Top

Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

20-10-2021

Perfectionistic Cognitions Pre-Pandemic Predict Greater Anxiety Symptoms During the Pandemic Among Emerging Adults: A Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Study

Auteurs: Danielle S. Molnar, Tabitha Methot-Jones, Jessy Moore, Deborah D. O’Leary, Terrance J. Wade

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Uitgave 3/2022

Abstract

This study employed a two-wave cross-lagged panel analysis to examine associations between perfectionistic cognitions, anxiety, and depression pre-pandemic to during the pandemic in a sample of 171 (57% female, n = 98) emerging adults. Results demonstrated that perfectionistic cognitions decreased, anxiety increased, and depressive symptoms did not change pre-pandemic to during the pandemic. Cross-lagged results indicated that pre-pandemic perfectionistic cognitions predicted higher levels of anxiety symptoms (but not depressive symptoms) during the pandemic after accounting for pre-pandemic levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. These results held with the inclusion of covariates (i.e., sex, age, education, exposure to COVID-19, whether or not participants knew someone diagnosed with COVID-19, had lost income due to the pandemic, and how often they thought about COVID-19). Psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms) pre-pandemic did not predict perfectionistic cognitions during the pandemic after accounting for pre-pandemic levels of perfectionistic cognitions. Results support assertions that individuals with heightened levels of perfectionism are at an increased risk for poorer mental health during the pandemic. Findings underscore the importance of assessing perfectionistic cognitions for the prevention and treatment of anxiety symptoms among emerging adults during and post-pandemic.

vorige artikel Assessing the Efficacy of Rational Emotive Behavior Intervention for Visually Impaired Upper Basic School Children with Negative Self-belief/Personal Value System

volgende artikel The Relationship of Metacognition with Worry: The Mediating Role of Emotional Flexibility and Affective Style

Participants were asked whether they had been diagnosed with COVID or not. None of the participants in this sample indicated that they had been diagnosed. Given the lack of variability this variable could not be used as a potential covariate in the analyses.

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 CrossRefPubMed

Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. The Journal of Drug Issues, 22, 235–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500202 CrossRef

Arnett, J. J. (2014). Presidential Address: The emergence of emerging adulthood: A personal history. Emerging Adulthood (thousand Oaks, CA), 2(3), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814541096 CrossRef

Barendse, M., Flannery, J. E., Cavanagh, C., Aristizabal, M., Becker, S. P., Berger, E., …

Besser, A., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., & Hewitt, P. L. (2020). Are perfectionistic thoughts an antecedent or a consequence of depressive symptoms? A cross-lagged analysis of the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282919877764 CrossRef

The Breakdown. (n.d.). Loneliness And Perfectionism Two Most Prominent Issues Affecting Young People. https://the-breakdown.co.uk/loneliness-and-perfectionism-wo-most-prominent-issues-affecting-young-people/

Burgess, A., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2015). Anxiety and perfectionism: Relationships, mechanisms, and conditions. In Perfectionism, Health, and Well-Being (pp. 177–203). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_8

Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934–112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Casale, S., Fioravanti, G., Rugai, L., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2020). What lies beyond the superordinate trait perfectionism factors? The Perfectionistic Self-Presentation and Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory versus the Big Three Perfectionism Scale in predicting depression and social anxiety. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(3), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1573429 CrossRefPubMed

Cía, A. H., Stagnaro, J. C., Aguilar Gaxiola, S., Vommaro, H., Loera, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Sustas, S., Benjet, C., & Kessler, R. C. (2018). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset of mental disorders in adults from the Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1492-3 CrossRefPubMed

Cole, D. A., Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558

Cosco, T. D., Prina, M., Stubbs, B., & Wu, Y.-T. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in a population-based cohort of middle-aged U.S. adults. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 25(3), 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.25.3.476

Cost, K. T., Crosbie, J., Anagnostou, E., Birken, C. S., Charach, A., Monga, S., Kelley, E., Nicolson, R., Maguire, J. L., Burton, C. L., Schachar, R. J., Arnold, P. D., & Korczak, D. J. (2021). Mostly worse, occasionally better: Impact of covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01744-3 CrossRef

Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000138 CrossRefPubMed

Derogatis, L.R. and Unger, R. (2010) Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1–2. http:// https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0970

