Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2/2012

01-06-2012

Parenting Scale: Which Version Should We Use?

Auteurs: Raziye Salari, Cathrine Terreros, Anna Sarkadi

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 2/2012

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Factor analytic studies of one of the widely used measurements of parental discipline, the Parenting Scale (PS), have yielded ambiguous results. The purpose of this study was to compare various forms of the PS in terms of factor structure and other psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 617 mothers and 430 fathers of 2 to 5-year-olds. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that shorter structural models provided a better fit compared to the original model; however, none led to an optimal fit. Other psychometric properties such as internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and predictive validity were slightly higher for the original Laxness and Overreactivity subscales. The findings from this study and previous studies suggest that the inter-item relationship in the scale might be too sensitive to sample characteristics, implying that factor analysis might not be the best way to measure the scale’s validity. Nevertheless, other psychometric properties support the use of the Parenting Scale in the assessment of dysfunctional parenting practices. We recommend using the original Laxness and Overreactivity subscales rather than the later models, especially for research purposes.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.CrossRef Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.CrossRef
go back to reference Arney, F., Rogers, H., Baghurst, P., Sawyer, M., & Prior, M. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Parenting Scale for Australian mothers of preschool-aged children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60, 44–52.CrossRef Arney, F., Rogers, H., Baghurst, P., Sawyer, M., & Prior, M. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Parenting Scale for Australian mothers of preschool-aged children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60, 44–52.CrossRef
go back to reference Arnold, D. S., O’Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The Parenting Scale: a measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5, 137–144.CrossRef Arnold, D. S., O’Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The Parenting Scale: a measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5, 137–144.CrossRef
go back to reference Axberg, U., Hanse, J. J., & Broberg, A. G. (2008). Parents’ description of conduct problems in their children—a test of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Swedish sample aged 3–10. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 497–505.PubMedCrossRef Axberg, U., Hanse, J. J., & Broberg, A. G. (2008). Parents’ description of conduct problems in their children—a test of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Swedish sample aged 3–10. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 497–505.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3, 255–272. Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3, 255–272.
go back to reference Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children’s and adolescents’ maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 78–92.CrossRef Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children’s and adolescents’ maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 78–92.CrossRef
go back to reference Burns, G. L., & Patterson, D. R. (2000). Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: a parent rating scale of oppositional defiant behavior toward adults, inattentive behavior, and conduct problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 569–577.PubMedCrossRef Burns, G. L., & Patterson, D. R. (2000). Factor structure of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory: a parent rating scale of oppositional defiant behavior toward adults, inattentive behavior, and conduct problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 569–577.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Calzada, E. J., Eyberg, S. M., Rich, B., & Querido, J. G. (2004). Parenting disruptive preschoolers: experiences of mothers and fathers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 203–213.PubMedCrossRef Calzada, E. J., Eyberg, S. M., Rich, B., & Querido, J. G. (2004). Parenting disruptive preschoolers: experiences of mothers and fathers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 203–213.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cassano, M., Adrian, M., Veits, G., & Zeman, J. (2006). The inclusion of fathers in the empirical investigation of child psychopathology: an update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 583–589.PubMedCrossRef Cassano, M., Adrian, M., Veits, G., & Zeman, J. (2006). The inclusion of fathers in the empirical investigation of child psychopathology: an update. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 583–589.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Collett, B. R., Gimpel, G. A., Greenson, J. N., & Gunderson, T. L. (2001). Assessment of discipline styles among parents of preschool through school-age children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 163–170.CrossRef Collett, B. R., Gimpel, G. A., Greenson, J. N., & Gunderson, T. L. (2001). Assessment of discipline styles among parents of preschool through school-age children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 163–170.CrossRef
go back to reference Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7a.pdf. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Retrieved from http://​pareonline.​net/​pdf/​v10n7a.​pdf.
