Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-01-2015 | Original Paper

Parenting Practices, Children’s Peer Relationships and Being Bullied at School

Auteurs: Karyn L. Healy, Matthew R. Sanders, Aarti Iyer

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 1/2015

Abstract

Being bullied at school has serious mental health consequences for children. Whole school interventions have made only modest reductions in bullying. Particular parenting behaviors have been associated with an increased likelihood of individual children being targeting for bullying at school. There is also evidence that parenting impacts on the development of child social competence, emotional control and friendships, which have all been found to affect a child’s risk of being targeted for bullying. This study explores the relationship between facilitative parenting (defined as parenting which supports the development of children’s social skills and relationships with peers), children’s peer relationships, and being bullied at school. We examine whether facilitative parenting and a child’s social relationships with peers discriminate between children who are bullied at school or not bullied, according to teachers. 215 children aged 5–12 years and their parents completed measures of children’s social behavior and peer relationships and facilitative parenting. The results showed that facilitative parenting discriminated between children who were bullied or not by peers. Bullied children had poorer peer relationships and endorsed more reactive aggression in response to hypothetical situations of peer provocation than their non-bullied peers. We discuss the implications for the development and trialing of family interventions for children bullied by peers.

vorige artikel Parents’ Weekly Descriptions of Autonomy Supportive Communication: Promoting Children’s Motivation to Learn and Positive Emotions

volgende artikel Understanding Parenting Practices and Parents’ Views of Parenting Programs: A Survey Among Indonesian Parents Residing in Indonesia and Australia

Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2), 358–372. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358.CrossRef

Alsaker, F. D., & Valkanover, S. (2001). Early diagnosis and prevention of victimization in kindergarten. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 175–195). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Arseneault, L., Milne, B. L., Taylor, A., Adams, F., Delgado, K., Caspi, A., et al. (2008). Being bullied as an environmentally mediated contributing factor to children’s internalizing problems: A study of twins discordant for victimization. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 162(2), 145–150.CrossRef

Asher, S. R., Hymel, S., & Renshaw, P. D. (1984). Loneliness in children. Child Development, 55(4), 1456–1464. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/stable/i247344.

Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children’s loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(4), 500–505. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.4.500.PubMedCrossRef

Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996a). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 333–342. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.333.PubMedCrossRef

Barrett, P. M., Rapee, R. M., Dadds, M. M., & Ryan, S. M. (1996b). Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(2), 187–203. doi:10.1007/BF01441484.PubMedCrossRef

Boulton, M. J., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self-perceived competence, peer perceptions and peer acceptance. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(3), 315–329. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1994.tb00637.x.CrossRef

Bowers, L., Smith, P. K., & Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims and bully/victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(2), 215–232. doi:10.1177/0265407594112004.CrossRef

Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: Evidence of an environment effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.x.PubMed

Card, N. A., Isaacs, J., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2007). Correlates of school victimization: Implications for prevention and intervention. In J. E. Zins, M. J. Elias, & C. A. Maher (Eds.), Bullying, victimization, and peer harassment: A handbook of prevention and intervention (pp. 339–366). New York, NY: Haworth Press.

Cole, D. A., & Turner, J. E. (1993). Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in child depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 271–281. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.271.PubMedCrossRef

Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83. doi:10.1037/a0020149.CrossRef

Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms on reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67(3), 993–1002. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01778.x.PubMedCrossRef

Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., Burr, J. E., Cullerton-Sen, C., Jansen-Yeh, E., & Ralston, P. (2006). A longitudinal study of relational and physical aggression in preschool. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 254–268. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.02.006.CrossRef

Cross, D. (2007). Solution not problems: Evidence-based processes and strategies, National Coalition Against Bullying (NCAB) National Conference: Alannah and Madeline Foundation. http://www.ncab.org.au/Assets/Files/Cross,%20D.%20Solutions%20not%20problems.pdf.

Cutting, A. L., & Dunn, J. (2002). The cost of understanding other people: Social cognition predicts young children’s sensitivity to criticism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 849–860. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.t01-1-00047.PubMedCrossRef

Denny, S., Clark, T. C., Fleming, T., & Wall, M. (2004). Emotional resilience: Risk and protective factors for depression among alternative education students in New Zealand. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(2), 137–149.PubMedCrossRef

Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Stallings, R., & Ttofi, M. M. (2011). Bullying perpetration and victimization as predictors of delinquency and depression in the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2), 74–81.CrossRef

Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., Fredriks, A. M., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2006). Do bullied children get ill, or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117(5), 1568–1574. doi:10.1542/peds2005-0187.

Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Arseneault, L., & Caspi, A. (2012). Bullying victimization and risk of self harm in early adolescence: Longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal, 344, 1–9.CrossRef

Fox, C. L., & Boulton, M. J. (2006). Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimisation. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 110–121.CrossRef

Goodman, R. (1999). The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(5), 791–799. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00494.PubMedCrossRef

Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the child behaviour checklist: Is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 17–24.PubMedCrossRef

Graziano, P. A., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2010). Maternal behaviour and children’s early emotion regulation skills differentially predict development of children’s reactive control and later effortful control. Infant and Child Development, 19(4), 333–353. doi:10.1002/icd.670.PubMedCentralPubMed

Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2008a). Facilitative Parenting Scale. Unpublished instrument. Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland.

Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2008b). Sensitivity to peer behaviour interview. Unpublished instrument. Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland.

Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2008c). Perception of representativeness of sample for victimization. Unpublished instrument. Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland.

Healy, K. L., & Sanders, M. R. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of a family intervention for children bullied by peers (in preparation).

Hodges, E. V. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 94–101. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94.PubMedCrossRef

Isley, S., O’Neil, R., & Parke, R. D. (1996). The relation of parental affect and control behaviors to children’s classroom acceptance: A concurrent and predictive analysis. Early Education and Development, 7(1), 7–23. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed0701_1.CrossRef

Kazdin, A. E., Siegel, T. C., & Bass, D. (1992). Cognitive problem-solving skills training and parent management training in the treatment of antisocial behavior in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 733–747. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.733.PubMedCrossRef

Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996). Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment? Child Development, 67(4), 1305–1317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01797.x.PubMedCrossRef

Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1997). Victimized children’s responses to peers’ aggression: Behaviors associated with reduced versus continued victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 9(1), 59–73. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001065.PubMedCrossRef

Kronenberger, W. G., & Meyer, R. G. (1996). The child clinician’s handbook. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Ladd, G. W., & Ladd, B. K. (1998). Parenting behaviors and parent–child relationships: Correlates of peer victimization in kindergarten? Developmental Psychology, 34(6), 1450–1458. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1450.PubMedCrossRef

Lindsey, E. W., & Mize, J. (2001). Interparental agreement, parent–child responsiveness, and children’s peer competence. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 50(4), 348–354.CrossRef

Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A., Koenig-McNaught, A. L., Brown, K., & Spitznagel, E. (2004). The preschool feelings checklist: A brief and sensitive screening measure for depression in young children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(6), 708–717. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000121066.29744.08.PubMedCrossRef

Luby, J., Heffelfinger, A., Mrakotsky, C., & Hildebrand, T. (1999). Preschool Feelings Checklist. Unpublished instrument. Washington University.

McDowell, D. J., & Parke, R. D. (2009). Parental correlates of children’s peer relations: An empirical test of a tripartite model. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 224–235. doi:10.1037/a0014305.PubMedCrossRef

McDowell, D. J., Parke, R. D., & Wang, S. J. (2003). Differences between mothers’ and fathers’ advice-giving style and content: Relations with social competence and psychological functioning in middle childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49(1), 55–76.CrossRef

McLaughlin, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). The role of rumination in promoting and preventing depression in adolescent girls. In T. J. Strauman (Ed.), Depression in adolescent girls: Science and prevention duke series in child development and public policy (Vol. xii, p. 353). New York: Guildford Press.

Merrell, K. W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S. W., & Isava, D. M. (2008). How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 26–42. doi:10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26.CrossRef

Mezulis, A. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2006). The developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: Temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood as contributors to negative cognitive style. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1012–1025. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1012.PubMedCrossRef

Oliver, R., Oaks, I. N., & Hoover, J. H. (1994). Family issues and interventions in bully and victim relationships. School Counsellor, 41(3), 199–202.

Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Oxford: Hemisphere.

Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411–448). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Understanding children’s worlds. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Parke, R. D., & Bhavnagri, N. (1989). Parents as managers of children’s peer relationships. In D. Belle (Ed.), Children’s social networks and social supports (pp. 241–259). New York: Wiley.