Derogatis, L. R., Rickels, K., & Rock, A. F. (1976). The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A Step in the validation of a new self-report scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128(3), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.128.3.280 CrossRef

Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLoS ONE, 15(7), Article e0236337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337

Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2020). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19: Longitudinal analyses of 36,520 adults in England. MedRxiv, 2020.06.03.20120923. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.03.20120923

Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. In G. L. Flett & P. L. Hewitt (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5–31). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-001

Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Perfectionism, worry, and rumination in health and mental health: A review and a conceptual framework for a cognitive theory of perfectionism. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.), Perfectionism, hHalth, and Well-Being (pp. 121–155). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_6

Flett, G. L., Besser, A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2005). Perfectionism, ego defense styles, and depression: a comparison of self-reports versus informant ratings. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1355–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00352.x CrossRefPubMed

Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, G. L. (2020). The perfectionism pandemic meets COVID-19: Understanding the stress, distress, and problems in living for perfectionists during the global health crisis. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 80–105.

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Gray, L. (1998). Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(5), 1363–1381. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1363 CrossRefPubMed

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Nepon, T., & Besser, A. (2018). Perfectionism cognition theory: The cognitive side of perfectionism. In J. Stoeber (Ed.), The Psychology of Perfectionism: Theory, Research, Applications (pp. 89–110). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Whelan, T., & Martin, T. R. (2007). The Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory: Psychometric properties and associations with distress and deficits in cognitive self-management. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25(4), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-007-0055-4 CrossRef

Flett, G. L., Madorsky, D., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2002). Perfectionism cognitions, rumination, and psychological distress. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 20(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015128904007 CrossRef

Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967 CrossRef

Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 819. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456 CrossRefPubMed

Harrington, J. A., & Blankenship, V. (2002). Ruminative thoughts and their relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(3), 465–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00225.x CrossRef

Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Mikail, S. F. (2017). Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. The Guilford Press.

Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., & Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Horesh, D., & Brown, A. D. (2020). Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(4), 331–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000592 CrossRef

Horigian, V. E., Schmidt, R. D., & Feaster, D. J. (2021). Loneliness, mental health, and substance use among US young adults during COVID-19. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 53(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1836435 CrossRefPubMed

Howatt, B., Tomayer, A., Boyer, C., Slovinec D’Angelo, M., & Benjamin, B. (2020). Pandemic pulse check: COVID-19’s impact on Canadians’ mental health (Issue Briefing). The Conference Board of Canada. https://www.conferenceboard.ca/temp/9c68d773-707c-4f41-a7de-b659070c771e/10750_IB_Pandemic-Pulse-Check-MHCC.pdf (accessed June 24th, 2021)

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424 CrossRef

Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954–112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R. P., Martinez, A., & Vallières, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the republic of Ireland during the covid‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13219

Jordans, F. (2021, March 29). Merkel faults German 'perfectionism' for current COVID-19 woes. CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/merkel-faults-german-perfectionism-for-current-covid-19-woes-1.5366410

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602. CrossRef

Kujawa, A., Green, H., Compas, B. E., Dickey, L., & Pegg, S. (2020). Exposure to COVID-19 pandemic stress: Associations with depression and anxiety in emerging adults in the United States. Depression and Anxiety, 37, 1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23109 CrossRefPubMed

Kwong, A. S. F., Pearson, R. M., Adams, M. J., Northstone, K., Tilling, K., Smith, D., Fawns-

Limburg, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S., & Egan, S. J. (2016). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1301–1326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22435 CrossRefPubMed

Little, T. D., Rhemtulla, M., Gibson, K., & Schoemann, A. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn't be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033266

McGrath, D. S., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., Mushquahs, A. R., Allen, S. L., Nealis, L. J., & Sherry, D. L. (2012). Reciprocal relations between self-critical perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a short-term, four-wave longitudinal study. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(3), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027764 CrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus User's Guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

O’Connor, R. C., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., McClelland, H., Melson, A. J., Niedzwiedz, C. L., O’Carroll, R. E., O’Connor, D. B., Platt, S., Scowcroft, E., Watson, B., Zortea, T., Ferguson, E., & Robb, K. A. (2021). Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 mental health & Wellbeing study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.212 CrossRefPubMed

Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Dosil Santamaría, M., & Picaza Gorrotxategi, M. (2020). Psychological symptoms during the two stages of lockdown in response to the COVID-19 outbreak: an investigation in a sample of citizens in northern Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1491–1491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01491 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pfeifer, J. H. (2021). Longitudinal change in adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: A collaborative of 12 samples from 3 countries. PsyArXiv, 3. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hn7us

Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely, S., McManus, S., & Abel, K. M. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306 CrossRef

Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066–102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ritchie, C., Bould, H., Warne, N., Zammit, S., Gunnell, D. J., Moran, P. A., Micali, N., Reichenberg, A., Hickman, M., Rai, D., Haworth, S., Campbell, A., Altschul, D., & Timpson, N. J. (2020). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.242 CrossRef

Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., & Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000241X CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., Yan, G., & Sherry, S. B. (2017). Does perfectionism predict depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction after controlling for neuroticism? a study of Canadian and Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Individual Differences, 38, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000223 CrossRef

Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Ge, S. Y. J., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Baggley, D. L. (2021). Multidimensional perfectionism turns 30: A review of known knowns and known unknowns. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne: Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000288 CrossRef

Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Rnic, K., Saklofske, D. H., Enns, M., & Gralnick, T. (2016). Are perfectionism dimensions vulnerability factors for depressive symptoms after controlling for neuroticism? a meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2053 CrossRef

Spagnoli, P., Buono, C., Kovalchuk, L. S., Cordasco, G., & Esposito, A. (2020). Perfectionism and burnout during the COVID-19 crisis: a two-wave cross-lagged study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 631994–631994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.631994 CrossRefPubMed

Stallard, P., Pereira, A. I., & Barros, L. (2021). Post-traumatic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in carers of children in Portugal and the UK: Cross-sectional online survey. BJPsych Open, 7, Article e37. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.1

Tyler, J., Mu, W., McCann, J., Belli, G., & Asnaani, A. (2021). The unique contribution of perfectionistic cognitions to anxiety disorder symptoms in a treatment-seeking sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2020.1798497

Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., Gebhardt, W. A., & Thayer, J. F. (2011). Perseverative cognition, psychopathology, and somatic health. In I. Nykliček, A. Vingerhoets, & M. Zeelenberg (Eds.), Emotion Regulation and Well-Being (pp. 85–100). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_6

Wade, T. J., O’Leary, D. D., Dempster, K. S., MacNeil, A. J., Molnar, D. S., McGrath, J., & Cairney, J. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cardiovascular development from childhood to early adulthood: Study protocol of the Niagara Longitudinal Heart Study. BMJ Open, 9(7), e030339. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030339 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wade, M., Prime, H., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Why we need longitudinal mental health research with children and youth during (and after) the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113143–113143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113143 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China Brain. Behavior, and Immunity., 87(40), 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 CrossRef

Waselewski, E. A., Waselewski, M. E., & Chang, T. (2020). Needs and coping behaviors of youth in the U.S. during COVID-19. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.043

World Health Organization. (2021, June 21). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.. https://covid19.who.int/

Titel: Perfectionistic Cognitions Pre-Pandemic Predict Greater Anxiety Symptoms During the Pandemic Among Emerging Adults: A Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Study
Auteurs: Danielle S. Molnar
Tabitha Methot-Jones
Jessy Moore
Deborah D. O’Leary
Terrance J. Wade
Publicatiedatum: 20-10-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy / Uitgave 3/2022
Print ISSN: 0894-9085
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6563
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00423-1

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2022

The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Versus Duloxetine on the Laboratory Indices of Inflammation in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The Persian Version of the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire-Short-Form (PBQ-SF): A Psychometric Evaluation

Characteristics of Online Pornography and Interventions Against its Negative Effects in Young People: Results from an International Delphi Panel

Irrational/Rational Beliefs, Procrastination, and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Assessment of REBT Models of Psychological Distress and Psychological Health Model

The Combined Contribution of Fear and Perceived Danger of COVID-19 and Metacognitions to Anxiety Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Self-compassion and Students' Well-Being Among Vietnamese Students: Chain Mediation Effect of Narcissism and Anxiety