go back to reference Dadds, M. R., & Powell, M. B. (1991). The relationship of interparental conflict and global marital adjustment to aggression, anxiety, and immaturity in aggressive and nonclinic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 553–567.PubMedCrossRef Dadds, M. R., & Powell, M. B. (1991). The relationship of interparental conflict and global marital adjustment to aggression, anxiety, and immaturity in aggressive and nonclinic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 553–567.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference de Graaf, I., Speetjens, P., Smit, F., de Wolff, M., & Tavecchio, L. (2008). Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on parenting: a meta-analysis. Family Relations, 57, 553–566.CrossRef de Graaf, I., Speetjens, P., Smit, F., de Wolff, M., & Tavecchio, L. (2008). Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on parenting: a meta-analysis. Family Relations, 57, 553–566.CrossRef
go back to reference Eyberg, S. M., & Pincus, D. (1999). Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory: professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources. Eyberg, S. M., & Pincus, D. (1999). Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory: professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
go back to reference Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 272–299. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 272–299.
go back to reference Fayers, P. M., & Hand, D. J. (2002). Causal variables, indicator variables and measurement scales: an example from quality of life. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 165, 233–261.CrossRef Fayers, P. M., & Hand, D. J. (2002). Causal variables, indicator variables and measurement scales: an example from quality of life. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 165, 233–261.CrossRef
go back to reference Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (1997). Adult problem solving: contributor to parenting and child outcomes in divorced families. Social Development, 6, 237–253.CrossRef Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (1997). Adult problem solving: contributor to parenting and child outcomes in divorced families. Social Development, 6, 237–253.CrossRef
go back to reference Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.PubMedCrossRef Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337–1345.PubMedCrossRef Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337–1345.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 17–24.PubMedCrossRef Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 17–24.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 166–172.PubMedCrossRef Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 166–172.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Harvey, E., Danforth, J. S., Ulaszek, W. R., & Eberhardt, T. L. (2001). Validity of the Parenting Scale for parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 731–743.PubMedCrossRef Harvey, E., Danforth, J. S., Ulaszek, W. R., & Eberhardt, T. L. (2001). Validity of the Parenting Scale for parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 731–743.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239.PubMedCrossRef Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Herwig, J. E., Wirtz, M., & Bengel, J. (2004). Depression, partnership, social support, and parenting: interaction of maternal factors with behavioral problems of the child. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 199–208.PubMedCrossRef Herwig, J. E., Wirtz, M., & Bengel, J. (2004). Depression, partnership, social support, and parenting: interaction of maternal factors with behavioral problems of the child. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 199–208.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hu, L-t, & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRef Hu, L-t, & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRef
go back to reference Irvine, A. B., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., & Ary, D. V. (1999). The value of the Parenting Scale for measuring the discipline practices of parents of middle school children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 127–142.PubMedCrossRef Irvine, A. B., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., & Ary, D. V. (1999). The value of the Parenting Scale for measuring the discipline practices of parents of middle school children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 127–142.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 167–175.CrossRef Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (1989). A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 167–175.CrossRef
go back to reference Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2009). LISREL 8.8 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2009). LISREL 8.8 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
go back to reference Karazsia, B. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Wildman, B. G. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis of Arnold et al.’s parenting scale across race, age, and sex. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 500–516.CrossRef Karazsia, B. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Wildman, B. G. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis of Arnold et al.’s parenting scale across race, age, and sex. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 500–516.CrossRef
go back to reference Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation Monograph. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation Monograph.
go back to reference Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B., & John, R. S. (2001). Coparenting: a link between marital conflict and parenting in two-parent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 3–21.PubMedCrossRef Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B., & John, R. S. (2001). Coparenting: a link between marital conflict and parenting in two-parent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 3–21.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ohan, J. L., Leung, D. W., & Johnston, C. (2000). The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale: evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement, 32, 251–261.CrossRef Ohan, J. L., Leung, D. W., & Johnston, C. (2000). The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale: evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des Sciences du comportement, 32, 251–261.CrossRef
