Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2/2009

01-06-2009

Phenomenology of Early Childhood Onset Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Auteurs: Abbe M. Garcia, Jennifer B. Freeman, Michael B. Himle, Noah C. Berman, Alexandra K. Ogata, Janet Ng, Molly L. Choate-Summers, Henrietta Leonard

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 2/2009

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This paper describes the phenomenological features of early childhood onset obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; defined as children meeting DSM-IV criteria for OCD with age of onset <8 years). Fifty-eight children (ages 4–8) were included in the sample. OCD and comorbid diagnoses were determined by structured interview, and OCD severity was measured using the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Mean age of OCD onset was almost five, and mean age of presentation was between 6 and 7. Mean symptom severity was in the moderately severe range. Comorbidity and family history of OCD were common. Contamination and aggressive/catastrophic obsessions and washing and checking compulsions were endorsed most frequently. Results indicate that early childhood onset OCD may have a lower boy to girl ratio and lower rates of depressive disorders, but may be similar to later childhood onset OCD in terms of OCD symptom presentation and severity.
Literatuur
go back to reference Chabane, N., Delorme, R., Millet, B., Mouren, M. C., Leboyer, M., & Pauls, D. (2005). Early-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: a subgroup with a specific clinical and familial pattern? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 46(8), 881–887.CrossRef Chabane, N., Delorme, R., Millet, B., Mouren, M. C., Leboyer, M., & Pauls, D. (2005). Early-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: a subgroup with a specific clinical and familial pattern? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 46(8), 881–887.CrossRef
go back to reference Chambers, W. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview: test–retest reliability of the schedule for affective disorders and Schizophrenia for school-age children, present episode version. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(7), 696–702.PubMed Chambers, W. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview: test–retest reliability of the schedule for affective disorders and Schizophrenia for school-age children, present episode version. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(7), 696–702.PubMed
go back to reference Chowdhury, U., Frampton, I., & Heyman, I. (2004). Clinical characteristics of young people referred to an obsessive compulsive disorder clinic in the United Kingdom. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(3), 395–401.CrossRef Chowdhury, U., Frampton, I., & Heyman, I. (2004). Clinical characteristics of young people referred to an obsessive compulsive disorder clinic in the United Kingdom. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(3), 395–401.CrossRef
go back to reference Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.PubMedCrossRef Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837–844.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Delorme, R., Golmard, J., Chabane, N., Millet, B., Krebs, M., Mouren-Simeoni, M. C., et al. (2005). Admixture analysis of age at onset in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35, 237–243.PubMedCrossRef Delorme, R., Golmard, J., Chabane, N., Millet, B., Krebs, M., Mouren-Simeoni, M. C., et al. (2005). Admixture analysis of age at onset in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 35, 237–243.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Eischstedt, J. A., & Arnold, S. L. (2001). Childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: a tic-related subtype of OCD? Clinical Child Review, 21(1), 137–158. Eischstedt, J. A., & Arnold, S. L. (2001). Childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder: a tic-related subtype of OCD? Clinical Child Review, 21(1), 137–158.
go back to reference Francis, G., & Gragg, R. (1996). Childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Francis, G., & Gragg, R. (1996). Childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Freeman, J., Garcia, A., Fucci, C., Karitani, M., Miller, L., & Leonard, H. L. (2003). Family-based treatment of early-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(Supplement 1), S71–S80, 79–88. Freeman, J., Garcia, A., Fucci, C., Karitani, M., Miller, L., & Leonard, H. L. (2003). Family-based treatment of early-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(Supplement 1), S71–S80, 79–88.
go back to reference Freeman, J. B., Garcia, A. M., Coyne, L., Ale, C. M., Przeworski, A., Compton, S., et al. (2008). Treating OCD in young children: results from a randomized, controlled trial pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, in press. Freeman, J. B., Garcia, A. M., Coyne, L., Ale, C. M., Przeworski, A., Compton, S., et al. (2008). Treating OCD in young children: results from a randomized, controlled trial pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, in press.
