Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

01-03-2010

Patterns of Emotional Reactivity and Regulation in Children with Anxiety Disorders

Auteurs: Tal Carthy, Netta Horesh, Alan Apter, James J. Gross

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 1/2010

Abstract

Emotion dysregulation is believed to be a key factor in anxiety disorders. However, the empirical basis for this view is limited, particularly in children and adolescents. This study aimed to examine whether anxious children display negative emotional hyper-reactivity and deficits in emotion regulation, using a new task that presents ambiguous situations with potentially threatening meanings. Forty-nine children diagnosed with either generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety, or separation anxiety disorder, were compared with 42 non-anxious controls. Relative to controls, anxious children demonstrated (a) greater intensity and frequency of negative emotional responses, (b) deficits in using reappraisal in negative emotional situations and corresponding deficits in reappraisal self-efficacy, and (c) greater reliance on emotion regulation strategies that increase the risk of functional impairment, intense negative emotion, and low emotion regulation self-efficacy. Implications for the assessment and treatment of childhood anxiety are discussed.

vorige artikel The Factor Structure of Effortful Control and Measurement Invariance Across Ethnicity and Sex in a High-Risk Sample

volgende artikel Emotion Regulation and Attachment: Unpacking Two Constructs and Their Association

All assessment instruments were administered in Hebrew.

Three children were excluded from the NAC, two for being diagnosed with specific phobia and one for being diagnosed with anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 187–199.CrossRefPubMed

Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373–403.CrossRefPubMed

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Dancu, C. V. (1985). Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 109–117.CrossRefPubMed

Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Balach, C., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. (1997). The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545–553.CrossRef

Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Chiappetta, L., Bridge, J., Monga, S., & Baugher, M. (1999). Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders scale (SCARED): a replication study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1230–1236.CrossRefPubMed

Bogels, S. M., & Zigterman, D. (2000). Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 205–216.CrossRefPubMed

Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1981). Social psychological procedures for cognitive response assessment: The thought listening technique. In T. V. Merluzzi, C. R. Glass & M. Genest (Eds.), Cognitive assessment (pp. 309–342). New York: Guilford.

Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofman, S. G. (2006). Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6, 587–595.CrossRefPubMed

Carthy, T., Horesh, N., Apter, A., Edge, M. D., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children. Manuscript under review.

Chorpita, B. F., Albano, A. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Cognitive processing in childhood: relation to anxiety and family influences. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 170–176.CrossRef

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336.CrossRefPubMed

Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 307–330.CrossRef

Decker, M. L., Turk, C. L., Hess, B., & Murray, C. E. (2008). Emotion regulation among individuals classified with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 485–494.CrossRefPubMed

Edelmann, R. J., & Baker, S. R. (2002). Self-reported and actual physiological responses in social phobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 1–14.CrossRefPubMed

Farach, F. J., & Mennin, D. S. (2007). Emotion-based approaches to the anxiety disorders. In J. Rottenberg & S. L. Johnson (Eds.), Emotion and Psychopathology (pp. 243–261). Washington: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 170–180.CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299.CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291.CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York: Guilford.

Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in everyday life. In D. K. Snyder, J. A. Simpson & J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 13–35). Washington: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Hannesdottir, D. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). The role of emotion regulation in the treatment of child anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 10, 275–293.CrossRef

Killgore, W., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2005). Social anxiety predicts amygdale activation in adolescents viewing fearful faces. Neuroreport, 16, 1671–1675.CrossRefPubMed

Kovacs, M. (1992). The children’s depression inventory manual. New York: Multi-Health Systems.

Landon, T. M., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Pincus, D. B. (2007). Self-efficacy: a comparison between clinically anxious and non-referred youth. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 38, 31–45.CrossRefPubMed

Last, C. G., Hansen, C., & Franco, N. (1997). Anxious children in adulthood: a prospective study of adjustment. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 645–52.CrossRef

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.

Lonigan, C. J., Vasey, M. W., & Phillips, B. M. (2004). Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threat-related stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 8–20.CrossRefPubMed

Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Evaluation and treatment of anxiety disorders in the general pediatric population: a clinician’s guide. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 845–861.CrossRefPubMed

Mauss, I. B., Wilhelm, F. W., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Is there less to social anxiety than meets the eye? Emotion experience, expression, and bodily responding. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 631–662.CrossRef

Mennin, S. D., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1281–1310.CrossRefPubMed

Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders. It’s not what you thought it was. American Psychologist, 61, 10–26.CrossRefPubMed

Muris, P., Schhouten, E., Meesters, C., & Gijsbers, H. (2003). Contingency-competence-control-related beliefs and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a young adolescent sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 33, 325–339.CrossRefPubMed

Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Rompelberg, L. (2006). Attention control in middle childhood: relations to psychopathological symptoms and threat perception distortions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 997–1010.CrossRefPubMed

Olatinji, B. O., Forsyth, J. P., & Feldner, M. T. (2007). Implications of emotion regulation for the shift from normative fear-relevant learning to anxiety-related psychopathology. American Psychologist, 62, 257–259.CrossRef

Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Guttierez, P., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 16, 120–132.CrossRefPubMed

Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999). Classifying affect-regulation strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 277–303.CrossRef

Parkinson, B., Totterdell, P., Briner, R. B., & Reynolds, S. (1996). Changing moods: The psychology of mood and mood regulation. London: Longman.

