Introduction
Method
Study Design
Study Participants
Parameters | Mean | Range | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | |||
Weight (kg) | 47.80 | 26.00 | 62.00 | 8.10 |
Height (cm) | 161.60 | 142.00 | 175.00 | 6.90 |
Body mass index | 18.20 | 12.90 | 22.90 | 2.30 |
Age (years) | 13.60 | 10.00 | 17.00 | 1.60 |
Cobb angle | 27.60 | 20.00 | 40.00 | 5.70 |
Angle of trunk rotationa
| 6.40 | 1.00 | 13.00 | 3.50 |
Apical translation (cm)b
| 1.90 | 0.40 | 4.00 | 1.00 |
Brace (hours/day) | 16.10 | 12.00 | 22.00 | 2.40 |
Brace (in months) | 17.00 | 2.00 | 58.00 | 14.90 |
Ethical Issues
Adaptation Procedure
Assessment of Spinal Deformity
Statistical Methods
Results
Descriptive Statistics
SAQ-pl subscales | Mean | 95 % CI | Min. | Max. | SD | Mean | 95 % CI | Min. | Max. | SD |
p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From | To | From | To | ||||||||||
Patients | Parents | ||||||||||||
General | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 0.846 |
Curve | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 0.142 |
Prominence | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.059 |
Trunk shift | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 0.510 |
Waist | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 0.326 |
Shoulders | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.673 |
Kyphosis | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 1.000 |
Chest | 2.6 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 0.581 |
Total score | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.343 |
Psychometric Properties of the SAQ-pl parent form
Comparative Analyses
SAQ-pl patient form | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domains | General | Curve | Prominence | Trunk shift | Waist | Shoulders | Kyphosis | Chest | Total score |
SAQ-pl parent form
| |||||||||
General | r
s
= 0.52* | r
s
= 0.26 | r
s
= 0.16 | r
s
= 0.05 | r
s
= 0.40* | r
s
= 0.30 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.37* | r
s
= 0.43* |
Curve | r
s
= 0.39* | r
s
= 0.69* | r
s
= 0.03 | r
s
= 0.32* | r
s
= 0.32* | r
s
= 0.45* | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.48* |
Prominence | r
s
= 0.29 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.40* | r
s
= 0.51* | r
s
= 0.24 | r
s
= 0.35* | r
s
= 0.27 | r
s
= 0.18 | r
s
= 0.41* |
Trunk shift | r
s
= 0.36* | r
s
= 0.33* | r
s
= 0.01 | r
s
= 0.25 | r
s
= 0.29 | r
s
= 0.35* | r
s
= 0.26 | r
s
= 0.36* | r
s
= 0.43* |
Waist | r
s
= 0.56* | r
s
= 0.06 | r
s
= 0.06 | r
s
= 0.18 | r
s
= 0.58* | r
s
= 0.19 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.19 | r
s
= 0.42* |
Shoulders | r
s
= 0.51* | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.48* | r
s
= 0.50* | r
s
= 0.17 | r
s
= 0.48* | r
s
= 0.58* |
Kyphosis | r
s
= 0.35* | r
s
= 0.39* | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= 0.16 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.55* | r
s
= 0.23 | r
s
= 0.31 |
Chest | r
s
= 0.29 | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.25 | r
s
= 0.34* | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.55* | r
s
= 0.41* |
Total score | r
s
= 0.62* | r
s
= 0.25 | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.56* | r
s
= 0.43* | r
s
= 0.17 | r
s
= 0.49* | r
s
= 0.62* |
Associations Between SAQ-pl Results and Patient Characteristics
SAQ-pl parent form | General | Curve | Prominence | Trunk shift | Waist | Shoulders | Kyphosis | Chest | Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | r
s
= −0.03 | r
s
= −0.07 | r
s
= 0.18 | r
s
= −0.16 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.03 | r
s
= −0.10 | r
s
= −0.17 | r
s
= −0.01 |
Height | r
s
= −0.25 | r
s
= −0.10 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.08 | r
s
= 0.01 | r
s
= −0.20 | r
s
= −0.05 |
Body mass index | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.23 | r
s
= −0.18 | r
s
= −0.03 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.13 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= −0.03 |
Age | r
s
= −0.19 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.01 | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= 0.05 | r
s
= −0.32* | r
s
= −0.14 |
Cobb angle | r
s
= −0.05 | r
s
= 0.40* | r
s
= 0.12 | r
s