go back to reference Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Agranat, A., Cradock, K., Hagermoser, L., et al. (2001a). Developmental aspects of obsessive compulsive disorder: findings in children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(7), 471–477.PubMedCrossRef Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Agranat, A., Cradock, K., Hagermoser, L., et al. (2001a). Developmental aspects of obsessive compulsive disorder: findings in children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(7), 471–477.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Spencer, T., Doyle, R., Mullin, B., et al. (2004). Re-examining comorbidity of obsessive compulsive and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder using an empirically derived taxonomy. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(2), 83–91.PubMedCrossRef Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Spencer, T., Doyle, R., Mullin, B., et al. (2004). Re-examining comorbidity of obsessive compulsive and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder using an empirically derived taxonomy. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(2), 83–91.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Bellordre, C. A., Kim, G. S., Hagermoser, L., et al. (2001b). Disentangling chronological age from age of onset in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 169–178.PubMed Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Bellordre, C. A., Kim, G. S., Hagermoser, L., et al. (2001b). Disentangling chronological age from age of onset in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 169–178.PubMed
go back to reference Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Griffin, S., Jones, J., & Lefkowitz, T. R. (1996). Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive–compulsive disorder with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(12), 1637–1646.PubMedCrossRef Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Griffin, S., Jones, J., & Lefkowitz, T. R. (1996). Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive–compulsive disorder with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(12), 1637–1646.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Jones, J., Park, K., Schwartz, S., Shapiro, S., et al. (1998). Is juvenile obsessive–compulsive disorder a developmental subtype of the disorder? A review of the pediatric literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 420–427.PubMed Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Jones, J., Park, K., Schwartz, S., Shapiro, S., et al. (1998). Is juvenile obsessive–compulsive disorder a developmental subtype of the disorder? A review of the pediatric literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 420–427.PubMed
go back to reference Hanna, G. L. (1995). Demographic and clinical features of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 19–27.PubMed Hanna, G. L. (1995). Demographic and clinical features of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 19–27.PubMed
go back to reference Himle, M. B., Woods, D. W., Conelea, C. A., Bauer, C. C., & Rice, K. A. (2007). Investigating the effects of tic suppression on premonitory urge ratings in children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2964–2976.PubMedCrossRef Himle, M. B., Woods, D. W., Conelea, C. A., Bauer, C. C., & Rice, K. A. (2007). Investigating the effects of tic suppression on premonitory urge ratings in children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2964–2976.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hollingsworth, C. E., Tanguay, P. E., Grossman, L., & Pabst, P. (1980). Long-term outcome of obsessive–compulsive disorder in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 134–144.PubMedCrossRef Hollingsworth, C. E., Tanguay, P. E., Grossman, L., & Pabst, P. (1980). Long-term outcome of obsessive–compulsive disorder in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 134–144.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children–present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.CrossRef Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children–present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.CrossRef
go back to reference Last, C. G., Perrin, S. M. H., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(6), 1070–1076.PubMedCrossRef Last, C. G., Perrin, S. M. H., & Kazdin, A. E. (1992). DSM-III-R anxiety disorders in children: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(6), 1070–1076.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leckman, J. F., McDougle, C. J., Pauls, D. L., Peterson, B. S., Grice, D. E., King, R. A., et al. (2000). Tic-related versus non-tic-related obsessive–compulsive disorder. In Obsessive–compulsive disorder: Contemporary issues in treatment (pp 43–68). Mahwah, NJ, US: Erlbaum. Leckman, J. F., McDougle, C. J., Pauls, D. L., Peterson, B. S., Grice, D. E., King, R. A., et al. (2000). Tic-related versus non-tic-related obsessive–compulsive disorder. In Obsessive–compulsive disorder: Contemporary issues in treatment (pp 43–68). Mahwah, NJ, US: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Lenane, M. C., Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Pauls, D., Sceery, W., & Rapoport, J. L. (1990). Psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives of children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(3), 407–412.PubMedCrossRef Lenane, M. C., Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Pauls, D., Sceery, W., & Rapoport, J. L. (1990). Psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives of children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(3), 407–412.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M. C., Swedo, S. E., Rettew, D. C., Gershon, E. S., & Rapoport, J. L. (1992). Tics and Tourette’s disorder: a 2- to 7-year follow up of 54 obsessive–compulsive children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(9), 1244–1251.PubMed Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M. C., Swedo, S. E., Rettew, D. C., Gershon, E. S., & Rapoport, J. L. (1992). Tics and Tourette’s disorder: a 2- to 7-year follow up of 54 obsessive–compulsive children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(9), 1244–1251.PubMed