Parrott, W. G. (1993). Beyond hedonism: Motives for inhibiting good moods and for maintaining bad moods. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 278–308). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D., Nathan, P. J., & Tancer, M. (2006). Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 424–429.CrossRefPubMed

Richards, A., & French, C. C. (1992). An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45, 503–525.PubMed

Rottenberg, J., & Gross, J. J. (2003). When emotion goes wrong: realizing the promise of affective science. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 227–232.CrossRef

Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006). Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 469–480.CrossRef

Shani, M., Lachman, L., Shalem, C., Bahat, A., & Zeiger, T. (2006). Single words reading test manual. Tel-Aviv: Sfarim.

Silverman, W. K., & Albano, A. M. (1996). The anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: Parent interview schedule. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Pina, A. A. (2001). Test–retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 937–944.CrossRefPubMed

Smucker, M. R., Craighead, E. W., Wilcoxon Craighead, L., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the children’s depression inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25–39.CrossRefPubMed

Stein, M. B., Goldin, P. R., Sareen, J., Zorrilla, L., & Brown, G. G. (2002). Increased amygdala activation to angry and contemptuous faces in generalized social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1027–1034.CrossRefPubMed

Stein, M. B., Simmons, A. N., Feinstein, J., & Paulus, M. (2007). Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 318–327.CrossRefPubMed

Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 750–759.CrossRefPubMed

Suveg, C., Sood, E., Barmish, A., Tiwari, S., Hudson, J. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). “I’d rather not talk about it”: emotion parenting in families of children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 875–884.CrossRefPubMed

Tamir, M., John, O. P., Srivastava, S., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Implicit theories of emotion: affective and social outcomes across a major life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 731–744.CrossRefPubMed

Thomas, K. M., Drevets, W., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N., Birmaher, B., Eccard, C., et al. (2001). Amygdala response to fearful faces in anxious and depressed children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1057–1063.CrossRefPubMed

Thompson, R. A. (2001). Childhood anxiety disorders from the perspective of emotion regulation and attachment. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 160–183). New York: Oxford.

Thompson, R. A., & Calkins, S. (1996). The double-edged sword: emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163–182.CrossRef

Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2007). Emotion regulation difficulties associated with the experience of un-cued panic attacks: evidence of experiential avoidance, emotional non-acceptance, and decreased emotional clarity. Behavior Therapy, 38, 378–391.CrossRefPubMed

Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., Luterek, J. A., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. (2005). Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: a comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 89–106.CrossRef

Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children—IV. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Weems, C., & Silverman, W. K. (2006). An integrative model of control: implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 91, 113–124.CrossRefPubMed

Weems, C. F., Silverman, W. K., Rapee, R. M., & Pina, A. A. (2003). The role of control in childhood anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 557–568.CrossRef

Weems, C. F., Zakem, A., Costa, N. M., Cannon, M. F., & Watts, S. E. (2005). Physiological response and childhood anxiety: association with symptoms of anxiety disorders and cognitive bias. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 712–723.CrossRefPubMed

Weems, C. F., Cost, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., & Cannon, M. F. (2007). Cognitive errors, anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety control beliefs: their unique and specific associations with childhood anxiety symptoms. Behavior Modification, 31, 174–201.CrossRefPubMed

Wilson, J. E., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. (2006). The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 103–111.CrossRefPubMed

Woodward, L., & Fergusson, D. (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, 40, 1086–1093.CrossRef

Zeman, J., Cassano, M., Perrt-Parrish, C., & Stegall, S. (2006). Emotion regulation in children and adolescents. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 155–168.CrossRef

Titel: Patterns of Emotional Reactivity and Regulation in Children with Anxiety Disorders
Auteurs: Tal Carthy
Netta Horesh
Alan Apter
James J. Gross
Publicatiedatum: 01-03-2010
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 1/2010
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9167-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2010

Concurrent and Longitudinal Links Between Children’s Externalizing Behavior in School and Observed Anger Regulation in the Mother–Child Dyad

Development and Evaluation of the Parental Beliefs about Anxiety Questionnaire

Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review

The Factor Structure of Effortful Control and Measurement Invariance Across Ethnicity and Sex in a High-Risk Sample

Ruminating on Rumination: are Rumination on Anger and Sadness Differentially Related to Aggression and Depressed Mood?

Assessment of Behavior Problems in Childhood and Adolescence as Predictors of Early Adult Depression