carman J, et al. Assessing the impact of continuous quality improvement/total quality management: concept versus implementation. Health Serv Res. 1995;30(2):377–401.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Shortell S, Jones R, Rademaker A, et al. Assessing the impact of total quality management and organisational culture on multiple outcomes of care for coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Med Care. 2000;38(2):207–17.CrossRef Shortell S, Jones R, Rademaker A, et al. Assessing the impact of total quality management and organisational culture on multiple outcomes of care for coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Med Care. 2000;38(2):207–17.CrossRef
go back to reference Shortell SM, Marsteller JA, Lin M, et al. The role of perceived team effectiveness in improving chronic illness care. Med Care. 2004;42:1040–8.CrossRef Shortell SM, Marsteller JA, Lin M, et al. The role of perceived team effectiveness in improving chronic illness care. Med Care. 2004;42:1040–8.CrossRef
go back to reference Solberg L, Brekke M, Kottke T, et al. Continuous Quality Improvement in primary care: what’s happening? Med Care. 1998;36:625–35.CrossRef Solberg L, Brekke M, Kottke T, et al. Continuous Quality Improvement in primary care: what’s happening? Med Care. 1998;36:625–35.CrossRef
go back to reference Strasser DC, Smits SJ, Falconer JA, et al. The influence of hospital culture on rehabilitation team functioning in VA hospitals. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002;39:115–25.PubMed Strasser DC, Smits SJ, Falconer JA, et al. The influence of hospital culture on rehabilitation team functioning in VA hospitals. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2002;39:115–25.PubMed
go back to reference Wagner EH. The role of patient care teams in chronic disease management. BMJ. 2000;320:569–72.CrossRef Wagner EH. The role of patient care teams in chronic disease management. BMJ. 2000;320:569–72.CrossRef
go back to reference Weiner B, Shortell S, Alexander J. Promoting clinical involvement in hospital quality improvement efforts: the effects of top management, board and physician leadership. Health Serv Res. 1997;32(4):491–510.PubMedPubMedCentral Weiner B, Shortell S, Alexander J. Promoting clinical involvement in hospital quality improvement efforts: the effects of top management, board and physician leadership. Health Serv Res. 1997;32(4):491–510.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Weiner BJ. A theory of organisational readiness for change. Implem Sci. 2009;4:67.CrossRef Weiner BJ. A theory of organisational readiness for change. Implem Sci. 2009;4:67.CrossRef
go back to reference West MA. The social psychology of innovation in groups. In: West MA, Farr JL, editors. Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1990. p. 309–33. West MA. The social psychology of innovation in groups. In: West MA, Farr JL, editors. Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1990. p. 309–33.
go back to reference Wye L, McClenahan J. Getting better with evidence. London: The King’s Fund; 2000. Wye L, McClenahan J. Getting better with evidence. London: The King’s Fund; 2000.
go back to reference Zahra AS, George G. Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization and extension. Academy of Management Review. 2002;27:185–203.CrossRef Zahra AS, George G. Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization and extension. Academy of Management Review. 2002;27:185–203.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Planning en organisatie van implementatie
Auteurs
Prof. dr. Richard Grol
Prof. dr. Michel Wensing
Copyright
2017
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1732-5_4