go back to reference Mansueto, C. S. (2005). Tic or compulsion?: it’s tourettic OCD. Behavioral Modification, 29, 784–799.CrossRef Mansueto, C. S. (2005). Tic or compulsion?: it’s tourettic OCD. Behavioral Modification, 29, 784–799.CrossRef
go back to reference Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Milantoni, L., & Arcangeli, F. (2005). A naturalistic study of referred children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 673–681.PubMedCrossRef Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Milantoni, L., & Arcangeli, F. (2005). A naturalistic study of referred children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(7), 673–681.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Pfanner, C., & Arcangeli, F. (2006). Cormorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in referred children and adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 42–47.PubMedCrossRef Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Pfanner, C., & Arcangeli, F. (2006). Cormorbidity of obsessive–compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in referred children and adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 42–47.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Millet, B., Kochman, F., Gallarda, T., Krebs, M., Demonfaucon, F., Barrot, I., et al. (2004). Phenomenological and comorbid features associated in obsessive–compulsive disorder: influence of age of onset. Journal of Affective Disorders, 79, 241–246.PubMedCrossRef Millet, B., Kochman, F., Gallarda, T., Krebs, M., Demonfaucon, F., Barrot, I., et al. (2004). Phenomenological and comorbid features associated in obsessive–compulsive disorder: influence of age of onset. Journal of Affective Disorders, 79, 241–246.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nestadt, G., Samuels, J., Riddle, M., Bienvenu, O. J., Liang, K. Y., LaBuda, M., et al. (2000). A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 358–363.PubMedCrossRef Nestadt, G., Samuels, J., Riddle, M., Bienvenu, O. J., Liang, K. Y., LaBuda, M., et al. (2000). A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 358–363.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pauls, D., Alsobrook, J. P., Goodman, W. K., Rasmussen, S. A., & Leckman, J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 76–84.PubMed Pauls, D., Alsobrook, J. P., Goodman, W. K., Rasmussen, S. A., & Leckman, J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive–compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 76–84.PubMed
go back to reference Rettew, D. C., Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1992). Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1050–1056.PubMedCrossRef Rettew, D. C., Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1992). Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1050–1056.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Riddle, M. A., Scahill, L., King, R. A., Hardin, M. T., Towbin, K. E., Ort, S. I., et al. (1990). Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: phenomenology and family history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(5), 766–772. Riddle, M. A., Scahill, L., King, R. A., Hardin, M. T., Towbin, K. E., Ort, S. I., et al. (1990). Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: phenomenology and family history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(5), 766–772.
go back to reference Rosario-Campos, M. C., Leckman, J. F., Curi, M., Quatrano, S., Katsovitch, L., Miguel, E. C., et al. (2005). A family study of early-onset obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Genetics, 136B, 92–97.CrossRef Rosario-Campos, M. C., Leckman, J. F., Curi, M., Quatrano, S., Katsovitch, L., Miguel, E. C., et al. (2005). A family study of early-onset obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Genetics, 136B, 92–97.CrossRef
go back to reference Rosario-Campos, M. C., Leckman, J. F., Mercadante, M. T., Shavitt, R., Prado, H. S., Sada, P., et al. (2001). Adults with early-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1899–1903.PubMedCrossRef Rosario-Campos, M. C., Leckman, J. F., Mercadante, M. T., Shavitt, R., Prado, H. S., Sada, P., et al. (2001). Adults with early-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1899–1903.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Scahill, L., Kano, Y., King, R. A., Carlson, A., Peller, A., LeBrun, U., et al. (2003). Influence of age and tic disorders on obsessive–compulsive disorder in a pediatric sample. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(Supplement 1), S7–S17.PubMedCrossRef Scahill, L., Kano, Y., King, R. A., Carlson, A., Peller, A., LeBrun, U., et al. (2003). Influence of age and tic disorders on obsessive–compulsive disorder in a pediatric sample. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(Supplement 1), S7–S17.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggan-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852.PubMedCrossRef Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggan-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 844–852.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Secord, P., & Peevers, B. (1974). The development and attribution of person concepts. In T. Mischel (Ed.), Understanding other persons (pp. 117–142). Oxford: Blackwell. Secord, P., & Peevers, B. (1974). The development and attribution of person concepts. In T. Mischel (Ed.), Understanding other persons (pp. 117–142). Oxford: Blackwell.