Parke, R. D., & Ladd, G. W. (Eds.). (1992). Family–peer relationships: Modes of linkage. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Paul, J. J., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2003). Dynamics of peer victimization in early adolescence: Results from a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19(2), 25–43. doi:10.1300/J008v19n02_03.CrossRef

Perren, S., & Alsaker, F. D. (2006). Social behavior and peer relationships of victims, bully-victims, and bullies in kindergarten. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 45–57. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01445.x.PubMedCrossRef

Perren, S., Ettekal, I., & Ladd, G. W. (2012). The impact of peer victimization on later maladjustment: Mediating and moderating effects of hostile and self-blaming attributions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(1), 46–55. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02618.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Perry, D. G., Hodges, E. V. E., & Egan, S. K. (2001). Determinants of chronic victimization by peers: A review and new model of family influence. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 73–104). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 807–814. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.807.CrossRef

Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Kennedy, E. (1992). Conflict and the development of antisocial behavior. In C. U. Shantz & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Conflict in child and adolescent development Cambridge studies in social and emotional development (pp. 301–329). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Pettit, G. S., & Harrist, A. W. (1993). Children’s aggressive and socially unskilled playground behavior with peers: Origins in early family relations. In C. H. Hart (Ed.), Children on playgrounds: Research perspectives and applications SUNY series, children’s play in society (pp. 240–270). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Prinstein, M. J., Cheah, C. S. L., & Guyer, A. E. (2005). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 11–24. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_2.PubMedCrossRef

Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(4), 244–252. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009.PubMedCrossRef

Richman, N., Stevenson, J., & Graham, P. J. (1982). Pre-school to school: A behavioural study. Behavioural Development: A Series of Monographs, 1982, 228.

Rosen, P. J., Milich, R., & Harris, M. J. (2007). Victims of their own cognitions: Implicit social cognitions, emotional distress and peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 211–226. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2007.02.001.CrossRef

Rothbart, M. K. (2000). Children’s Behavior Questionnaire: Short Form Version 1. Unpublished instrument. University of Oregon.

Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, 5th ed: Vol. 3 social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 105–176). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., & Fox, N. (2001). Emotion regulation, parenting and display of social reticence in preschoolers. Early Education and Development, 12(1), 97–115. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1201_6.CrossRef

Sanders, M. R., & Dadds, M. R. (1993). Behavioral family intervention. Psychology practitioner guidebooks. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Sanders, M. R., & Healy, K. L. (2008a). Peer Friendly Assertiveness Scale. Unpublished instrument. Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland.

Sanders, M. R., & Healy, K. L. (2008b). Brief bullying report and class grid. Unpublished instrument. Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland.

Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1993). The emergence of chronic peer victimization in boys’ play groups. Child Development, 64(6), 1755–1772. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb04211.x.PubMedCrossRef

Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1997). The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying. Child Development, 68(4), 665–675. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04228.x.PubMedCrossRef

Schwartz, D., Proctor, L. J., & Chien, D. H. (2001). The aggressive victim of bullying: Emotional and behavioral dysregulation as a pathway to victimization by peers. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 147–174). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Simonds, J., & Rothbart, M. K. (2004). Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (Version 3.0). Unpublished instrument. University of Oregon.

Smith, P. K. (2011). Why interventions to reduce bullying and violence in schools may (or may not) succeed: Comments on this special section. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(5), 419–423. doi:10.1177/0165025411407459.CrossRef

Sourander, A., Jensen, P., Rönning, J. A., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., Sillanmäki, L., et al. (2007). What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? The Finnish "From a Boy to a Man" study. Pediatrics, 120(2), 397–404. doi:10.1542/peds2006-2704.

Spence, S. H., De Young, A., Toon, C., & Bond, S. (2009). Longitudinal examination of the associations between emotional dysregulation, coping responses to peer provocation, and victimisation in children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 145–155. doi:10.1080/00049530802259076.CrossRef

Stauffacher, K., & DeHart, G. B. (2006). Crossing social contexts: Relational aggression between siblings and friends during early and middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 228–240. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.02.004.CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.

Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27–56.CrossRef

Wolff, J. C., & Ollendick, H. (2006). The comorbidity of conduct problems and depression in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9(3/4), 201–220. doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0011-3.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Parenting Practices, Children’s Peer Relationships and Being Bullied at School
Auteurs: Karyn L. Healy
Matthew R. Sanders
Aarti Iyer
Publicatiedatum: 01-01-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9820-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2015

Family-Based Crisis Intervention in the Emergency Department: A New Model of Care

Evaluation of MBCT for Adolescents with ADHD and Their Parents: Impact on Individual and Family Functioning

Self-reported Life Satisfaction and Response Style Differences Among Children in Chile and Sweden

Joseph Murray, Catrien C.J.H. Bijleveld, David P. Farrington and Rolf Loeber: Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children

In the Convergence of Ethnicity and Immigration: The Status and Socio-ecological Predictors of the Self-Concept of Recent Chinese Immigrant School-Age Children in Canada

An Ecological Review of Literature on Factors Influencing Working Mothers’ Child Care Arrangements