= 0.31* | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.18 | r
s
= 0.22 | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= 0.09 |
Angle of trunk rotation | r
s
= −0.26 | r
s
= −0.03 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= −0.17 | r
s
= 0.19 | r
s
= −0.05 | r
s
= 0.14 | r
s
= −0.04 |
Apical translation | r
s
= 0.08 | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= 0.44* | r
s
= 0.14 | r
s
= 0.21 | r
s
= 0.12 | r
s
= 0.18 | r
s
= 0.01 | r
s
= 0.19 |
Brace (hours/day) | r
s
= 0.33* | r
s
= 0.12 | r
s
= −0.10 | r
s
= 0.19 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.37* | r
s
= 0.22 |
Brace (in months) | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= −0.33* | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= −0.16 | r
s
= 0.18 | r
s
= −0.19 | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.02 |
SAQ-pl parent-patient differences | General | Curve | Prominence | Trunk shift | Waist | Shoulders | Kyphosis | Chest | Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | r
s
= −0.26 | r
s
= 0.01 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= −0.13 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.06 | r
s
= −0.08 | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.02 |
Height | r
s
= −0.51* | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= 0.20 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= 0.08 | r
s
= −0.08 | r
s
= −0.07 | r
s
= 0.06 |
Body mass index | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.09 | r
s
= 0.05 | r
s
= −0.21 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= −0.09 | r
s
= −0.09 |
Age | r
s
= −0.34* | r
s
= 0.22 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= 0.26 | r
s
= −0.10 | r
s
= 0.09 |
Cobb angle | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.11 |
Angle of trunk rotation | r
s
= −0.26 | r
s
= −0.37* | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.15 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= −0.17 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= −0.19 |
Apical translation | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.24 | r
s
= 0.17 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.18 |
Brace (hours/day) | r
s
= 0.36* | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= −0.18 | r
s
= 0.21 | r
s
= 0.19 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= −0.03 | r
s
= 0.24 | r
s
= 0.18 |
Brace (in months) | r
s
= 0.03 | r
s
= −0.07 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.22 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= −0.16 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= 0.05 |
SAQ-pl parent-patient differences | General | Curve | Prominence | Trunk shift | Waist | Shoulders | Kyphosis | Chest | Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | r
s
= −0.26 | r
s
= 0.01 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= −0.13 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.06 | r
s
= −0.08 | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.02 |
Height | r
s
= −0.51* | r
s
= 0.15 | r
s
= 0.20 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= 0.08 | r
s
= −0.08 | r
s
= −0.07 | r
s
= 0.06 |
Body mass index | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.09 | r
s
= 0.05 | r
s
= −0.21 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= −0.09 | r
s
= −0.09 |
Age | r
s
= −0.34* | r
s
= 0.22 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= 0.26 | r
s
= −0.10 | r
s
= 0.09 |
Cobb angle | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= −0.02 | r
s
= 0.04 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.11 |
Angle of trunk rotation | r
s
= −0.26 | r
s
= −0.37* | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.15 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= −0.17 | r
s
= 0.07 | r
s
= −0.19 |
Apical translation | r
s
= −0.06 | r
s
= 0.24 | r
s
= 0.17 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= 0.11 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.09 | r
s
= 0.18 |
Brace (hours/day) | r
s
= 0.36* | r
s
= −0.01 | r
s
= −0.18 | r
s
= 0.21 | r
s
= 0.19 | r
s
= −0.12 | r
s
= −0.03 | r
s
= 0.24 | r
s
= 0.18 |
Brace (in months) | r
s
= 0.03 | r
s
= −0.07 | r
s
= −0.04 | r
s
= −0.22 | r
s
= 0.13 | r
s
= 0.02 | r
s
= −0.16 | r
s
= 0.10 | r
s
= 0.05 |