go back to reference Selman, R. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. New York: Academic. Selman, R. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. New York: Academic.
go back to reference Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Silverman, W., & Eisen, A. (1992). Age differences in the reliability of parent and child reports of child anxious symptomatology using a structured interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 31(1), 117–124.CrossRef Silverman, W., & Eisen, A. (1992). Age differences in the reliability of parent and child reports of child anxious symptomatology using a structured interview. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 31(1), 117–124.CrossRef
go back to reference Silverman, W., & Nelles, W. (1988). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(6), 772–778.PubMedCrossRef Silverman, W., & Nelles, W. (1988). The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(6), 772–778.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Silverman, W., & Rabian, B. (1995). Test-retest reliability of the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders symptoms using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9(2), 139-150.CrossRef Silverman, W., & Rabian, B. (1995). Test-retest reliability of the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders symptoms using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9(2), 139-150.CrossRef
go back to reference Sobin, C., Blundell, M. L., & Karayiorgou, M. (2000). Phenotypic differences in early- and late-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(5), 373–379.PubMedCrossRef Sobin, C., Blundell, M. L., & Karayiorgou, M. (2000). Phenotypic differences in early- and late-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(5), 373–379.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Storch, E. A., Murphy, T. K., Adkins, J. W., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., Johns, N. B., et al. (2006). The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive scale: psychometric properties of child-and parent-report formats. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(8), 1–16.CrossRef Storch, E. A., Murphy, T. K., Adkins, J. W., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., Johns, N. B., et al. (2006). The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive scale: psychometric properties of child-and parent-report formats. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(8), 1–16.CrossRef
go back to reference Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M., & Cheslow, D. (1989). Obsessive compulsive disorders in children and adolescents: clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 335–343.PubMed Swedo, S. E., Rapoport, J. L., Leonard, H. L., Lenane, M., & Cheslow, D. (1989). Obsessive compulsive disorders in children and adolescents: clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 335–343.PubMed
go back to reference Weinberg, C. R. (1993). Toward a clearer definition of confounding. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 1–8.PubMed Weinberg, C. R. (1993). Toward a clearer definition of confounding. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 1–8.PubMed
go back to reference Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Bergman, R. L., McCracken, J., & Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 335–342.PubMed Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Bergman, R. L., McCracken, J., & Barrios, V. (2002). Concurrent validity of the anxiety disorders section of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 335–342.PubMed
go back to reference Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J., Himle, M. B., & Chang, S. (2005). Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): initial psychometric results and examination of the premonitory urge phenomenon in youths with tic disorders. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(6), 397–403.CrossRef Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J., Himle, M. B., & Chang, S. (2005). Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): initial psychometric results and examination of the premonitory urge phenomenon in youths with tic disorders. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(6), 397–403.CrossRef
go back to reference Yucelen, A. G., Rodopman-Arman, A., Topcuoglu, V., Yazgan, M. Y., & Fisek, G. (2006). Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale in an outpatient setting. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 48–53.PubMedCrossRef Yucelen, A. G., Rodopman-Arman, A., Topcuoglu, V., Yazgan, M. Y., & Fisek, G. (2006). Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale in an outpatient setting. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 48–53.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zohar, A. H. (1999). The epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 8(3), 445–461.PubMed Zohar, A. H. (1999). The epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 8(3), 445–461.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Phenomenology of Early Childhood Onset Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Auteurs
Abbe M. Garcia
Jennifer B. Freeman
Michael B. Himle
Noah C. Berman
Alexandra K. Ogata
Janet Ng
Molly L. Choate-Summers
Henrietta Leonard
Publicatiedatum
01-06-2009
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 2/2009
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9094-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2009

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2/2009 Naar de uitgave