go back to reference Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys: A social interactional approach (Vol. 4). Eugene: Castalia. Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys: A social interactional approach (Vol. 4). Eugene: Castalia.
go back to reference Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Zelli, A. (2000). Discipline responses: influences of parents’ socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 380–400.PubMedCrossRef Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Zelli, A. (2000). Discipline responses: influences of parents’ socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 380–400.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Prinzie, P., Onghena, P., & Hellinckx, W. (2007). Reexamining the Parenting Scale: reliability, factor structure, and concurrent validity of a scale for assessing the discipline practices of mothers and fathers of elementary-school-aged children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 24–31.CrossRef Prinzie, P., Onghena, P., & Hellinckx, W. (2007). Reexamining the Parenting Scale: reliability, factor structure, and concurrent validity of a scale for assessing the discipline practices of mothers and fathers of elementary-school-aged children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 24–31.CrossRef
go back to reference Pritchett, R., Kemp, J., Wilson, P., Minnis, H., Bryce, G., & Gillberg, C. (2011). Quick, simple measures of family relationships for use in clinical practice and research. A systematic review. Family Practice, 28, 172–187.PubMedCrossRef Pritchett, R., Kemp, J., Wilson, P., Minnis, H., Bryce, G., & Gillberg, C. (2011). Quick, simple measures of family relationships for use in clinical practice and research. A systematic review. Family Practice, 28, 172–187.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Snyder, J. (2002). Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Snyder, J. (2002). Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef
go back to reference Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., Hupp, S. D. A., Rhode, P. C., Murphy, M. A., & O’Callaghan, P. M. (2001). Psychometric characteristics of the Parenting Scale in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 514–524.PubMedCrossRef Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., Hupp, S. D. A., Rhode, P. C., Murphy, M. A., & O’Callaghan, P. M. (2001). Psychometric characteristics of the Parenting Scale in a head start population. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 514–524.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rhoades, K. A., & O’Leary, S. G. (2007). Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Scale. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 137–146.PubMedCrossRef Rhoades, K. A., & O’Leary, S. G. (2007). Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Scale. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 137–146.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rich, B. A., & Eyberg, S. M. (2001). Accuracy of assessment: the discriminative and predictive power of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Ambulatory Child Health, 7, 249–257.CrossRef Rich, B. A., & Eyberg, S. M. (2001). Accuracy of assessment: the discriminative and predictive power of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Ambulatory Child Health, 7, 249–257.CrossRef
go back to reference Sabourin, S., Valois, P., & Lussier, Y. (2005). Development and validation of a brief version of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale with a nonparametric item analysis model. Psychological Assessment, 17, 15–27.PubMedCrossRef Sabourin, S., Valois, P., & Lussier, Y. (2005). Development and validation of a brief version of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale with a nonparametric item analysis model. Psychological Assessment, 17, 15–27.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 71–90.PubMedCrossRef Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 71–90.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8, 350–353.CrossRef Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8, 350–353.CrossRef
go back to reference Siqueland, L., Kendall, P. C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 225–237.CrossRef Siqueland, L., Kendall, P. C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 225–237.CrossRef
go back to reference Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 38, 15–28.CrossRef Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 38, 15–28.CrossRef
go back to reference SPSS Inc. (2009). PASW statistics 18 [Computer software and manual]. Chicago: Author. SPSS Inc. (2009). PASW statistics 18 [Computer software and manual]. Chicago: Author.
go back to reference Stallman, H. M., Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Parent Problem Checklist: tool for assessing parent conflict. Australian Psychologist, 44, 78–85.CrossRef Stallman, H. M., Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Parent Problem Checklist: tool for assessing parent conflict. Australian Psychologist, 44, 78–85.CrossRef
go back to reference Steele, R. G., Nesbitt-Daly, J. S., Daniel, R. C., & Forehand, R. (2005). Factor structure of the Parenting Scale in a low-income African American sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 535–549.CrossRef Steele, R. G., Nesbitt-Daly, J. S., Daniel, R. C., & Forehand, R. (2005). Factor structure of the Parenting Scale in a low-income African American sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 535–549.CrossRef
go back to reference Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon.
Metagegevens
Titel
Parenting Scale: Which Version Should We Use?
Auteurs
Raziye Salari
Cathrine Terreros
Anna Sarkadi
Publicatiedatum
01-06-2012
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9281-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2012

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2/2012 Naar de uitgave